生命周期视角下食品碳足迹的评估及案例分析

“减排降碳”“碳达峰”“碳中和”已经成为全球气候治理的焦点,作为衡量气候变暖的重要工具,碳足迹可以对食品生命周期内的温室气体排放量进行量化评估,帮助人们提出碳减排的措施。本文从国内外的研究现状出发,以生命周期评价理论为基础,系统阐述碳足迹分析模型和食品产业链排放源,对国内外研究趋势进行可视化分析,并进一步对该领域内面临的挑战、政策环境、消费者购买行为进行讨论,以期为完善我国食品碳足迹标签制度提供借鉴。     

Carbon Footprint of Rubber/Sugarcane Intercropping System in Sri Lanka: A Case Study

The global climate has been changing with the elevated CO₂ in the atmosphere; hence identification of effective measures to mitigate or combat the adverse effects of climate change is at uttermost importance. The goal of Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) for planting 40,000 ha of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) in the Uva province may partly address this issue sequestering the key greenhouse gas (GHG), CO2. Farmers in the area usually practice intercropping sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) under immature rubber plants for extra income during the initial period of rubber cultivation. In the process of valuing rubber cultivation in mitigating the climate change effect, information on net greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from rubber/sugarcane intercropping system is required. Being scanty of such knowledge, this study was aimed to estimate the carbon footprint in the cultivation of rubber/sugarcane intercropping system in Sri Lanka.GHG emissions from the cultivation of rubber and sugarcane were calculated using the information available in the smallholdings having rubber/sugarcane intercropping in Monaragala district (IL2). GHG emission resulting from raw rubber processing, i.e. Ribbed Smoked Sheets (RSS) and Crepe Rubber (CR), was assessed using the data available in Kumarawatta Estate, Monaragala and Dartonfield Estate, Agalawatta, respectively. Also, GHG emission resulting from processing refined sugar was gathered from Palwatta Sugar Industries (Ltd), Monaragala. Carbon sequestration capacities of both crops were adopted from previous studies. Guidelines of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used in the estimation of carbon footprint. GHG emission in the process of cultivating rubber for its lifespan (30 years) was 65.15 CO2-eq ton/ha. When sugarcane was cultivated in rubber lands for four year period as a rubber/sugarcane intercropping system, GHG emission increased only by 9.72 CO2-eq ton/ha. Processing of RSS throughout the lifespan was responsible for additional 93.49 CO2-eq ton/ha emission whilst that for processing CR was limited to 50.14 CO2-eq ton/ha. Processing of refined sugar during four year intercropping period was accountable only for 0.62 CO2-eq ton/ha emission. In conclusion, carbon footprint (Net GHG emission) of cultivating rubber/sugarcane intercrop to produce CR and refined sugar was -1537.02 CO2-eq ton/ha/30yr whilst that for RSS and refined sugar was -1493.73 CO2-eq ton/ha/30yr. Increase in carbon footprint by intercropping sugarcane was only ca. 0.5% over mono cropping rubber. Potential application of this information in developing carbon trading projects is discussed.     

Carbon footprint as an instrument for enhancing food quality: overview of the wine,olive oil and cereals sectors

The quantification of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions represents a critical issue for the future development of agro‐food produces. Consumers' behaviour could play an important role in requiring environmental performance as an essential element for food quality. Nowadays, the carbon footprint (CFP) is a tool used worldwide by agro‐food industries to communicate environmental information. This paper aims to investigate the role that CFP could have in consumers' choices in three significant agro‐food sectors in the Mediterranean area: wine, olive oil and cereals. A critical review about the use of CFP was carried out along the supply chain of these three sectors, in order to identify opportunities for enhancing food quality and environmental sustainability and highlighting how environmental information could influence consumers' preferences. The analysis of the state of the art shows a great variability of the results about GHG emissions referred to agricultural and industrial processes. In many cases, the main environmental criticisms are linked to the agricultural phase, but the other phases of the supply chain could also contribute to the increased CFP. However, despite the wide use of CFP by companies as a communication tool to help consumers' choices in agro‐food products, some improvements are needed in order to provide clearer and more understandable information. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

