Synergistic effect of thymol and carvacrol combined with chelators and organic acids against Salmonella Typhimurium

To identify synergistic combinations of different food additives, the antimicrobial effects of thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella Typhimurium were assessed alone and in combination with various other preservatives including EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid. Overall, growth of Salmonella Typhimurium was significantly inhibited in Mueller-Hinton broth containing thymol, carvacrol, EDTA, acetic acid, lactic acid, or citric acid at concentrations of 400 mg/liter, 400 microl/liter, 300 mg/liter, 0.2% (vol/vol), 0.2% (vol/vol), and 0.2% (wt/vol), respectively. The combination of different antimicrobials such as thymol or carvacrol with EDTA, thymol or carvacrol with acetic acid, and thymol or carvacrol with citric acid all resulted in significantly reduced populations of Salmonella Typhimurium. In samples treated with combinations, these antimicrobials had synergistic effects compared with samples treated with thymol, carvacrol, EDTA, acetic acid, or citric acid alone. However, the combined use of lactic acid with thymol or carvacrol did not produce a synergistic effect against Salmonella Typhimurium. Thus, some chelators or organic acids can be used as food preservatives in combination with thymol and carvacrol to reduce the concentrations needed to produce an adequate antimicrobial effect.     

高压静电场对糙米发芽的影响研究

研究了不同强度的高压静电场(100、200、300kV/m)分别处理不同的时间(1、5、10、15min)对糙米发芽的影响。通过测定糙米发芽率和发芽糙米中的α-淀粉酶活性、还原糖、游离氨基酸的含量发现高压静电场对糙米发芽能够产生一定的影响;总体而言,从本实验中可得出,当电场强度在200kV/m,处理时间在10min时,效果最好,结果表明,高压静电场处理对糙米发芽率和活力具有显著促进作用。     

Ovomucin化学特性与功能研究进展

Ovomucin 是禽蛋蛋白中一种十分重要而又特殊的蛋白质,具有重要的抗菌、抗病毒和抗凝血等生物活性,不仅具有重要的生物学研究意义,而且具有重要的医学、营养学和保健方面的开发价值。本文系统地综述鸡蛋清中Ovomucin 的种类、分布、化学组成、理化性质、生物学活性及其分离纯化方法等研究进展。     

药食同源代代花药理作用及应用研究进展

代代花是药食同源目录公布的第一批中药材,含有挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类、生物碱类、香豆素类等化学成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、降血脂等药理作用,在食品、医药、日化等行业有一定应用。作为保健产品组分或中药配方组分,其可起调节机体功能或治疗病症的作用,在大健康领域彰显独特的价值。近年来,代代花的关注度进一步提升,针对其药理作用及应用方面的研究逐渐增加。该研究系统梳理国内外相关研究,从代代花的药理作用以及应用现状等方面进行分析和总结,期望推进深入研究和开发代代花的发展进程,为未来研究和综合开发利用代代花提供理论依据。     

Health Benefits of Punicic Acid: A Review

Punicic acid (PA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid (18:3 n‐5), which is classified as a conjugated linolenic acid. PA is also referred as a "super CLnA" whose effect is even more potent than that of an ordinary CLnA. It is found mainly in the seeds of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum) and Trichoxanthes kirilowii and some other minor sources. It possesses a wide array of biological properties including antidiabetic, antiobesity, antiproliferative, and anticarcinogenic activity against various forms of cancer. In spite of this, PA has not been explored as a nutraceutical or as an ingredient of food products which can be aimed at specific consumer target groups. This review details the various health‐beneficial properties of PA and explores the possibilities of its utilization as an active ingredient in various food products.     

