黄河流域水文模型研究现状与进展

黄河流域的水问题一直是人们十分关注的焦点，而流域水文模型又是解决这些问题的关键所在。本文总结了黄河流域产汇流及水文模型的研究现状与进展，指出了存在的不足，展望黄河流域水文模型的研究方向，一方面继续探讨半干旱半湿润地区径流形成的物理机制，另一方面研制建立分布式流域水文模型，构造数字黄河的基础。     

黄河流域应对气候变化的需求分析

黄河流域气温呈波动上升趋势,与全球气温变化趋势一致,1961～2000年黄河流域年平均温度升高了0.6℃,其中河源区变化幅度最大,导致河源区径流量锐减和流域水资源减少.气候变化对黄河流域水资源影响的研究结果存在很大不确定性,原因是全球气候模式分辨率很粗,很难直接用于流域尺度.过去关于气候与水资源关系的研究主要集中在气候变化对流域径流平均变化的影响上,而气象水文事件中,平均事件和极端事件之间的关系并非线性的,平均事件和极端事件的变化并不是同步的.为了增强黄河流域管理对气候变化的适应能力,应加强近百年黄河流域气候变化对水资源的影响、流域尺度的气候影响评价模型、旱涝灾害等极端事件(气象水文要素平均值变化与极端事件之间的非线性关系)、应对气候变化影响的黄河流域管理对策等方面的研究.     

黄河流域气候与水资源演变特点研究

以观测资料和前人研究成果为基础,阐述了气候变化对黄河流域水资源总量、极端水文事件、水生态环境等的影响;指出气候变化已经影响到了黄河流域水资源系统的各个环节,这种影响是否是趋势性的．未来影响程度如何,有待进一步研究。黄河流域气候变化对水资源影响评估研究正在兴起．黄河流域气候变化研究应该着重极端气象水文事件变化对流域水沙调控体系建设、水资源统一管理和调度、黄土高原区和河口区生态环境等的影响及其适应性管理对策研究,以促进流域综合管理。     

流域水文模型研究综述

流域水文模拟是用数学的方法描述和模拟水文循环的过程.按照水文循环运动的物理规律和空间变化规律介绍了流域水文模型的分类及其特点,回顾了流域水文过程模型的研究进展,总结、介绍了国内外分布式流域水文模型的开发研究成果,结合当前流域水文模型研究中存在的尺度、非线性、模型动态耦合等主要问题,提出了发展方向。     

基于GIS的分布式流域水文模型

分布式流域水文模型比较客观地描述实际水文过程,但需要强大的数据库支持。这一特点为地理信息系统(G IS)在分布式流域水文模型的研究与应用提供了可能,反过来又推动水文模型的发展。目前,基于G IS的分布式流域水文模型的研究已成为水文学研究的热点。本文总结了分布式流域水文模型的优越性,综述了G IS在分布式流域水文模型中的应用及二者集成方式研究与应用的进展,讨论了当前研究中存在的问题,指出了今后的研究方向。     

几种典型流域水文模型类比分析

流域水文模型是研究水文自然规律和解决水文实际问题的重要理论基础。按照流域水文模型的基本分类,简单总结分析了国内外几种典型流域水文模型的基本建模思路、适用范围及其优缺点等。在此基础上,以模型效果评价指标为准则,通过对同一流域上不同模型、以及同一模型在不同流域上的应用效果进行类比和分析,提出了在特定流域应该选取比较适用的水文模型以及几种典型水文模型的最佳适用流域。     

对流域水文模型的再认识

讨论了流域水文模型的本质,指出模型只是原型的近似,不可能反映原型的一切特征,尤其像流域降雨径流形成这样复杂的现象。诠释了"分解"与"集成"的科学思维在流域水文模型建模中的作用。认为只有产汇流理论和集成基本水文现象为流域水文模型的方法有所突破,才会有流域水文模型的实质性进步。分析了流域水文模型反问题不适定的原因,提出了直接最优化方法用于解决流域水文模型反问题时应注意的事项,以及用"大数据"方法解决流域水文模型反问题的设想和初步思路。认为随着水文观测手段的进一步精准,"大数据"方法在解决流域水文模型反问题和正问题中均有美好的应用前景。     

分布式水文模型子流域划分方法

子流域划分是构建分布式水文模型的重要工作之一,它关系到水文模拟和预报精度的好坏。通过综述分布式水文模型子流域划分方法的国内外研究进展,总结了现有子流域划分方法在不完整流域的子流域划分、无分叉长河段的子流域划分、水文站和水库控制范围确定以及子流域划分软件等方面存在的问题,提出了水文实践对子流域划分方法的需求,最后针对该问题从开发适用性更高的子流域划分算法、开发通用的子流域划分软件和加强子流域划分层次或水平的研究等三个方面对子流域划分研究方向进行了展望。     

黄河流域水量水质综合模拟与评价

在分布式水文模型(WEP-L)的基础上,建立了流域水量水质综合模拟模型。提出了基于综合模拟模型的水量水质联合评价方法,并首次从"断面水"和"片水"两方面综合评价流域水资源的数量与质量。结果表明:黄河流域的"片水"水质状况要优于"断面水"水质情况。     

基于BTOPMC的无资料区水文模拟及相似性分析

针对稀缺资料地区分布式水文模型无法直接应用的问题,以无径流观测资料的西充河流域(西充境内)为研究区、以相近的李子溪流域为参证流域,建立了BTOPMC模型进行流域水文相似性分析,并采用参数移植法模拟研究区径流过程。结果表明：参证流域径流模拟结果良好,经参数转移之后的BTOPMC模型具有一定的适用性。该方法解决了水文模型在参数移植构成中的不确定性问题,可为其他无观测资料流域的模拟提供借鉴。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.