黄河下游山东段泥沙输移沿程演变规律分析

本文基于一维不平衡输沙理论,对来水来沙变化情势下的黄河下游艾山-利津河段泥沙输移的沿程演变情况进行概化分析计算。结果表明,在艾山站相同年均来沙率的情况下,随着流量的减小,河道输沙能力随之明显减小,利津站年均输沙率明显减小。20世纪80年代中期至2002年期间,艾山站年均来沙率一般大于河道输沙能力,河槽出现淤积;2002年以后,受水库拦沙及调水调沙影响,河道来沙率多小于河道输沙能力,河道出现冲刷。而且,由于单宽流量较小,河道泥沙沿程速率变化较快,导致泥沙冲刷或淤积所占来沙量的比例较大。     

黄河下游水沙条件对河道冲淤的影响

根据1950年以来黄河下游河道实测水沙资料,分析了黄河下游河道汛期淤积比与小浪底站径流量、输沙量、平均流量、平均含沙量和采沙系数的关系;根据2002-2008年小浪底水库8次调水调沙期间的实测数据,进一步分析了调水调沙时黄河下游河道水沙条件对河道冲淤的影响.结果表明:黄河下游河道汛期淤积比随小浪底站径流量或平均流量的增大而减小,随小浪底站平均含沙量或来沙系数的增大而增大;调水调沙期间下游河道均发生了冲刷,河道淤积比随来沙量、出库平均含沙量和来沙系数的增大而增大,随出库径流量和洪水历时的增大而减小;2007年汛后小浪底出库调控流量为3 600 m3/s、舍沙量为40 kg/m3时,下游河道基本达到冲淤平衡.     

水沙变异条件下黄河下游河道横断面形态特征研究

通过对黄河下游各水文站1950～2003年实测资料的分析，探讨了过去50多年间黄河下游河道横断面形态变化过程及其与来水量的响应关系。分析得出，过去50多年间，黄河下游河道主河槽发生了明显的淤积萎缩，游荡性河段的萎缩程度大于弯曲性河段，平滩面积呈明显减小的趋势，宽深比有增大的趋势，但各河段河型没有发生转化；平滩面积随年来水量和当年最大洪峰流量的增加而增大，宽深比随来沙系数的增加而增大。由黄河下游排沙比与来水来沙的关系分析表明，黄河下游花园口～利津河段不淤积的花园口临界年均来沙系数约为0.012，临界年平均流量约为1850m3/s。综合分析认为，在目前下游河道来水偏枯的条件下，下游河道的平滩流量不宜也不可能太大，从维持中水河槽和满足流域经济社会发展需要考虑，在花园口年来水量为200～250亿m3时，花园口控制洪峰流量在4000m3/s左右、年均来沙系数不大于0.012的来水来沙过程比较合适。     

黄河下游河床演变三大基本问题的研究

断面极为宽浅，纵比降的塑造，以致河道严重淤积，是黄河下游河床演变的三大基本问题。黄河下游的主要特征是强烈游荡、严重淤积.这也是黄河一切灾难的主要原因.前者是断面太宽浅以及比降偏陡而直接引起的问题.河道形态由来水来沙搭配关系决定.水沙关系Qs=KQm的m值小于2.5的，属于大水来沙偏少而小水来沙偏多，滩地不易淤高而河槽易于淤浅，要形成多汊宽浅游荡性河流.反之，m大于2.5的则形成单股窄深蠕动性河流.黄河下游m约为2，故成为强烈游荡的宽浅河道.后者则是河道输沙能力的形成问题，是由纵、横断面的配合决定的.泥沙输移的沿程淤积分选，大量细颗粒长远输送而于几千年前就造成了偏小的纵比降，与宽浅的断面配合而成的输沙能力远小于流域来沙量，是黄河严重淤积的原因。     

80年代黄河下游河道冲淤演变情况

80年代黄河下游河道累计淤积泥沙4.12亿t,是下游河道淤积最少的10年(三门峡水库拦沙期除外),其中高村一艾山河段淤积3.59亿t,占87％。下游河道淤积集中在1986、1988两年,其中1988年淤积量达5.14亿t,比10年累计淤积还多1亿t,其余大部分年份河道处微淤或冲刷状态。黄河流域人类活动对下游河道冲淤有一定影响,但起主导作用的还是暴雨大小及地区分布。10年间进入黄河下游的水、沙总体上属于枯水少沙系列,来沙偏少更多。年均来沙仅量8.62亿t,是来沙量最少的lO年。黄河下游来沙量大幅度减少,主要是多沙和粗沙产区的河龙区间大雨、暴雨显著偏少所致。多沙地区一旦出现暴雨,来沙量就会明显增加,如1988年,皇甫…、窟野河等多沙粗沙支流发生较大洪水,年沙量达15.5亿t,下游河道发生严重淤积。深入研究80年代来水来沙条件及下游河道冲淤特点,对于更好地认识和治理黄河具有重要意义。     

