9个品种干辣椒的品质分析及评价

为分析朝天椒、线椒和角椒3种类型干椒品质差异,对9个特色品种干辣椒（内黄新一代、花溪党武椒和丘北椒三份朝天椒,大方皱椒、沙湾线椒、陕西秦椒和甘谷线椒四份线椒,托县红辣椒和益都红辣椒两份角椒）结构特征值（籽和肉含量）和9项品质指标（粗纤维、糖、脂肪、蛋白质、水分、灰分、类胡萝卜素、辣椒碱类物质和挥发性物质）进行了检测,并通过主成分分析和聚类分析进行干辣椒综合品质评价。结果表明:籽、肉干基占比分别为21%~47%和52%~79%,主要成分为粗纤维、糖、脂肪和蛋白质,含量分别为35%~46%、11%~28%、13%~19%和14%~18%。还原糖占总糖77%~99%;含19~27种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸80%以上,其中亚油酸为61%~73%;类胡萝卜素含量为73~458 mg/100 g,以辣椒红素为主（37~221 mg/100 g）;辣椒碱类物质含量18~206 mg/100 g;共检出11类挥发性物质,总含量1.12~7.65 mg/100 g。主成分分析将9项品质指标简化为3个主成分,累计方差贡献率为85.29%,反映了干辣椒品质绝大部分信息。9个品种干辣椒可聚为2类,3个品种的朝天椒为一类、4个品种线椒和2个品种角椒为一类。综合结构特征值及其与品质指标相关性分析发现:籽含量高的朝天椒脂肪、粗纤维和挥发性物质含量高,粗纤维、脂肪含量与籽含量显著正相关（P<0.05）;角椒和线椒果肉含量高,总糖含量高,且总糖与果肉含量显著正相关（P<0.05）。朝天椒是制粉和火锅底料等的优质原料,角椒适宜作制酱原料,线椒类胡萝卜素含量高,可作增色调味和色素提取等的原料,本研究结果可为9个品种干辣椒品质评价及加工辣椒品种选择提供理论参考。     

HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids Extracted from Whole Orange Habañero Chili Peppers

ABSTRACT: A rapid, single-stage, quantitative extraction procedure is described for high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in whole chili peppers. Individual and multiple Capsicum chinense (orange habañero) pepper samples were analyzed in a 2 y study. Peppers, both undried and dried, contained average values of 1250 ppm capsaicin and 540 ppm dihydrocapsaicin relative to undried weight. Relative to dry weight, the orange habañero peppers contained 8840 ppm capsaicin and 3940 ppm dihydrocapsaicin.     

胡椒油的研究进展

介绍了胡椒的重要用途,综述了胡椒油的常规提取、超声波萃取和超临界CO2萃取、成分分析方面的研究进展。     

电子舌结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法分析四川5种泡辣椒风味物质

目的 研究对比四川5种不同品种泡辣椒的风味物质。方法 以5种特色泡辣椒为研究对象,采用电子舌及顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法(headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)对其滋味和挥发性风味物质进行分析对比。结果 电子舌传感器响应雷达图显示,5个样品在酸味、苦味、涩味、鲜味和咸味这些指标上存在明显的差异,采用电子舌分析技术能够较好地对5种泡辣椒的滋味进行识别和区分。5种四川泡辣椒共检出173种风味物质,主要为烃类、酯类、醇类物质。其中野山椒有79种,小米辣有80种,美人椒有79种,墨西哥辣椒有74种,这4种泡辣椒中烃类物质相对含量最高,其次为酯类和醇类物质,二荆条有82种,酯类物质相对含量最高,其次为烃类和醇类物质。挥发性物质的主成分分析结果 显示泡辣椒种类对挥发性物质影响较大,其中野山椒和小米辣含有较为相近的风味成分。结论 研究表明,5种泡辣椒风味物质种类和相对含量存在一定的差异,运用电子舌结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-串联质谱法能...     

重庆市万州区市售鲜辣椒中镉和铬污染现状评价

目的 了解重庆市万州区市售鲜辣椒中镉和铬元素污染情况, 对辣椒食用的安全性进行评价, 为后期进行食品风险预警提供依据。方法 采用石墨炉原子化法测定辣椒中的镉和铬元素的含量, 利用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗指数法对辣椒中重金属镉、铬污染进行评价。结果 20份辣椒样品中镉元素平均检出浓度为(0.094±0.042) mg/kg, 最高值为0.195 mg/kg, 超标率为85%。单项因子污染指数分析显示, 重庆市万州区鲜辣椒属于镉元素的轻度污染范围内。内梅罗指数分析显示, 重庆万州区鲜辣椒属于轻度污染范围内, 且镉元素的单项因子污染指数对内梅罗指数贡献较大。结论 重庆市万州区市售辣椒存在镉元素超标的现象, 可能与土壤中镉元素超标有关。     

Effects of Processing Treatments on Recovery of Capsaicin in Jalapeno Peppers

Capsaicin content in frozen, cooked and canned jalapeno peppers was quantified using GLC analysis and compared to the capsaicin content in raw peper. The frozen peppers were blanched for 3 min and stored at -18°C; canned peppers were blanched for 3 min and processed at 100°C for 50 min; cooked peppers boiled at 100°C for 10 min. Results demonstrated a significant difference (a = 0.05) between each treatment and the raw pepper. Frozen and canned peppers retained approximately one-half of the capsaicinoid compounds that were present in raw pepper.     

