Accurate analysis of multimode interference devices

The accurate analysis of multimode interference devices is demonstrated by using the least-squares boundary residual (LSBR) method. Accurate modal propagation constants and spatial field profiles in the multimode interference (MMI) section can be obtained by using the finite-element method. The accurate calculation of the excited modal coefficients is achieved by using the LSBR, which satisfies the continuity of the transverse field components more rigorously than the simple overlap integrals.     

Design considerations for an electrooptic directional couplermodulator

A rigorous numerical model is presented for an electrooptic directional coupler (DC) modulator. It was observed that it is possible for such a device to be optimized by the variation of a number of fabrication parameters. The applied field, the induced refractive index changes, and hence the change in the waveguide optical field due to the antisymmetric refractive index change are calculated for an elected structure. Finally, the product of switching voltage and coupling length, the power transfer efficiency, obtained using the least squares boundary residual (LSBR) method, and the optical loss due to the metal electrodes are also given     

Improving Multimode Interference Couplers Performance Through Index Profile Engineering

In this paper, a new technique is developed to improve high index contrast multimode interference (MMI) coupler performance. The technique is based on removing modal phase errors by introducing a perturbation in the lateral refractive index of the MMI section. Simulation results for several MMI devices show that this technique is able to provide extremely low excess losses and imbalance for all situations.      

Multimode interference bistable laser diode

We propose a novel bistable laser diode (BLD) with active multimode interference (MMI) cavity. Bistable switching can be realized between two cross-coupled modes by means of gain saturation. Static characteristics of the multimode interference (MMI)-BLD are analyzed using a finite-difference beam propagation method. The photon-carrier interactions are calculated using the carrier-rate equation. This model gives accurate distributions of photon and carrier densities, optical gain, and refractive index inside the cavity. We predict that the MMI-BLD shows bistable switching between the two cross-coupled modes by light injection, therefore allowing it to be used as all-optical flip-flop or optical memory.     

Design of multimode interference optical switches with area modulation

Based on the self-imaging effect, multimode interference (MMI) optical switches with area modulation were proposed. The field transfer matrix was introduced to analyze the MMI switches. As an example, the phase modulation parameters of a 3 × 3 MMI switch for different switching cases were obtained by solving the field transfer equation. And the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) was used to confirm the analytical results.     

Study of the Fabrication of BCB Waveguide Devices by Ultraviolet Pulsed-Laser Illumination

Benzocyclobutene directional couplers and 1times2 multimode interference (MMI) power splitters fabricated by ultraviolet (UV) pulsed-laser illumination are presented. With an accurate control of the fabrication process, the measured coupling lengths of the directional couplers are in good agreement with those simulated by the beam propagation method. In particular, accurate power splitting ratios of the directional couplers can be achieved by controlling the number of laser shots to obtain the required index changes. Moreover, MMI power splitters with accurate interference lengths and low imbalances can be successfully fabricated. All those reveal that UV pulsed-laser illumination is an accurate and controllable technique for the device fabrication.     

改进的正交函数算法研究光子晶体光纤

发展了一种高效、准确的用于分析光子晶体光纤的模型。采用余弦函数和二维阶跃函数将光子晶体光纤的横向介电常数展开,同时将横向电场用Hermite-Gaussian函数展开。应用正交函数的性质,将Maxwell方程转化为矩阵本征值问题,通过求解本征值问题,得到模式场强的分布和传输常数。这种算法可以用于研究光子晶体光纤的模式传播特性,诸如色散特性、偏振特性、有效面积等。     

Optimal design of an MMI coupler for broadening the spectral response of an AWG demultiplexer

Optimal design of a multimode interference (MMI) coupler for broadening the spectral response of an arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) demultiplexer is considered. By using a Gaussian beam approximation, an analytical expression for the spectral response of an AWG demultiplexer (with an MMI section) is obtained. A simple analytical formula is derived to relate the optimal MMI length to the separation between the peaks of the twofold images in the MMI region. This peak separation is related to the width of the MMI section. In the proposed design method, a required 1-dB passband width determines the peak separation, which then determines the optimal value for the length of the MMI section according to the analytical formula. The designed flat-top AWG demultiplexer is verified by the beam propagation method.     