Time–Temperature Management Along the Food Cold Chain: A Review of Recent Developments

The cold chain is responsible for the preservation and transportation of perishable foods in the proper temperature range to slow biological decay processes and deliver safe and high‐quality foods to consumers. Studies show that the efficiency of the cold chain is often less than ideal, as temperature abuses above or below the optimal product‐specific temperature range occur frequently, a situation that significantly increases food waste and endangers food safety. In this work, field studies on time–temperature conditions at each critical stage of the cold chain are reviewed to assess the current state of commercial cold chains. Precooling, ground operations during transportation, storage during display at retail and in domestic refrigerators, and commercial handling practices are identified and discussed as the major weaknesses in the modern cold chain. The improvement in efficiency achieved through the measurement, analysis, and management of time–temperature conditions is reviewed, along with the accompanying technical and practical challenges delaying the implementation of such methods. A combination of prospective experimental and modeling research on precooling uniformity, responsive food inventory management systems, and cold chains in developing countries is proposed for the improvement of the cold chain at the global scale.     

加拿大食品检查员制度体系对完善我国职业化食品检查员队伍建设的启示

食品检查是确保食品安全的一项重要监管措施,也是我国《食品安全法》赋予食品监管部门的重要职责。如何实施最严格的检查,确保检查的质量和效能,最关键就是食品检查员队伍建设。国外发达国家和地区历来注重食品检查员队伍的建设,而我国职业化食品检查员队伍建设还在探索中。加拿大食品安全在全球拥有很高声誉,其食品检查员制度体系别有特色,在法律上明确检查员的职责和权限,在机构设置上实施法定机构治理模式,在检查员职责分工上专业明晰,而且具有完善的检查员管理和教育培养体系。本文通过研究加拿大食品检查制度体系,归纳分析我国当前食品检查队伍建设现况及存在的问题,借鉴加拿大的有益经验和做法,提出完善我国职业化食品检查员队伍建设的建议和思考,以期完善和推进我国食品检查员队伍建设。     

Impact of nitrate and 3-nitrooxypropanol on the carbon footprints of milk from cattle produced in confined-feeding systems across regions in the United States: A life cycle analysis

It is estimated that enteric methane (CH₄) contributes about 70% of all livestock greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Several studies indicated that feed additives such as 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) and nitrate have great potential to reduce enteric emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the net effects of 3-NOP and nitrate on farmgate milk carbon footprint across various regions of the United States and to determine the variability of carbon footprint. A cradle-to-farmgate life cycle assessment was performed to determine regional and national carbon footprint to produce 1 kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM). Records from 1,355 farms across 37 states included information on herd structure, milk production and composition, cattle diets, manure management, and farm energy. Enteric CH₄, manure CH₄, and nitrous oxide were calculated with either the widely used Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier 2 or region-specific equations available in the literature. Emissions were allocated between milk and meat using a biophysical allocation method. Impacts of nitrate and 3-NOP on baseline regional and national carbon footprint were accounted for using equations adjusted for dry matter intake and neutral detergent fiber. Uncertainty analysis of carbon footprint was performed using Monte Carlo simulations to capture variability due to inputs data. Overall, the milk carbon footprint for the baseline, nitrate, and 3-NOP scenarios were 1.14, 1.09 (4.8% reduction), and 1.01 (12% reduction) kg of CO₂-equivalents (CO₂-eq)/kg of FPCM across US regions. The greatest carbon footprint for the baseline scenario was in the Southeast (1.26 kg of CO₂-eq/kg of FPCM) and lowest for the West region (1.02 kg of CO₂-eq/kg of FPCM). Enteric CH₄ reductions were 12.4 and 31.0% for the nitrate and 3-NOP scenarios, respectively. The uncertainty analysis showed that carbon footprint values ranged widely (0.88–1.52 and 0.56–1.84 kg of CO₂-eq/kg of FPCM within 1 and 2 standard deviations, respectively), suggesting the importance of site-specific estimates of carbon footprint. Considering that 101 billion kilograms of milk was produced by the US dairy industry in 2020, the potential net reductions of GHG from the baseline 117 billion kilograms of CO₂-eq were 5.6 and 13.9 billion kilograms of CO₂-eq for the nitrate and 3-NOP scenarios, respectively.     

