水平长直管内油水两相流流动特性实验研究

The flow patterns and their transitions of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal pipes were studied. The experiments were conducted in two kinds of horizontal tubes, made of plexiglas pipe and stainless steel pipe with 40 mm ID respectively. No. 46 mechanical oil and tap water were used as working fluids. The superflcial velocity ranges of oil and water were: 0.04-1.2m·s-1 and 0.04-2.2m·s-1, respectively. The flow patterns were identified by visualization and by transient fluctuation signals of differential pressure drop. The flow patterns were defined according to the relative distribution of oil and water phases in the pipes. Flow pattern maps were obtained for both pipelines. In addition, semi-theoretical transition criteria for the flow patterns were proposed, and the proposed transitional criteria are in reasonable agreement with available data in liquid-liquid systems.     

油气水三相段塞流与滚动波流型的转变

Compared with gas-liquid two-phase flow,oil-gas-water three-phase flow is much more complex. There is immiscible oil-water,whose interaction and dispersion greatly affects the flow characteristics. The slug flow pattern of oil-gas-water three-phase and its flow pattern transition were studied in a 95 m long,51 mm i. d. horizontal pipe. The oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow pattern could be classified into five sub-flow patterns. The slug flow was W/O or O/W one during its transition to roll wave,which was three-layer flow pattern without mixed-phase on the interface. An even larger superficial gas velocity was needed for the transition boundary of slug flow and roll wave flow when the superficial liquid velocity is large. Besides,the region of roll wave flow pattern became smaller. The above-mentioned transition only happened when the water cut of liquid was between 30% and 70%. At the same superficial liquid velocity,there appeared a minimum superficial gas velocity corresponding to the transition of flow pattern when the water cut of liquid was between 40% and 50%.     

非牛顿流体中垂直上升油气水三相泡状流及段塞流的动力学特性非线性检验(英文)

Based on the conductance fluctuation signals measured from vertical upward oil-gas-water three-phase flow experiment, time frequency representation and surrogate data method were used to investigate dynamical characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows. The results indicate that oil-in-water type bubble flow will turn to deterministic motion with the increase of oil phase fraction f o and superficial gas velocity U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture Q mix . The dynamics of oil-in-water type slug flow becomes more complex with the increase of U sg under fixed flowrate of oil-water mixture. The change of f o leads to irregular influence on the dynamics of slug flow. These interesting findings suggest that the surrogate data method can be a faithful tool for characterizing dynamic characteristics of oil-in-water type bubble and slug flows.     

Hydrate formation in oil–water systems: Investigations of the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant

To investigate the characteristics of hydrate formation in oil–water systems, a high-pressure cell equipped with visual windows was used where a series of hydrate formation experiments were performed from natural gas + diesel oil + water systems at different water cuts and anti-agglomerant concentrations. According to the temperature and pressure profiles in test experiments, the processes of hydrate formation under two kinds of experimental procedures were analyzed first. Then, based on the experimental phenomena observed through the visual windows, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the places of hydrate formation and distribution, hydrate morphologies and hydrate morphological evolvements were investigated. Hydrate agglomeration, hydrate deposition and hydrate film growth on the wall were observed in experiments. Furthermore, three different mechanisms for hydrate film growth on the wall were identified. In addition, the influences of water cut and anti-agglomerant on the induction time of hydrate formation were also studied.     

非球形颗粒在矩形料斗中的流动特性(英文)

Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles (i.e. sphere, ellipsoid, hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and hopper structure on flow pattern, discharge fraction, mean particle residence time and tracer concentration distribution were tested based on the visual observation and particle tracer technique. The results show that particle shape affects significantly the flow pattern. The flow patterns of sphere, ellipsoid and binary mixture are all parabolic shape, and the flow pattern shows no significant difference with the change of wedge angle. The flowing zone becomes more sharp-angled with the increasing outlet size. The flow pattern of hexahedron is featured with straight lines. The discharge rates are in increasing order from hexahedron, sphere, binary mixture to ellipsoid. The discharge rate also increases with the wedge angle and outlet size. The mean particle residence time becomes shorter when the outlet size increases. The difference of mean particle residence time between the maximum and minimum values decreases as the wedge angle increases. The residence time of hexahedron is the shortest. The tracer concentration distribution of hexahedron at any height is more uniform than that of binary mixture. The tracer concentration of sphere in the middle is lower than that near the wall, and the contrary tendency is found for ellipsoid particles.     