多颗粒态油辣椒物料特性与灌装方式

辣椒被称之为中国第二大蔬菜,种植面积仅低于白菜。新鲜辣椒容易腐烂变质,所以辣椒一般以辣椒粉、干辣椒为主,但是干辣椒产品的附加值较低,所以辣椒的深加工,在提高辣椒的附加值方面显得尤为重要。多颗粒态油辣椒属于固液混合物,其流动性较差,密度不均一,为保证装瓶过程中每瓶油辣椒的品质统一,针对油辣椒的灌装方式进行设计研究,旨在为油辣椒灌装的精确度及控制系统的稳定性提供指导。     

Antioxidant activities of different colored sweet bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

ABSTRACT:  Antioxidant compounds and their antioxidant activity in 4 different colored (green, yellow, orange, and red) sweet bell peppers ( Capsicum annuum L.) were investigated. The total phenolics content of green, yellow, orange, and red peppers determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method were 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, and 4.2 μmol catechin equivalent/g fresh weight, respectively. The red pepper had significantly higher total phenolics content than the green pepper. Among the 4 different colored peppers, red pepper contained a higher level of β-carotene (5.4 μg/g), capsanthin (8.0 μg/g), quercetin (34.0 μg/g), and luteolin (11.0 μg/g). The yellow pepper had the lowest β-carotene content (0.2 μg/g), while the green one had undetectable capsanthin and the lowest content of luteolin (2.0 μg/g). The free radical scavenging abilities of peppers determined by the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method were lowest for the green pepper (2.1 μmol Trolox equivalent/g) but not significantly different from the other 3 peppers. All 4 colored peppers exhibited significant abilities in preventing the oxidation of cholesterol or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (C22:6) during heating. However, these 4 peppers did not show significant differences in their abilities in preventing cholesterol oxidation. The green pepper showed slightly higher capability in preventing the oxidation of DHA compared to the other 3 peppers.     

Capsaicinoids,Tocopherol, and Sterols Content in Chili (Capsicum sp.) by Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Determination

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitative determination of capsaicinoids, vitamin E, and phytosterols in chili peppers using a simple extraction technique for rapid screening. These components were extracted with acetonitrile and were injected into gas chromatography attached with mass spectrometry. The mean recovery values for triplicate analysis were between 90.6–99.7%. Besides major capsaicinoids (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin), four more minor capsaicinoids (nonivamide, nornordihydrocapsaicin, homodihydrocapsaicin I and II) were detected in chili samples. α-Tocopherol was also detected in the same run along with three phytosterols (campesterol, γ-sitosterol, and stigmasterol). Variations were observed across the chili sample in all of the constituents except a few minor capsaicinoids. The method was suitable for simultaneous estimation of capsaicinoids, vitamin E, and phytosterols in a single run from any types of pepper. Thus, the method is effective for rapid screening of peppers for its nutraceutical composition using single solvent extraction.     

四川泡椒对鲢鱼鱼糜凝胶风味特性的影响

研究3种四川泡椒(泡二荆条、泡墨西哥椒、泡野山椒)对鲢鱼糜凝胶风味特征的影响,采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术结合主成分分析对鲢鱼糜凝胶的挥发性风味化合物进行鉴定分析,结合电子舌对其滋味整体评判。未添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶中醛类(52.98%)相对含量较高,而3种添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品的醇类(26.30%~39.78%)和酯类(5.63%~17.05%)相对含量较高。戊醛、己醛、1-戊烯-3-醇等对4种样品的总体气味特征均具有主要贡献。相较于添加泡二荆条的鱼糜凝胶样品,添加泡墨西哥椒和泡野山椒的鱼糜凝胶样品与未添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品的主成分差异更大。3种添加泡椒的鱼糜凝胶样品酸味和咸味值基本相同;添加泡二荆条的香味值最高为0.82;鲜味值则是添加泡墨西哥椒最低,为-0.65。对于涩回味、苦回味、涩味、苦味,这4种鱼糜凝胶并没有表现出明显的区别。     

不同品种泡辣椒对特色川菜泡椒猪肝感官品质的影响

泡辣椒具有制作简单,增进食欲,增强菜肴风味的作用,是四川常用的一种调味料.文章分别选择了川菜制作中5种常用的泡辣椒品种,用于制作传统川菜泡椒猪肝.采用层次分析法进行权重分配,通过模糊数学法对5种菜品的感官质量进行了综合评定.结果 表明,不同品种的泡辣椒对泡椒猪肝感官品质的影响各异,添加了二荆条的菜品感官评分最高,添加了...     