Analytical characterization of palatinit (author's transl)]

The reaction product of the catalytic hydrogenation of isomaltulose (palatinose) is a mixture of alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-sorbitol and alpha-D-glucopyranosido-1,6-mannitol designated palatinit. Because of its high potential as a sugar substitute methods for the identification and characterization of hydrogenation products and for the determination of palatinit as an ingredient in food preparations and biological samples are required. Several working procedures are described in full detail including thin layer and gas chromatography as well as enzymatic and chemical determinations.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial and spasmolytic properties of Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens essential oils

In the present study, we reported a comparative analysis of the chemical composition and pharmacological properties of the essential oils obtained from 2 Mexican oreganos, Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) profiles of the oils showed high amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly carvacrol (%[mg/100 g dry matter]) (18.36 [459.0] in P. longiflora and 13.48 [164.7] in L. graveolens). In addition, these oils contained marked quantities of p-cymene (14.09 [352.2] and 7.46 [37.3], respectively), β-caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, and carvacrol acetate. Headspace analyses of the leaves of both species using different coated fibers revealed that γ-terpinene, eucalyptol, and p-cymene were the principal light volatile components. Chromatographic fingerprints and a suitable analytical method for quantifying the main components of both essences were established using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as analytical tool. The essential oils of both species were not toxic in the acute toxicity studies in mice performed according to the Lorke procedure (DL(50) > 5000 mg/kg). The oils and the major constituents, carvacrol and p-cymene, displayed a moderate in vitro antibacterial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 128 to 512 μg/mL. In addition, these samples demonstrated a marginal antispasmodic activity in vivo and provoked a concentration-dependent inhibition of the carbachol- and histamine-induced contractions using the isolated guinea-pig ileum preparation. In particular, p-cymene exerts good selective inhibitory activity on the carbachol-induced contractions (IC(50) = 9.85 μg/mL). PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The analytical methods using GC-MS and HPLC techniques will be useful for establishing quality control as well as preclinical pharmacological and toxicological parameters of the crude drug P. longiflora, which is widely used as substitute of L. graveolens for medicinal and flavorings purposes. This overall information will be also useful for elaborating scientific and pharmacopoeic monographs of this very Mexican medicinal plant.     

Inhibitory effects of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus

In an effort to screen the essential oils of some Iranian medicinal plants for novel aflatoxin (AF) inhibitors, Satureja hortensis L. was found as a potent inhibitor of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) and G1(AFG1) production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999. Fungal growth was also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Separation of the plant inhibitory substance(s) was achieved using initial fractionation of its effective part (leaf essential oil; LEO) by silica gel column chromatography and further separation by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). These substances were finally identified as carvacrol and thymol, based on the interpretation of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Microbioassay (MBA) on cell culture microplates contained potato-dextrose broth (PDB) medium (4 days at 28 degrees C) and subsequent analysis of cultures with HPLC technique revealed that both carvacrol and thymol were able to effectively inhibit fungal growth, AFB1 and AFG1 production in a dose-dependent manner at all two-fold concentrations from 0.041 to 1.32 mM. The IC50 values for growth inhibition were calculated as 0.79 and 0.86 mM for carvacrol and thymol, while for AFB1 and AFG1, it was reported as 0.50 and 0.06 mM for carvacrol and 0.69 and 0.55 mM for thymol. The results obtained in this study clearly show a new biological activity for S. hortensis L. as strong inhibition of aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. Carvacrol and thymol, the effective constituents of S. hortensis L., may be useful to control aflatoxin contamination of susceptible crops in the field.     

肉苁蓉在保健食品中的应用

肉苁蓉具有多种保健功能,已批准的含有肉苁蓉为原料的保健食品共47种,其保健功能主要为缓解体力疲劳、延缓衰老、增强免疫力、通便等,以肉苁蓉为原料开发保健食品具有广阔的前景.本文总结了肉苁蓉作为原料在保健食品中的使用情况,介绍了肉苁蓉的化学成分与药理作用、安全性评价的相关内容,汇总了已批准的以肉苁蓉为原料的保健食品情况,分...     

Low temperature and binding to food components inhibit the antibacterial activity of carvacrol against Listeria monocytogenes in steak tartare

Carvacrol is a major component of thyme and oregano essential oils and has potential uses as a food preservative. The effect of carvacrol on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was investigated in vitro and in steak tartare. Carvacrol had strong antilisterial activity in growth medium (MIC = 1.6 mM), but no effect was observed when carvacrol was tested in steak tartare. There were two reasons for this reduced activity: the antilisterial activity of carvacrol was strongly reduced at lower temperatures (10 versus 30 degrees C), and the presence of food components interfered with the activity of carvacrol. Both bovine serum albumin and egg yolk inhibited carvacrol activity at > 0.2% (wt/vol) in growth medium. For the first time, carvacrol was found to bind to albumin, suggesting that the reduced antilisterial activity of carvacrol in foods such as dairy products and uncooked meats is the result of fewer free unbound carvacrol molecules available to interact with bacteria.     