二维限制多模干涉器非对称自映像特性

采用导模传输法分析了二维限制多模干涉器 (MMI)的自映像效应 ,详细讨论了二维限制MMI器件的非对称自映像性质 ,并用三维全矢量光束传输法验证了分析结果     

Mode excitation from sources in two-dimensional EBG waveguides using the array scanning method

An efficient semianalytical algorithm for the evaluation of the field and modal excitation by a line source in a two-dimensional electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) waveguide is presented. The method allows for an accurate and efficient calculation of the near field from the source inside the EBG waveguide, as well as the amplitude of the EBG waveguide mode that is excited. The same method can be applied to a wide variety of structures, as well as other types of sources and discontinuities.     

蝶形多模干涉耦合器的数值分析

设计蝶形多模干涉(MMI)耦合器时,需要根据所要求的功率分割比率确定器件的结构参量。作为矩形多模干涉耦合器的特征参量的耦合长度,通过数值分析对称干涉型矩形多模干涉耦合器的成像位置而得到,从而可利用模传输分析(MPA)法的公式设计出蝶形多模干涉耦合器的理论预期结构。使用有限差分波束传输法(FD-BPM)对设计参量进行校正,并且数值算出器件实际实现的功率分割比率。针对基于SOI晶片的设计实例表明,仿真得到的蝶形多模干涉耦合器的长度较理论预期大2～4 μm,实际实现的功率分割比率较理论预期值低且器件形状越偏离矩形,其值相差越大。     

On the determination of resonant modes of dielectric objects using surface Integral equations

Although surface integral equations have been extensively used for solving the scattering problem of arbitrarily shaped dielectric objects, when applied to the resonance problem, there are still some issues not fully addressed by the literature. In this paper, the method of moments with Rao-Wilton-Glisson basis functions is applied to the electric field integral equation (EFIE) for solving the resonance problem of dielectric objects. The resonant frequency is obtained by searching for the minimum of the reciprocal of the condition number of the impedance matrix in the complex frequency plane, and the modal field distribution is obtained through singular value decomposition (SVD). The determinant of the impedance matrix is not used since it is difficult to find its roots. For the exterior EFIE, the original basis functions are used as testing functions; for the interior EFIE, the basis functions rotated by 90/spl deg/ are used as testing functions. To obtain an accurate modal field solution, the impedance matrix needs to be reduced by half before SVD is applied to it. Numerical results are given and compared with those obtained by using the volume integral equation.     

Propagation and radiation characteristics of rib waveguide

Some results from a modal analysis of a rib waveguide by using a hybrid finite-element method are described. It is shown that the approximate formulas derived by using the Marcatili method are quite accurate when the fields are closely confined to the waveguide. The emission patterns of a GaAs rib-waveguide laser, predicted from the modal solution, are presented.     

光敏杂化溶胶-凝胶法研制多模干涉波导分束器

采用有机/无机杂化溶胶-凝胶方法制备高质量的SiO2薄膜和光敏性薄膜材料;利用三维FD-BPM(finitedifference beam propagation method)研究了掩埋式和暴露式矩形波导结构多模干涉(MMI)型光功率分束器的主要性能,理论模拟发现,掩埋式矩形波导结构分束器的长度、宽度和厚度容差性都优于暴露式矩形波导结构的MMI型分束器,并且具有更宽的带宽特性。通过简单的紫外曝光、显影工艺制备了1×4 MMI型波导分束器,分束器在1 550 nm波长附近的插入损耗为8.1～8.8 dB,功率分束不均匀性小于1 dB。     

Transcendental equation for the vectorial modes of buried optical waveguides

The free-space radiation mode (FSRM) method is extended to allow full vector modal analysis of buried optical waveguides to be computed semi-analytically in a very fast, efficient, yet accurate, manner. Both TE and TM dominated modes are investigated, identifying propagation constants via an explicit transcendental equation, and full field profiles.     