Determination of microwave drying and rehydration kinetics of green peppers with the bioactive and textural properties

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of microwaves on drying and rehydration kinetics of green pepper varieties (sweet, green, and bell) and the bioactive and textural properties of dried and rehydrated peppers. Drying was performed at 90, 180, and 90 + 180 W and dried peppers were rehydrated at 25, 50, and 70°C. The best drying fits were obtained using the equations of both Sigmoid and Hii et al. for drying, and two term exponential decay was the most appropriate model for rehydration. The lowest and highest final rehydration ratio values were obtained for the peppers dried at 180 and 90 W, respectively at each temperature and pepper variety. Among peppers, bell pepper showed the lowest color change (ΔE) and it was the most potent to recover initial color in rehydration. Peppers had softer texture in both drying and rehydration treatment. Total phenolic content of peppers was reduced around 56–65% compared to the fresh pepper by drying and this decrement was reached up to 87% in rehydrated peppers. Results showed that drying at 180 W and rehydration at 70°C provided faster drying and rehydration as well maintained the quality characteristics of green peppers.     

辣椒中红色素的提取工艺研究

辣椒红色素是一种优质的天然红色素,在医药、食品、轻工业等行业具有广泛的应用价值。本文以干辣椒作为原料,研究了在色素提取过程中,采用碱液脱除辣素的方法以及在色素提取中对不同有机溶剂、不同提取条件和不同提取方法进行比较,探讨了影响色素得率和脱除辣素的工艺条件。通过感官鉴定的方法确定了除辣的最佳条件:用15%NaOH溶液在90℃下浸泡1.5h可基本上脱除辣椒粉中的辣素。确定了用乙酸乙酯浸提,超声法精提干红辣椒的最佳条件。第一步浸提:每次提取时间为3h,提取温度为30℃,提取辣椒所用的溶剂量为25ml/g,提取次数3次。第二步超声法:液固比(V/m)为12:1,超声时间为1h。色素的除辣效果明显,红色素的得率为:3.67%。     

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of pelletized Jalapeño peppers

The effects of process pressure (220–500 bar) and temperature (35–65 °C) on yield and extract quality of pelletized Jalapeño peppers (Capsicum annuum L) treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO₂) were studied. Compaction was inadequate when using whole air‐dried pepper flakes conditioned to high moisture as raw material, which resulted in high porosity pellets and low bed densities. Thus, reference pellet samples were produced from Jalapeño pepper flakes that were finely ground and conditioned to low moisture. Pressures ≥290 bar did not affect cumulative extraction of reference pellet samples at 45 °C. On the other hand, the extraction rate of reference pellet samples at 360 bar increased with process temperature, as a result of increments in solubility, improvements in mass transfer properties, and/or improvements in solute desorption from the solid matrix. With regard to pretreatment, finely ground pepper samples were extracted in half the time of reference pellets (120 versus 270 min) at 360 bar and 45 °C; increasing sample moisture prior to pelletization increased extraction yield; and decreasing particle size prior to pelletization increased extraction rate slightly. These results suggest that sample moisture is partially co‐extracted by ScCO₂, and that the extraction rate of pelletized Jalapeño peppers is controlled by internal mass transfer mechanisms. Chlorophyllian pigments were removed in the final stages of the extraction process. Furthermore, pigment extraction increased with process pressure at 45 °C, and it increased slightly with process temperature at 360 bar. On the other hand, the concentration of capsaicinoids in extract samples remained constant during ScCO₂ extraction. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

超声辅助提取和超临界CO2萃取花椒油树脂的挥发性成分对比分析

以四川产花椒“贡椒”为原料,分别采用超临界CO2 和超声辅助溶剂萃取油树脂,通过对油树脂的GCMS分析和三角评价对比,发现两者香气成分存在差别,香气类型相近。超临界CO2 萃取花椒油树脂共检出33 种成分,主要成分芳樟醇占47.18%,其次是乙酸芳樟酯、D- 柠檬烯,各占12.11%、10.59%。超声辅助提取花椒油树脂检出18 种化合物。1- 乙基-6- 亚乙基环辛烯为含量最大的挥发性成分,占32.04%;其次是D- 柠檬烯、乙酸芳樟酯、芳樟醇,分别占20.92%、12.11%、10.92%。     

