Streamer current in a three-electrode system

A study has been conducted on positive streamer discharges in air at atmospheric conditions for a three-electrode system, The electrode system consisted of two parallel planes (one grounded and one supplied with a negative dc voltage) and a small, insulated needle, sticking out from the center of the grounded plane. A triggering positive square impulse voltage of 5 μs duration was applied to the insulated needle and the currents associated with the streamer discharge were measured simultaneously on all three electrodes. During the streamer propagation, the current measured at the needle was the conduction current while the other two were the displacement (or capacitive) currents generated by the movement of charge in the electrode gap. The objective of this study is to identify the three currents and to investigate if simple representations of the streamer can reproduce the displacement currents measured at the plane electrodes. Two models for the streamer were applied: (1) a charged sphere moving in the background field and (2) a channel with a constant voltage gradient extending in the gap. In both models it was assumed that the streamer propagated with a constant velocity, which was estimated from the measurements. The motion of the streamer was simulated by a series of electrostatic calculations, using a field calculation program. Comparison of the measurements with the simulations indicates that the charge of the streamer is confined to a spherical region (i.e. streamer head) and it is increasing continuously during its advancement in the electrode gap. A discussion on advantages and disadvantages with the two investigated models (sphere vs. channel with potential gradient) is conducted, and a possible hybrid model is suggested. In the proposed model, features from both considered streamer representations are included     

Conduction mechanisms and high-field effects in syntheticinsulating polymers

The absorption and conduction currents in synthetic insulating polymers, viz., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene-terephthalate and polyvinylidenefluoride, with dc fields may be electronic or ionic both and it may be difficult to determine their origins unambiguously. The charges which are present in the bulk of the polymer may be responsible for both the absorption and the conduction current. A limited displacement of charges together with the rotation of side chains may provide a decaying transient current in the presence of an externally impressed field whereas the conduction current may originate from a hopping of charge carriers in which the charges transfer between localized states. The complex dielectric response of these polymers with ac field may also be explained by intra- and inter cluster charge movement which would be consistent with the unified model, stated above for the case of dc fields     

Application of a sliding-mode observer for position and speedestimation in switched reluctance motor drives

A sliding-mode observer is applied toward the operation of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The sliding-mode observer estimates rotor position and velocity to control the conduction angles of the machine. Conventional on-off control with hysteresis current control is included with the position estimation scheme. The particular case of an automotive brake system motor is considered in detail where the conduction angles are modified with velocity feedback to provide optimum time response to brake system commands. Nonlinear modeling of a SRM is described and a computer simulation is developed based on data from an experimental SRM system. The sliding-mode observer is implemented with fixed-point and floating-point digital signal processors (DSPs) and the discrete-time implementations first examined under locked-rotor conditions. A comparison is also made between the implementation in two different types of DSPs. After confirming the accuracy of the computer simulation with experimental data, the design considerations in selecting observer coefficients with regard to sampling time, convergence rate, and transient stability are discussed. In conclusion, the effects of flux estimation errors on the system time response during a startup transient are examined     

Development of a Modulation Strategy for a PWM Inverter Drive

When induction motors are driven by electronic inverters, the applied voltage waveforms are quite nonsinusoidal. The fundamental component of the current is controlled by the load. The harmonic currents are limited principally by the motor leakage inductance and are independent of load. These harmonic currents can lead to increased motor heating and to increased peak currents. In addition, the modulation technique can give rise to problems in the control. An analysis method was developed to predict the performance of an induction motor in response to inverter waveforms. The correctness of the method was verified by comparison to measurements made on an operating system. This tool was then used to aid in the development of a modulation strategy, to accurately evaluate the motor heating problem and to analyze a new method of transitioning from pulsewidth modulation to square wave operation.     