Proposal for Diminishment of the Polarization-Dependency in a Si-Nanowire Multimode Interference (MMI) Coupler by Tapering the MMI Section

This letter presents a design for diminishing the polarization-dependency of a Si nanowire-based multimode interference (MMI) coupler by using a tapered MMI section. The entrance width and waist width of the tapered MMI section are optimized to obtain a polarization-insensitive MMI length for N-fold self-imaging. The MMI section with a diminished polarization-dependency has a relatively large entrance width, which is beneficial to the separation of adjacent access waveguides for minimizing the coupling between them. One can tune the power splitting ratio of a 2 times 2 Si-nanowire MMI coupler by adjusting the entrance and the waist width of the tapered MMI section.     

An iterative physical optics approach for analyzing theelectromagnetic scattering by large open-ended cavities

A formulation based on the high frequency asymptotic principles of physical optics is developed for analyzing the scattering by relatively arbitrary open-ended waveguide cavities containing complex interior terminations. A magnetic field integral equation (MFIE) is obtained for the equivalent currents on the interior cavity walls and is solved using an iterative physical optics (IPO) algorithm which iteratively applies physical optics to account for multiple reflections inside the cavity. The number of iterations required for convergence is related to the expected number of important reflections. The IPO method is more approximate than a matrix solution of the MFIE, but it is quite accurate for electrically large cavities and is much more efficient. Numerical results are presented which demonstrate the convergence and accuracy of the method by comparison with modal reference solutions     

基于光纤光栅的传动齿轮模态分析

利用光纤光栅传感器实现了基于快速应变响应的传动齿轮模态分析。基于波分复用技术组建光纤光栅传感网络,根据光纤光栅的应变响应数据完成齿轮的应变模态分析,并与基于声压传感器的齿轮试验模态分析结果进行对比,固有频率相对误差小于0.1%。为了实现光纤光栅传感器的快速应变采集,搭建了一套光纤光栅快速解调仪。该解调仪是基于体相位解调的单通道快速解调仪,采样速率最高为35kHz,使用LabVIEW编写了光纤光栅信号采集和解调软件。基于光纤光栅的齿轮应变模态分析方法附加质量小,比传统加速度传感器测量结果更准确,能够适应小型齿轮箱内部复杂和恶劣的测量环境,具有一定的应用价值。     

Flat-top silica-based arrayed waveguide grating with 40-channels

A wavelength multiplexer or demultiplexer plays ani mportant role in all wavelength division multiplexing( WDM) system.Silica-basedarrayed waveguide gratings(AWGs) offer attractive featuresinthis area due to theadvantage of large output channels and lowlo…     

Virtual boundary method for the analysis of elliptically cross-sectional photonic-crystal fibers with elliptical pores

This paper introduces a new semianalytical method for the analysis of propagation characteristics of elliptically cross-sectional photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) with elliptical pores. This method known as a virtual boundary method (VBM) is based on the equivalency between an actual PCF and a three-layered, transversely inhomogeneous waveguide. The complicated refractive-index profile of the PCF is written as a double Fourier series, and an approximate separable wave equation is found in an elliptical coordinate system for the longitudinal field components. The exact solution to the derived equation is expressed in terms of higher order transcendental functions, such as regular and irregular Coulomb-wave functions and Mathieu functions. After having expressed all the field components, boundary conditions are imposed on the boundaries, and then, a transcendental equation for the propagation constant is derived, which is solved numerically. The validity of the method is ensured by comparing various quantities, such as effective indexes, modal birefringences, and electromagnetic field distributions, with those from an accurate full-vector finite-element method (FEM) simulator, showing relatively good agreement between the results. The method correctly confirms some of the unique PCFs' properties, such as strong localization of light within the fiber and enhancement of modal birefringence as a function of the topology of hole arrangement.