江香薷活性成分香芹酚对指状青霉的抑菌作用

以指状青霉菌(Penicillium digitatum)为供试菌,研究江香薷活性成分香芹酚的抑菌活性及其抑菌机理。本文采用二倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MFC),以此评价香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌效果;并通过研究香芹酚对指状青霉的菌丝形态变化、孢子萌发率、细胞膜渗透性和菌体内可溶性糖含量,阐述香芹酚对指状青霉菌的抑菌机理。结果表明:香芹酚对指状青霉菌的MIC、MFC分别为0.125 mg/mL和0.25 mg/mL;经不同浓度香芹酚处理后的指状青霉,菌丝形态发生明显改变,孢子萌发率显著降低,细胞膜渗透性增强,菌体内可溶性糖含量降低。说明香芹酚能有效抑制指状青霉菌的孢子萌发,破坏细胞膜结构完整性,内含物外渗,降低营养物质含量,影响病原菌正常生长发育,从而发挥抑菌效果。     

枸杞多糖生物活性的研究进展

枸杞多糖是中国传统名贵中药材枸杞子的主要功效成分,近年来研究表明其具有增加免疫、抗氧化和抗衰老、抗肿瘤、保护神经、保护视网膜、抑制肝癌细胞蛋白质表达等功能。笔者对其生物活性研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的研究方向给予展望。     

Mathematical model to describe the release of an antimicrobial agent from an active package constituted by carvacrol in a hydrophilic EVOH coating on a PP film

Antimicrobial active packaging is a novel technology in which a chemical compound (or mixture) is purposely incorporated into a packaging material to be released into the food to protect it from deterioration. The effectiveness of an antimicrobial package is strongly related to the balance between the controlled release of the active compound and microbial growth kinetics. This work characterizes and models the release of carvacrol from an EVOH coating on a PP film which can be employed as an active packaging system. The kinetics and extent of carvacrol mass transport within the packaging components were fully characterized as a function of relative humidity. As expected, water uptake by the EVOH coating acts as a triggering mechanism for activity. The partition equilibrium for carvacrol in the complex film largely favors (10,000-fold) the EVOH layer in dry conditions, although in humid conditions the solubility in both polymers is very close (4-fold). Kinetically, the presence of humidity increases the value of D for carvacrol in EVOH from 3 · 10⁻¹⁹ m²/s in dry conditions to 3 · 10⁻¹⁵ m²/s in a wet environment.After the experimental characterization of carvacrol transport, the efficiency of the release of carvacrol was estimated with a novel mathematical model based on the finite element method and successfully compared with the evolution of carvacrol concentration in a real packaging system. The model developed can be employed in the optimization of package design in order to ensure the maintenance of a specific concentration of the active agent in the headspace, high enough to prevent potential growth of a particular foodborne spoiling or pathogenic microorganism on the preserved foodstuffs. This model could easily be extended to similar packaging systems as long as an inventory of experimental data for all the parameters and coefficients involved is available, sufficiently complete to fulfill all the mathematical requirements demanded by the model.     

Application of Gelidium corneum Edible Films Containing Carvacrol for Ham Packages

ABSTRACT:  We prepared an edible film of  Gelidium corneum  (GC) containing carvacrol as an antimicrobial and antioxidative agent. The GC film containing carvacrol significantly decreased the WVP, while TS and %E values were increased, compared to the film without carvacrol. Increasing amounts of an antimicrobial agent increased antimicrobial activity against  Escherichia coli  O157:H7 and  Listeria monocytogenes . Application of the film to ham packaging successfully inhibited the microbial growth and lipid oxidation of ham during storage. Our results indicate that GC film can be a useful edible packaging material for food products, and the incorporation of carvacrol in the GC film may extend the shelf life.     