开关磁阻电机低速运行无位置传感器检测方法

针对开关磁阻电机低速运行方法中的传统脉冲注入法只利用非导通相电流信息,存在导通区间受限和续流影响估计精度的问题。本文对低速控制策略与无位置检测原理进行研究,提出了一种双电流斩波限PWM滞环控制的三相电流斜率差值无位置传感器检测方案。所提方案在导通区采用双斩波限PWM滞环控制,使导通区电流斩波次数增加,能够改善低速运行时的性能,并提高电流斜率差值的计算精度。与传统非导通相电流比较方法只利用非导通相信息相比,该方案增加了导通相电流计算。在计算导通相电流斜率差值后,与两非导通相形成三相电流斜率差值,从而估计电机的实时位置信息。以三相12/8结构的电机进行了相关仿真和实验验证,实验结果表明,该方案能够有效解决传统方法存在的导通区间固定和实时角度计算受续流影响的问题。     

Power links with Ireland-excitation of turbine-generator shafttorsional vibrations by variable frequency currents superimposed on DCcurrents in asynchronous HVDC links

The paper describes an in-depth analysis of excitation of shaft torsional vibrations in steam-turbine-generator-exciter shafts in close proximity to HVDC converter stations by variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC currents in asynchronous links. It extends earlier work to include an in depth analysis of system scaling factors for harmonic currents impressed on generators in Northern Ireland by an inverter and to investigate the phenomena for possible torsional vibrations in the generators by the link. It is concluded that variable-frequency ripple currents superimposed on the DC current in asynchronous links can excite sympathetic torsional vibrations in turbine-generator-exciter shafts. Subtransient generator reactances may be used to approximately proportion injected harmonic current to each machine of a multi-machine network. Very small noncharacteristic currents could result in serious damage to the machine although possibility of two power systems operating with fixed deviation in system frequencies long enough for the vibrations to build up is remote. Studies should be undertaken as routine on all machines in close proximity to HVDC converter stations to ascertain whether or not the machines are at risk     

Direct current electrical conduction block of peripheral nerve

Electrical currents can be used to produce a block of action potential conduction in whole nerves. This block has a rapid onset and reversal. The mechanism of electrical nerve conduction block has not been conclusively determined, and inconsistencies appear in the literature regarding whether the block is produced by membrane hyperpolarization, depolarization, or through some other means. We have used simulations in a nerve membrane model, coupled with in vivo experiments, to identify the mechanism and principles of electrical conduction block. A nerve simulation package (Neuron) was used to model direct current (dc) block in squid, frog, and mammalian neuron models. A frog sciatic nerve/gastrocnemius preparation was used to examine nerve conduction block in vivo. Both simulations and experiments confirm that depolarization block requires less current than hyperpolarization block. Dynamic simulations suggest that block can occur under both the real physical electrode as well as adjacent virtual electrode sites. A hypothesis is presented which formulates the likely types of dc block and the possible block current requirements. The results indicate that electrical currents generally produce a conduction block due to depolarization of the nerve membrane, resulting in an inactivation of the sodium channels.     

模块化多电平换流器直流双极短路特性分析

模块化多电平换流器(MMC)的直流双极短路故障特性分析是MMC故障管理、系统电气设计以及含MMC电网规划的重要研究内容之一。文中对MMC的双极短路故障特性进行了研究。首先,分析了双极短路故障脉宽调制(PWM)闭锁前后的暂态过程,定义了导通重叠角。然后,结合导通重叠角的大小分析了4种稳态短路电流通路及7种不同情况,定性分析了交流侧和直流侧稳态电流的特性,以及电抗分布系数和短路等效电阻对稳态短路电流的影响,并推导了交流侧和直流侧稳态短路电流的实用工程计算方法。最后,采用算例与仿真验证的方式验证了分析方法的有效性。     

Transient performance of substation structures and associatedgrounding systems

When lightning strikes an electric substation, large currents generated by the stroke flow in the above ground structures and grounding system and dissipate in the soil. The electromagnetic fields generated by such high currents may cause damage to equipment and may be dangerous to personnel working nearby. In this paper, the frequency and time domain performance of a substation subjected to a lightning strike is described and discussed. The computed scalar potentials, electric fields, and magnetic fields are presented graphically as a function of spatial coordinates. As a function of time and as a function of both. Two cases are considered. The first case examines the substation grounding system only, while the second case includes an above-ground structure as well. It is believed that the results of the second case have not been published before. A double exponential lightning surge current is injected at one corner of the substation. The response of the grounding system to the frequency domain electromagnetic spectrum of this signal is computed by a frequency domain electromagnetic field analysis software package. The temporal and spatial distributions of the electromagnetic fields inside and near the substation are obtained by an inverse Fourier transformation of all these responses. The presence of a soil with an arbitrary resistivity and permittivity is accurately taken into account. The analysis sheds some new light on the understanding of the effects which take place at the higher frequencies     

High-field conduction and carrier traps in polyethylene copolymerized with various monomers