气液两相流的多尺度混沌特性分析

Using the high-speed camera the time sequences of the classical flow patterns of horizontal gas-liquid pipe flow are recorded, from which the average gray-scale values of single-frame images are extracted. Thus obtained gray-scale time series is decomposed by the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method, the various scales of the signals are processed by Hurst exponent method, and then the dual-fractal characteristics are obtained. The scattered bubble and the bubble cluster theories are applied to the evolution analysis of two-phase flow patterns. At the same time the various signals are checked in the chaotic recursion chart by which the two typical characteristics (diagonal average length and Shannon entropy) are obtained. Resulting term of these properties, the dynamic characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns are quantitatively analyzed. The results show that the evolution paths of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns can be well characterized by the integrated analysis on the basis of the gray-scale time series of flowing images from EMD, Hurst exponents and Recurrence Plot (RP). In the middle frequency section (2nd, 3rd, 4th scales), three flow patterns decomposed by the EMD exhibit dual fractal characteristics which represent the dynamic features of bubble cluster, single bubble, slug bubble and scattered bubble. According to the change of diagonal average lengths and recursive Shannon entropy characteristic value, the structure deterministic of the slug flow is better than the other two patterns. After the decomposition by EMD the slug flow and the mist flow in the high frequency section have obvious peaks. Anyway, it is an effective way to understand and characterize the dynamic characteristics of two-phase flow patterns using the multi-scale non-linear analysis method based on image gray-scale fluctuation signals.     

Mixture temperature prediction of waxy oil–water two-phase system flowing near wax appearance temperature

Temperature sensitivity of waxy crude oils makes it difficult to study their flow behaviour in the presence of water especially near their wax appearance temperature(WAT). In this study a method was proposed and implemented to mitigate such difficulties which was applied in predicting mixture temperatures(Tm) of a typical Malaysian waxy crude oil and water flow in a horizontal pipe. To this end, two analytical models were derived firstly from calorimetry equation which based on developed two correlations for defining crude oil heat capacity actualized from the existed specific heat capacities of crude oils. The models were then applied for a set of experiments to reach the defined three predetermined Tm(26 °C, 28 °C and 30 °C). The comparison between the predicted mixture temperatures(Tm,1and Tm,2) from the two models and the experimental results displayed acceptable absolute average errors(0.80%, 0.62%, 0.53% for model 1; 0.74%, 0.54%, 0.52% for model 2). Moreover,the average errors for both models are in the range of standard error limits(±0.75%) according to ASTM E230.Conclusively, the proposed model showed the ease of obtaining mixture temperatures close to WAT as predetermined with accuracy of ± 0.5 °C approximately for over 84% of the examined cases. The method is seen as a practical reference point to further study the flow behaviour of waxy crudes in oil–water two-phase flow system near sensitive temperatures.     

垂直管中管径突变对空气-水两相流流型的影响（Ⅰ）突缩接头

Flow patterns upstream and downstream of a sudden-contraction cross-section in a vertical straight pipe were presented. By comparing with flow patterns in uniform cross-section vertical tubes, the effect of the sudden change in pipe diameter on flow patterns was analyzed. Flow pattern transition mechanisms were discussed and transition criteria for flow pattern transitions were deduced accordingly using the dimensional analysis.     

Concentration of linoleic acid from cottonseed oil by starch complexation

The extraction of linoleic acid from fatty acids(FA) of the cottonseed oil using starch–FA complexes was developed for the first time. We showed that starch can form inclusion complexes of different strengths with FA and that the different strengths stem from the differences in chain length, degree of unsaturation, and position of double bonds of FA. The optimal separation conditions were determined as follows: The inclusion temperature is 69 °C, the inclusion time is 30 min, the starch/FA mass ratio is 10:1, and the ratio of the volume of methanol–water solution and the mass of FA is 18:1. Compared to urea inclusion complexation, starch complexation has milder reaction temperature and shorter reaction time. Under these conditions, linoleic acid can be concentrated from 38.9% to 70.04% by one-off extraction. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrate the almost perfect reusability of starch. These results show that starch complexation is a promising method that can be used to obtain highly concentrated linoleic acid from cottonseed oil.     

混沌递归分析在油水两相流流型识别中的应用

采用由Lorenz方程生成的时间序列验证了递归定量分析的有效性及敏感性,并将该分析方法应用于油水两相流流型识别.研究结果表明：对油水两相流过渡流型,在递归图上表现为分散点或线条纹理两种纹理结构特征;而对同一种水包油流型,仅表现为线条纹理结构特征.表明混沌递归图纹理结构特征对油水两相流流型变化敏感,混沌递归定量分析是一种流型识别的有效辅助诊断工具.     

垂直上升管中油水两相流流型表征

在含水率 5 1%～ 91%、油水两相流总流量 10～ 6 0m³·d^-1范围内 ,对垂直上升油水两相流流动工况的电导波动信号进行了分形及混沌时间序列分析 .当含水率为 6 0 .5 %～ 91%时 ,所提取的分形维数及吸引子相关维分别在 1.0 0 6～ 1.6 31及 4.30～ 6 .77之间 ;当含水率为 5 1%或 5 1.5 %时 ,所提取的分形维数及吸引子相关维分别在 1.17～ 1.75 8及 5 .46～ 7.0 5之间 ,且分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维数随总流量呈不规则突变 ,并与复杂功率谱特征及流型图上的过渡流型相对应 ,表明了分形维数及混沌吸引子相关维数对油水两相流流型变化具有敏感的“指示器”特性     

油水两相流相含率的软测量方法

对垂直上升管中油水两相流流动测得的电导波动信号,从时频域内提取了11个反映油水两相流流动特性的特征量.频域内特征量提取采用了语音信号处理中的线性预测方法,时域内特征量提取采用了时间序列统计分析方法.将这些特征量作为人工神经网络的输入量,在总流量10～60 m³•d^-1及含水率51%～91%范围内,采用基于Levenbery-Marquardt算法的BP人工神经网络作为相含率预估模型,较好地实现了油水两相流含水率预测,为两相流相含率测量提供了一种新的软测量途径.     