Influence of carvacrol on survival of Botrytis cinerea inoculated in table grapes

In this paper, the role of carvacrol vapour atmosphere on Botrytis cinerea inoculated in PDA or in grape berries was studied. Four concentrations inside packages were assayed (0.05, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 ml l(-1)). All concentrations inhibited totally the growth of B. cinerea in PDA, while in berries the reduction of decayed fruits was significantly greater as carvacrol concentration increased. In addition, the fungal growth (area and volume of infection) was also reduced and dependent on carvacrol concentration. Ethylene and respiration rate (berry physiological parameters) increased drastically in control inoculated-grapes, while these increases were lower as higher were the carvacrol applied doses. The data presented in this work suggest that carvacrol could be used as an innovative tool to control fungal decay during table grape storage, as alternative to the use of synthetic fungicides such as SO2.     

草菇的化学特性与药理作用及保鲜与加工研究进展

对草菇的化学特性与药理作用及其保鲜与加工技术进展进行综述,分析草菇产业面临的关键技术问题并提出研究方向。草菇为高温菇,不耐储藏。草菇含有丰富的膳食纤维、蛋白质、氨基酸等营养成分,还含有葡聚糖、甾醇类化合物等功能成分,具有抗氧化、调节免疫、抗肿瘤等活性。主要的保鲜方式有冷藏保鲜、气调保 鲜、辐照保鲜、化学保鲜等。目前草菇的加工还处于粗浅阶段,急需发展深加工技术。     

香菇多糖的研究进展

香菇多糖作为香菇中重要的药用活性成分 ,其国内外研究概况、免疫药理作用、提取分离纯化步骤及其纯度、含量测定和结构鉴定分析方法等在本文中作了详细介绍。     

Evaluation of the effect of carvacrol on the Escherichia coli 555 metabolome by using H-NMR spectroscopy

Cultures of Escherichia coli 555 were grown at four levels of carvacrol (0–2 mM) and the E. coli endo-metabolome was extracted and measured by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The results show that glucose concentration is going up with concentration of carvacrol and so do formate until the highest concentration is reached, from which point it suddenly decreases. This is interpreted as if the bacteria are increasingly unable to further metabolize glucose and as if the bacteria increasingly shifts with higher levels of carvacrol toward sugar fermentation as carbon source, until the level of carvacrol reaches a level (2.00 mM), where the E. coli must give up. Additionally, the multivariate Principal Component Analysis suggests that the adaptation occurring at sub-lethal doses of carvacrol is different from that occurring at higher doses.     

Milk Derived Antimicrobial Bioactive Peptides: A Review

In recent decades, bioactive peptides have attracted increasing interest as health promoting functional foods. A variety of naturally formed bioactive peptides have been found in fermented dairy products such as yogurt, sour milk, and cheese. Initially these peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein molecule and can be generated by gastrointestinal digestion of milk, fermentation of milk with proteolytic starter cultures, and/or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. Milk derived peptides exert a number of health beneficial activities, even upon oral administration. Bioactive peptides have a great impact on major body systems including the digestive, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, diabetes type II, obesity, and immune systems. Antimicrobial peptides are also an important ingredient of innate immunity, especially at mucosal surfaces such as lungs and small intestine that are constantly exposed to a range of potential pathogens. Therefore, it plays an important role in boosting natural immune protection by reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Bioactive peptides are considered as potent drugs with well-defined pharmacological residues and also used to formulate health-enhancing nutraceuticals.     

栀子黄色素提取、精制及药理活性的研究进展

栀子是一种药食两用的植物资源,栀子黄色素是从栀子果实中分离出的活性成分,属于天然水溶性类胡萝卜素。研究表明,栀子黄色素具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗抑郁、抗炎以及降血糖降血压等多种活性功能。因此,在食品及医药等领域极具开发潜力。但目前有关栀子黄色素药理活性的研究还不够系统,有必要对其进行详细分析与总结。本文简要综述了栀子黄色素的提取及精制方法,如传统溶剂浸提法、超声波提取法、柱层析法和膜分离法等,并在此基础上针对栀子黄色素的药理活性进行了系统的论述,总结了其治疗疾病的机制,以期为栀子黄色素的深入研究与应用提供理论指导。