两个不同品种辣椒盐渍过程中细菌群落及品质变化研究

为探究辣椒盐渍过程细菌群落及品质变化,选取山东地区的金塔和艳红辣椒,监测了盐渍12周内样品细菌群落、可滴定酸、pH、水分含量、水分活度、氯化钠、还原糖、辣度、有机酸、核苷酸和氨基酸态氮11个指标。结果表明:两种辣椒盐渍第3周是细菌动态变化的拐点,在此之前,魏斯氏菌属、乳杆菌属等盐渍有益菌数量较多,在此之后肠杆菌属数量增加,可能由于两种辣椒的发酵程度不高,无法抑制肠杆菌的生长。两种辣椒盐渍第4周是品质与风味变化的拐点,在此之前还原糖、乳酸、乙酸、核苷酸和氨基酸态氮这些能赋予盐渍辣椒良好风味的物质含量较高,氯化钠含量适宜。因此,本研究中金塔与艳红盐渍辣椒的最适宜盐渍时间为3～4周。并且水分活度和水分含量决定了盐渍程度。金塔盐渍辣椒水分活度和水分含量分别稳定在0.80和69.3%左右,高于艳红盐渍辣椒的0.78和63.5%,因此推测金塔盐渍辣椒发酵程度更高。本研究为盐渍辣椒加工企业生产技术工艺优化提供数据与技术支持,为推进盐渍辣椒产品高质量发展提供理论支撑。     

Extraction efficiency and validation of an HPLC method for flavonoid analysis in peppers

Efficient extraction procedures including solvent selection, sample to solvent ratio, extraction time, and hydrolysis condition were developed for the analysis of flavonoids in peppers. Maximum flavonoids were extracted in ethanol, while N-N-dimethylformamide was able to extract myricetin, which was rarely reported in peppers. Flavonoids were obtained at the 1:8 ratio of sample to solvent after 3 h of extraction time. The effective hydrolysis of glycosides to aglycones was observed in 3 M HCl at 60 min at 95 °C. The validated HPLC method was applied to quantify five flavonoids from peppers. The ethanol extract exhibited maximum total phenolics (1.39 mg of catechin equivalent/g), and the DPPH assay showed a similar free radical scavenging activity in MeOH, EtOH, and EtOH:water (80:20). Reducing property of the MeOH extract was higher than the EtOH extract. This study demonstrated that the developed methods for the extraction of pepper flavonoids could be useful for analysing large numbers of samples.     

基于主成分与聚类分析的辣椒品质综合评价

通过对18种鲜辣椒的24项指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,对18种鲜辣椒进行综合品质评价。结果表明:辣椒表皮大多光滑,除"陶岭三味辣椒"是平肩状态外,其余辣椒呈圆肩状态,辣椒果尖都呈凸起状态。果宽直径与果柄宽度、单果重、含水率呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。还原糖与可溶性固形物、总糖呈极显著正相关(p<0.01);与含水率、蔗糖呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。可溶性固形物与还原糖、总糖、总酸呈极显著正相关(p<0.01);与蔗糖、氨基酸态氮呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。通过筛选得出"艳美"、"C622"和"博辣天己"这3种辣椒的综合得分最好,适宜推广与研究,对进一步开发不同地区辣椒资源有一定的指导意义。     

Physical Property Effects on Drying of Chile Peppers

Understanding effects of pepper fruit physical properties on pepper drying allows for improvement in postharvest handling and processing plus development of better cultivars. Drying tests with jalapeño peppers demonstrated that while dimensions of pepper fruits were decreasing with progressive harvests there was essentially no difference in the drying trends of peppers from the first harvest to the last. Slicing produced a similar drying trend for cultivars distinctly different in physical properties. Speed in drying peppers averaging 89.4% moisture to the 10–11% (w.b.) safe storage level was promoted by slicing as well as drying temperatures as high as 115^oC.     

Changes in volatile compounds of a native Chinese chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens var) during ripening

The objective of this study was to identify the volatile components of a native Chinese chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens var) at different ripening stages. The peppers at green, breaking and red colour stages were first investigated by simultaneous distillation extraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to visualise the grouping tendencies of the studied stages of pepper. Eighty‐five volatile organic components were identified and quantified in this study. Forty compounds were found at the green stage, fifty‐three at the breaking stage and sixty‐five at the red colour stage. The flavour activity compounds were discovered in Chinese pepper. Qualitative and quantitative discrepancies were observed in different ripening stages. The amount of alkenes and aldehydes increased from 2.762% and 0.120% in green stage to 11.137% and 14.485% in colours’ stage. The content of Alcohols decreased from 30.169% to 23.698%. Only, the aromatic compound disappears during maturity. Ketones enhanced from 0.983% to 2.693%. Esters were always reducing.