提升管中气固两相流动行为的相似特性

在15.1 m高循环流化床实验装置上对提升管内的轴向压力梯度、局部颗粒浓度和颗粒速度进行了较系统的实验测试,研究了提升管中气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下流动行为的相似特性.结果表明,在(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g相近的操作条件下,上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度、下降颗粒时均速度、絮状物颗粒浓度和出现频率在空间的分布特征基本相同.对于同一提升管内的同一气固两相流系统,只要表观气速和颗粒循环速率按(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g同步变化,不同操作条件下的上行气固两相流在充分发展段就具有相似的宏观和微观流动行为.     

螺旋升流式反应器系统较长泥龄时运行效果及其流态释因

结合螺旋升流式反应器（SUFR）的特性,通过对比试验分析SUFR系统在较长泥龄时（主要在32 d左右）营养物去除的工艺特点。试验结果表明,SUFR系统（θ_c=32 d）出水COD和TN分别小于40 mg·L^-1﹑10 mg·L^-1,SUFR系统（θ_c=32 d）除磷率随着泥龄的延长有一定的下降,但出水TP一直稳定在1 mg·L^-1内, SUFR系统（θ_c=32 d）的SOUR值为10～18 mg·g^-1·h^-1。流态模拟结果表明,SUFR系统中单元反应器的推流流态容积利用率为63%。这说明SUFR系统反应器以活塞流为主要特征的流态特性有助于减轻较长泥龄对污水处理的负影响。该系统具有更宽的泥龄适宜范围。     

基于PTV法对油气水三相流流场的测定

以35^#润滑油、空气和自来水为实验介质,对垂直上升管内的油气水三相流的流场与流速进行了实验研究。在水流量为3.18 m ³·h ^-1、空气流量为0.25 m³·h ^-1、油流量为0.4 m³·h ^-1的工况下应用高速摄像机对水包油流型进行了拍摄,并跟踪气泡及油滴,对流速与流场进行了测定,同时与DPIV中的互相关法求出的流速进行了对比,实验结果表明,应用跟踪气泡及油滴的方法同DPIV的互相关法求出的流速与流场存在较小的误差,可以应用于油气水三相流中的流速与流场的测定。     

水平管内油水两相流流型转换特性

以高黏度的油和水为工质,在内径为25.7 mm,长52 m的水平不锈钢油水两相流实验环道内对油水两相流流型及其转换特性进行了实验研究.根据实验结果定义了不同流动条件下出现的流型,绘制了流型图.对影响油水两相管流流型转换的各种因素进行了综合分析,利用量纲分析的方法得出了流型转换的准则关系式,并提出了一个较为准确的有关油水两相管流中反相临界含水率的计算相关式.     

快速流化床提升管中气固流动行为的非线性分析

对φ100mm×16m、FCC固体颗粒的快速流化床提升管内环-核流动区局部颗粒含量脉动行为进行了非线性分析,用Kolmogorov熵表征了其气固流动行为.结果表明,Kolmogorov熵沿提升管环-核流动区径向有3个显著变化区域,以此为依据将提升管环-核流动区的气固流动行为沿径向分成3个流域：单颗粒随机运动控制的核心流域;单颗粒混沌控制的过渡流域;边壁控制的环形流域.同时,从颗粒对垂直气固流动系统中气固湍动程度影响的角度,解释了Kolmogorov熵的径向分布特征及其与流动结构的关系.     

基于Kolmogorov熵时间序列分析的垂直上升管中油水两相流流型表征

采用一种基于广义熵概念的Kolmogorov熵计算方法来提取时间序列的复杂性特征,进而对油水两相流流型进行表征,用Mackey-Glass方程作算例验证了该复杂性特征提取方法的可靠性.在此基础上对油水两相流实验电导波动信号的Kolmogorov熵表征结果进行了分析,指出Kolmogorov熵对流型转变的敏感性,并且发现其结果与先前研究的时间序列电导波动信号功率谱复杂性特征及分形和混沌表征结果较好地对应和统一,表明了Kolmogorov熵对油水两相流流型变化具有敏感的“指示器”特性.     

水/油两相萃取系统下利用O2光化学氧化噻吩

引言 汽油或柴油中的含硫化合物如硫醇、硫醚、噻吩、苯并噻吩(BT)和二苯噻吩(BT)燃烧后产生SOX,是酸雨和空气污染的主要来源,并可导致人产生呼吸道疾.