The Role of Auditing,Food Safety,and Food Quality Standards in the Food Industry: A Review

Food safety and quality audits are used widely in the food industry for various reasons (to evaluate management systems, obtain certifications to certain food safety and quality standards, assess the condition of premises and products, confirm legal compliance, and so on). Nowadays, the increased interest of consumers on food safety and quality matters, triggered mainly by recent food scandals, has enabled the public and private food sectors to develop a variety of food safety and quality standards. These standards have both advantages and disadvantages and their effectiveness depends on several factors such as the competency and skills of auditors and the standard used in each case. Although the industry continuously invests in developing and improving these systems, the number of foodborne outbreaks per year appears to be quite stable in both Europe and the United States. This may be an indication that additional measures and techniques or a different approach would be required to further improve the effectiveness of the food safety and quality management systems. This article examines the role of audits and food safety and quality assessment systems in the food industry, presenting the results of several studies and briefly describing the main food safety and quality standards currently used in Europe (with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom and Greece), the U.S., Australia–New Zealand, and Asia.     

Methods to determine the relative value of genetic traits in dairy cows to reduce greenhouse gas emissions along the chain

Current decisions on breeding in dairy farming are mainly based on economic values of heritable traits, as earning an income is a primary objective of farmers. Recent literature, however, shows that breeding also has potential to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The objective of this paper was to compare 2 methods to determine GHG values of genetic traits. Method 1 calculates GHG values using the current strategy (i.e., maximizing labor income), whereas method 2 is based on minimizing GHG per kilogram of milk and shows what can be achieved if the breeding results are fully directed at minimizing GHG emissions. A whole-farm optimization model was used to determine results before and after 1 genetic standard deviation improvement (i.e., unit change) of milk yield and longevity. The objective function of the model differed between method 1 and 2. Method 1 maximizes labor income; method 2 minimizes GHG emissions per kilogram of milk while maintaining labor income and total milk production at least at the level before the change in trait. Results show that the full potential of the traits to reduce GHG emissions given the boundaries that were set for income and milk production (453 and 441 kg of CO₂ equivalents/unit change per cow per year for milk yield and longevity, respectively) is about twice as high as the reduction based on maximizing labor income (247 and 210 kg of CO₂ equivalents/unit change per cow per year for milk yield and longevity, respectively). The GHG value of milk yield is higher than that of longevity, especially when the focus is on maximizing labor income. Based on a sensitivity analysis, it was shown that including emissions from land use change and using different methods for handling the interaction between milk and meat production can change results, generally in favor of milk yield. Results can be used by breeding organizations that want to include GHG values in their breeding goal. To verify GHG values, the effect of prices and emissions factors should be considered, as well as the potential effect of variation between farm types.     

分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中的应用与展望

预测微生物学是食品微生物学的重要组成部分,其本质在于利用数学模型描述特定环境条件下微生物的生长和死亡规律。预测微生物模型既能应用于预测食品的货架期、控制腐败菌的滋生,又有助于完善食品微生物风险评估体系,减少致病菌的患病风险,对保障食品安全和改善公共卫生状况具有十分重要的意义。本文以综述的形式,概述预测微生物学的发展历史,并分析当前预测微生物学的研究热点。在此基础之上,着重介绍分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中应用的最新研究进展,阐述分子预测模型的概念和构建方法,并对其他分子生物学技术在预测微生物学中应用的可行性以及分子预测模型的应用前景进行展望,以期为全面推动预测微生物学这一学科的进步提供理论参考。     