The electrical breakdown and electrical conduction of ethylene copolymers have been studied. The electric strength of ethylene copolymers containing an optimum content of halogen moieties such as bromophenyl and fluoroethylene groups was found to be higher than that of LDPE over the wide temperature range from ?196°C to 90°C. Also, conduction currents in the copolymers were suppressed at high electric fields. X-ray-induced thermally stimulated currents (TSC) revealed that halogen comonomers act as carrier traps with a depth of about 0.4 eV. Consequently, the introduction of comonomer-containing halogen groups into polyethylene suppresses electron acceleration as a result of an increase in trapping and scattering of conduction electrons. This leads to an increase in electric strength which is determined by the electron avalanche breakdown.     

The effects of axial displacement of transformer windings on impulse and transferred voltage distribution

Mechanical forces due to short circuit currents especially near the power transformer will cause the axial displacement or radial deformation of transformer windings. Therefore, it is possible to have a transformer with mechanical faults in the electrical power system. Hence, it is necessary to design the insulation arrangement in order to get sufficient withstand against the impulse voltage distribution in case of such faults. In this paper, the effects of axial displacement on impulse and transferred voltage distribution are investigated with the help of two particular windings having the rated power of 1.3 MVA as a test object and its detailed model. The results show the significant influences of axial displacement on impulse voltage distribution so they should be considered in the design of insulation.     

两种风电供热模式的节煤效果比较

针对当前风电供热项目使用纯凝电力过多、电锅炉利用率低的问题,提出了风电供热项目与热电厂互补供热的运行模式。在构建风电供热系统基本数学模型的基础上,建立了风电供热系统在独立供热模式和与热电厂互补供热模式下的运行策略模型和节煤效果计算模型。算例中,以实际数据为依据,对整个供暖期两种模式下的风电供热项目进行了模拟运行。结果表明,相对于独立供热模式,互补供热模式不仅在节煤效果上具有优势,而且该模式下风电供热项目无需配置储热,从而可节约投资成本。     

Slot Numbering and Distributed Winding Effects Analysis on the Torque/Current Spectrum of Three-phase Wound-rotor Induction Machine Using Discrete Modeling Method

Smooth torque production by induction machines is an improbable phenomena that is taken into account only in classic and ideal studying methods. In this research, slot numbering and also non-sinusoidal winding function effects are studied for a three-phase wound-rotor induction machine, which is addressed for the first time, and a new formula is introduced for calculating the spectral components of machine torque and current. To reach this aim, mathematical modeling of the air-gap function is proposed, and a discrete time modeling of the machine is introduced to study the effects of space harmonics on the torque/current spectral. To study the mentioned phenomena, in the first part, the winding functions are considered as ideally sinusoidal and the behavior of simulated machines is investigated based on the winding function approach and numerical method analysis. Two certain formulas are introduced for the spectral components of torque ripple and stator currents according to the slot numbers, rotor speed, and number of machine poles. In the second part, slot opening effects are neglected and non-sinusoidal windings are considered for obtaining the same results. Finally, considering both effects, model validation is confirmed by a finite-element-based method, and the introduced method is proven.     

TORQUES IN MULTI-MACHINE GENERATOR SHAFTS DUE TO HVOC RECTIFIER RIPPLE CURRENTS SUPERIMPOSED ON THE DC CURRENT IN ASYNCHRONOUS LINKS

ABSTRACT

This paper analyses torsional vibrations in steam turbine-generator-exciter shafts of machines in multi-machine power systems in close proximity to the inverter station due to rectifier ripple currents superimposed on the DC current in asynchronous DC links. It extends earlier work to include an in-depth analysis of system scaling factors for modulation product harmonic currents impressed on generators not examined in the literature heretofore by an inverter in an asynchronous link.

Frequency at which shaft torsional vibrations would be excited by modulation product harmonics in 50Hz/50Hz asynchronous links as a function of deviation in system frequency is first reviewed. Amplitude of shaft torque due to steady resonant torque excitation which is a function of initial rate of increase of vibration at adjacent cells where the steady resonant torque excitation is applied, the time constant for decay of the vibration and stiffness between adjacent cells is then discussed. The paper then shows that torque in shafts of machines in multi-machine networks may be estimated by proportioning HVDC Link inverter modulation product harmonic disturbance current appropriately to each machine at risk. A three phase fault studies programme to proportion converter harmonic current to each machine is discussed. System scaling factors are evaluated for different scenarios : (i) neglecting system loads, (ii) using a lumped load at the inverter, and (iii) employing distributed system loads for (a) constant impedance loads and (b) subtransient reactance dynamic loads. The effect of tappings of transformers is also discussed. On the basis of these evaluations, generators are identified which are most at risk. Torques in shafts of the machines in Ireland due to rectifier ripple currents superimposed on the DC current of the proposed North Wales/Ireland Link are then analysed and discussed.     