黄河流域泥沙输移比与流域尺度的关系研究

泥沙输移比是研究流域泥沙侵蚀与泥沙入河量关系的指标。通过对黄河、延河、杏子河、纸坊沟四级流域尺度上泥沙输移比的研究,分析了黄河流域泥沙输移比与流域尺度的关系。结果表明,杏子河流域泥沙输移比大于1,而黄河、延河、纸坊沟流域的泥沙输移比均小于1。在黄河、延河、杏子河三级流域中,流域泥沙输移比随流域尺度增大呈明显减小趋势,而杏子河与纸坊沟流域的泥沙输移比随流域尺度增大而增大。随着流域尺度增大,被侵蚀的泥沙在输移过程中沉积下来的概率增大,就可能出现泥沙输移比随流域尺度增大而减小的现象,但这种可能性能否转化成现实,还受制于流域其他因素的影响。     

黄河小浪底水库运用与下游河道防洪减淤问题

黄河下游淤积发展的根本原因是来水流量减少、河运输沙能力严重不足．通过干流小浪底水库“调水调沙”运用，减少下游河道淤积的指导思想，似乎仍然建立在河道输沙能力强，足以将大部分或绝大部分泥沙输送入海的认识基础上．极据黄河下游水沙特性及河道的具体条件，通过试验得出河道输沙能力的关系，分析了不同河段输送各级含沙量需要的输沙流量及游荡性河段在高含沙条件下的演变特性和带来的危害．提出在下游来水量日益减少的情况下，河道减淤除利用水库调节水沙外，应采取出库高含沙水流通过渠道向两岸低地放淤等综合减淤措施．其优点是大大减轻了河道的输沙负担，使小浪底水库不受或少受排沙运用制约而发挥应有的综合利用效益，还可大量节约黄河的输沙用水．     

三门峡水库不同运用时期下游河道不同粒径泥沙的冲淤调整趋势

通过分析黄河下游河道的实测水沙资料，对三门峡水库不同运用时间下游河道不同粒径泥沙的冲淤调整进行了分析，比较，得出了近３０年下游河道不同粒径泥沙的冲淤调整趋势，即淤积有，较大幅度地减少，其中汛期淤积量减少非汛期河道由淤积状态转变为冲刷状态；在滞洪排沙运用条件下，出现以粗泥沙为主的淤积；在蓄清排浑运用条件下，由于来水来沙减少，河道淤积明显减少。     

黄河下游河道未来冲淤趋势研究

进入21世纪以来,黄河中游产水产沙环境发生显著变化,潼关站实测来沙量大幅减少。在中游来沙减少和小浪底水库调水调沙运用的条件下,进入下游的泥沙主要集中在大流量洪水期,其他时段进入下游的水流以清水小流量为主。研究建立了不同时段下游河道冲淤量与水沙量的关系,计算了未来可能水沙条件下下游河道的冲淤趋势。结果表明:在未来年来沙量2亿~3亿t、来水量220亿~250亿m3时,利用4 000 m3/s左右大流量输沙,基本可以维持下游河道主槽不萎缩。     

流域产水产沙耦合对黄河下游河道冲淤和输沙能力的影响

在具有水沙异源特征的流域中,不同水沙来源区的来水来沙之间的关系,可以称为流域水沙藕合关系.流域水沙耦合关系通过流域侵蚀带与沉积带的耦合,会进一步影响沉积带的冲淤过程.对于黄河流域,提出以多沙粗沙区的来沙量和河口镇以上清水区的来水量之比来表示流域产水产沙搭配关系,称之为流域产水产沙耦合指标.无论是对于洪水系列还是对于年系列,黄河下游来沙系数、含沙量与流域产水产沙耦合指标之间都具有密切的关系.流域产水产沙耦合指标控制着下游河道的来沙系数、平均含沙量和最大含沙量,并进而影响河道冲淤量和河道泥沙输移比.黄河下游高含沙水流的发生与流域产水产沙耦合指标I(ws)之间有密切的关系.当I(ws)<0.314t/m3时,下游可不再发生高含沙水流.这启示我们,通过对多沙粗沙区来沙量和河口镇以上清水区来水量的控制,可以减少下游河道高含沙水流发生的频率.对于场次洪水而言,当流域产水产沙耦合指标I(ws)<0.2t/m3时,冲淤量、淤积强度变化很小,但当I(ws)>0.2t/m3以后,冲淤量、淤积强度迅速增大.本文的研究成果对于黄河流域的治理有一定的参考意义.通过对流域水沙耦合关系的调控,来减少下游河道的淤积,是一种可行的途径.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.