食品安全预警体系框架构建研究

食品安全问题的不断发生，以及近几年如SARS、禽流感等重大公共安全卫生的突发事件，对一个国家或者一个地区的食品安全防控能力构成了新的挑战。我国作为发展中国家，需要建立适合我国国情的食品安全预警体系，提高我国预防和控制食品安全卫生的能力。本文拟以功能模块的研究方式，初步构建食品安全预警体系框架，并着重研究体系中的信息源系统、预警分析系统、反应和快速反应系统。     

全球统一标识系统在食品安全跟踪与追溯体系中的应用

本文介绍了全球统一标识系统(EAN·UCC系统),并以牛肉和鱼为例介绍了该标识系统在食品供应链中开展跟踪以及应用情况,指出食品及其属性、参与方及位置的标识是开展食品安全跟踪与追溯的基础,信息的获取、管理与交换是成功实施食品安全跟踪与追溯的关键。     

量子点标记技术在食品安全检测中的应用

近年来,量子点荧光标记技术已得到较快的发展,以其为基础开发的检测技术具有准确、灵敏、稳定、特异性高的特点,在生物医学方面已有广泛应用。本文阐述了量子点的特性和相关检测技术,及其在食品安全快速检测中的应用。     

Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Food Products: A Comprehensive Review

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that has been involved in several deadly illness outbreaks. Future outbreaks may be more difficult to manage because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products. The present review summarizes the available evidence on the emergence of antibiotic resistance among L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products and the possible ways this resistance has developed. Furthermore, the resistance of food L. monocytogenes isolates to antibiotics currently used in the treatment of human listeriosis such as penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin, has been documented. Acquisition of movable genetic elements is considered the major mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in L. monocytogenes. Efflux pumps have also been linked with resistance of L. monocytogenes to some antibiotics including fluoroquinolones. Some L. monocytogenes strains isolated from food products are intrinsically resistant to several antibiotics. However, factors in food processing chains and environments (from farm to table) including extensive or sub‐inhibitory antibiotics use, horizontal gene transfer, exposure to environmental stresses, biofilm formation, and presence of persister cells play crucial roles in the development of antibiotic resistance by L. monocytogenes.     

SPR传感器在食品微生物检测中的应用

表面等离子体子共振(SPR)是一种新兴的现代分析技术,它不仅可以实时监测分子间相互作用,还可以准确、灵敏、快速、简便的检测出各种生化指标。利用SPR检测食品中的微生物是近年来兴起的一个热门课题。本文简单介绍了SPR的基本原理,综述了SPR在食品微生物中应用的研究进展。     

Food Safety Interventions to Control Listeria monocytogenes in the Fresh Apple Packing Industry: A Review

Listeria monocytogenes, in fresh and ready‐to‐eat produce such as whole fresh apples, is of concern as there is no “kill step” in their packing process that would eliminate the pathogenic bacteria. Recent listeriosis outbreaks revealed that insufficient cleaning and sanitation practices in fresh apple packing houses may lead to contamination of fruit with L. monocytogenes. This article discusses three fundamental aspects for ensuring microbiological safety of fresh apples: protection of fresh apples from microbial contamination during the packing process, decontamination intervention techniques, and the challenges in removal of L. monocytogenes from fresh apples. Currently used and novel methods of fresh produce decontamination are discussed and evaluated on their usefulness for the apple packing process. Additionally, present regulatory requirements, possible routes of produce contamination, and bacteria attachment and survival mechanisms are described. Optimum methods for microbial decontamination of whole fresh apples are still to be determined. Critical aspects that should be considered in developing the interventions include apple morphology, conditions and scale of the packing process, and influence of the interventions on apple quality. Evaluation of the currently used and emerging decontamination methods indicated that the hurdle technology and rotating use of sanitizers to avoid development of bacterial biofilm resistance may give the best results, although not conclusively.     

液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术在食品掺假鉴别研究中的应用

食品欺诈是指蓄意对食品进行虚假描述,造成该食品的宣称与其真实属性不符的行为.食品掺假是食品欺诈最为常见的表现形式.在众多食品欺诈事件中,所占比例较大的是冒充、稀释、非法添加和非标注成分这4类掺假行为.随着食品加工方式的多样化、贸易的全球化和供应链的复杂化,食品掺假愈发隐蔽,难以用常规靶向分析手段实现掺假鉴别,因此,非靶...     