电力电子化电力系统多时间尺度建模与算法相关性研究进展

电力电子化电力系统的多时间尺度分析,与传统的单一时间尺度研究有根本的不同,不仅要建立多时间尺度模型,且建模过程必须要考虑计算方法,即模型和算法不能单独存在,这样才能准确描述电力电子化电力系统的多时间尺度特性.文中基于多时间尺度分析理念,综述电力电子化电力系统多时间尺度建模与算法相关性研究现状.为此,首先分析现有多时间尺度算法及其适用范围;进而基于相同数学形式模型可以采用相同算法计算的准则,将电力电子化电力系统划分为元器件机理、切换系统、电磁暂态、机电暂态4个时间尺度.然后,通过不同时间尺度模型之间的相关性,探讨多时间尺度模型的性质,阐明多时间尺度模型与算法的相互制约关系.最后,提出电力电子化电力系统多时间尺度建模与算法待解决的问题及研究展望.     

Strand Current Distribution Modeling in Turbo-generators Using Finite-element Method Based on Proposed Dual Method

Abstract—The necessity of using a 3D model is one of the main problems for modeling Roebel bar transposition in turbo-generators by the finite-element method. This article proposes a 2D dual model for computing strand current distribution in the Roebel bar of turbo-generators. Considering the leakage and mutual inductances for each strand and the coupling inductances between them, the end winding region is modeled in this 2D dual model. In this article, the Roebel bar structure including 16 strands was considered, and these distributions are calculated for different transpositions using the finite-element method. In the finite-element method model, the circulating currents are calculated by subtracting a load current at each strand from the total of strand current. Also, for different transpositions, such as 90°, 180°, 360°, and 540°, the circulating currents are calculated using an analytical method. The obtained strand current distributions from the 2D dual model have good agreement with the obtained results from the analytical method for the 180° and 360° transposed coil models.     

放电间隙导通过程中电流通道头部的加速效应（英文）

This paper is devoted to explanation of a phenomenon of current channels heads acceleration which bridges a discharge gap.This phenomenon was discovered experimentally during some works at investigating nanosecond streamer gas discharges of atmospheric pressure in the air and neon.Consideration of the bridging process of the discharge gap is presented in the framework of a model of microstructured current channel.In this case,the channel represents itself as a bunch of microchannels(up to 1 000 and more).Such consideration could be stipulated by the discovered earlier phenomenon of the current channels microstructuring that are realized in the nanosecond discharges of atmospheric pressure.The authors have developed the electro-technical model of the discharge gap bridging by the conducting channel.It is shown that the channel length dependence of the velocity is linear;this is similar to that of the model of the continuous(unstructured)channel.We considered and made estimations that stipulate a possibility of gas heating in the microchannels up to the temperatures of associative ionization beginning in the discharge gap bridging phase.In this case,increase of the charged particles concentration and,consequently,decrease of its resistance cause the head acceleration.It is shown that in case of the continuous channel it is impossible to realize the gas heating up to the temperatures of the associative ionization in these conditions.Obtained results reveal the physical reason of the current channels microstructuring as a consequence of the principle of least action manifestation in the area electric breakdown phenomena of the gases.     

A novel displacement component in PVDF and its role inferroelectric switching

In this paper we describe the detection of a novel frequency dependent displacement current in polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF). This component was derived from electrical switching experiments performed by the application of voltage pulses of different duration, followed by defined short circuit times. By means of the results so obtained, a complete account of all relevant displacement contributions could be derived. It was possible to separate the remanent polarization, the ε-related displacements and the conduction currents. It was found that the ε-related displacement contains a frequency dependent component which to our knowledge has not been discussed in the literature. By means of this component it is possible to explain the previously observed temporal lag of the remanent polarization and the total displacement which led to the charge trapping model proposed by Eisenmenger and coworkers