Research on Early Warning of Food Security Using a System Dynamics Model: Evidence from Jiangsu Province in China

Analyzing the early warning of food security, this paper sets the self‐sufficiency rate as the principal indicator in a standpoint of supplement. It is common to use the quantitative methods to forecast and warning the insecurity. However, this paper considers more about the probable outcome when the government intervenes. By constructing the causal feedbacks among grain supplement, demand, productive input, and the policy factors to simulate the future food security in Jiangsu province, conclusions can be drawn as the following: (1) The situation of food security is insecure if the self‐sufficiency rate is under 68.3% according to the development of system inertia. (2) it is difficult to guarantee the food security in Jiangsu just depending on the increase of grain sown area. (3) The valid solution to ensure the food security in Jiangsu is to improve the productivity.     

Design Elements of Listeria Environmental Monitoring Programs in Food Processing Facilities: A Scoping Review of Research and Guidance Materials

Occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), the causative agent of listeriosis, in food processing facilities presents considerable challenges to food producers and food safety authorities. Design of an effective, risk‐based environmental monitoring (EM) program is essential for finding and eliminating Lm from the processing environment to prevent product contamination. A scoping review was conducted to collate and synthesize available research and guidance materials on Listeria EM in food processing facilities. An exhaustive search was performed to identify all available research, industry and regulatory documents, and search results were screened for relevance based on eligibility criteria. After screening, 198 references were subjected to an in‐depth review and categorized according to objectives for conducting Listeria sampling in food processing facilities and food sector. Mapping of the literature revealed research and guidance gaps by food sector, as fresh produce was the focus in only 10 references, compared to 72 on meat, 52 on fish and seafood, and 50 on dairy. Review of reported practices and guidance highlighted key design elements of EM, including the number, location, timing and frequency of sampling, as well as methods of detection and confirmation, and record‐keeping. While utilization of molecular subtyping methods is a trend that will continue to advance understanding of Listeria contamination risks, improved study design and reporting standards by researchers will be essential to assist the food industry optimize their EM design and decision‐making. The comprehensive collection of documents identified and synthesized in this review aids continued efforts to minimize the risk of Lm contaminated foods.     

Applications of Near-infrared Spectroscopy in Food Safety Evaluation and Control: A Review of Recent Research Advances

Food safety is a critical public concern, and has drawn great attention in society. Consequently, developments of rapid, robust, and accurate methods and techniques for food safety evaluation and control are required. As a nondestructive and convenient tool, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely shown to be a promising technique for food safety inspection and control due to its huge advantages of speed, noninvasive measurement, ease of use, and minimal sample preparation requirement. This review presents the fundamentals of NIRS and focuses on recent advances in its applications, during the last 10 years of food safety control, in meat, fish and fishery products, edible oils, milk and dairy products, grains and grain products, fruits and vegetables, and others. Based upon these applications, it can be demonstrated that NIRS, combined with chemometric methods, is a powerful tool for food safety surveillance and for the elimination of the occurrence of food safety problems. Some disadvantages that need to be solved or investigated with regard to the further development of NIRS are also discussed.     

Oil-in-Water Emulsion as a Model System to Study the Growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Heterogeneous Food System

Oil‐in‐water emulsions (hexadecane, minimal media [M9], and Tween 20) were used as model system to study the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Stationary‐phase cell density decreased as the hexadecane concentration was increased (0%, 5%, 20%, and 40% [w/v]) and biphasic growth was observed in 40% emulsions supplemented with 0.4% glucose. Thin aggregate fimbriae (curli) were observed using SEM, and a greater percentage (Ps <0.001) of curli‐producing colonies were isolated from 40% emulsions. Heat resistance (55 °C) of emulsion‐grown cells was greater than broth‐grown cells, indicating that growth and physiology under heterogeneous conditions differ from cells grown in liquid.