Starch Functionality in Cookie Systems

To study the function of starch in cookie baking, starch was isolated from a cookie flour and from cookies baked with the flour. Viscograms of starches indicated no detectable changes caused by cookie processing. Swelling power, solubility, gelatinization temperature range and enzyme susceptibility were unchanged by cookie preparation. X-ray diffraction patterns of starch isolated from cookies showed a strong “A” pattern. The starch was not affected by the baking process. Differential scanning calorimetry showed no apparent differences in phase transition peaks. Starch-gluten breads produced were of similar volume and quality characteristics. It was concluded that a) starch granules remain in their native condition during cookie baking, b) starch does not form a continuous structure in cookies and c) retrogradation cannot occur during cookie storage.     

Cookie- Versus Cracker-Baking—What's the Difference? Flour Functionality Requirements Explored by SRC and Alveography

The many differences between cookie- and cracker-baking are discussed and described in terms of the functionality, and functional requirements, of the major biscuit ingredients—flour and sugar. Both types of products are similar in their major ingredients, but different in their formulas and processes. One of the most important and consequential differences between traditional cracker and cookie formulas is sugar (i.e., sucrose) concentration: usually lower than 30% in a typical cracker formula and higher than 30% in a typical cookie formula. Gluten development is facilitated in lower-sugar cracker doughs during mixing and sheeting; this is a critical factor linked to baked-cracker quality. Therefore, soft wheat flours with greater gluten quality and strength are typically preferred for cracker production. In contrast, the concentrated aqueous sugar solutions existing in high-sugar cookie doughs generally act as an antiplasticizer, compared with water alone, so gluten development during dough mixing and starch gelatinization/pasting during baking are delayed or prevented in most cookie systems. Traditional cookies and crackers are low-moisture baked goods, which are desirably made from flours with low water absorption [low water-holding capacity (WHC)], and low levels of damaged starch and water-soluble pentosans (i.e., water-accessible arabinoxylans). Rheological (e.g., alveography) and baking tests are often used to evaluate flour quality for baked-goods applications, but the solvent retention capacity (SRC) method (AACC 56-11) is a better diagnostic tool for predicting the functional contribution of each individual flour functional component, as well as the overall functionality of flours for cookie- and/or cracker-baking.     

小米曲奇预拌粉配方的优化

以预糊化小米粉为主要原材料,研制小米曲奇预拌粉。通过单因素试验,研究小米粉添加量、吉士粉添加量、奶粉添加量、泡打粉添加量、糖粉添加量对小米曲奇感官评分和硬度的影响。采用Box–Behnken法设计试验方案,运用响应面分析法建立二阶多项式非线性回归方程和数值模型,以感官评分和硬度为评判指标,优化小米曲奇预拌粉配方。优化后配方为:小米粉60.00g、低筋面粉40.00 g、吉士粉6.50 g、泡打粉1.00 g、糖粉45.00 g、奶粉8.00 g。在此条件下小米曲奇的理论感官评分为95.04分、硬度为510.11 g。在此配方下制作的小米曲奇呈棕黄色,与市售黄油曲奇相比,具有独特的小米香气和风味。预拌粉降低了小米曲奇制作的专业性、技术性,提高生产效率,利于生产品质稳定、健康味美的小米曲奇产品。     

原料特性对曲奇饼干品质和丙烯酰胺生成的影响

以面粉、油、糖为主要原料制作曲奇饼干,通过测量其水分含量、色度、质地、感官和丙烯酰胺含量,研究原料特性对曲奇饼干品质和丙烯酰胺生成的影响。实验表明:面粉中蛋白质的含量显著影响曲奇饼干的品质和丙烯酰胺的生成。与高筋粉和中筋粉相比,低筋粉粗蛋白含量仅为7.67%,其制作的曲奇饼干水分含量低,硬度小,柔软和酥松程度表现更好,品质最佳且丙烯酰胺生成量最低。普通黄油和发酵黄油制作的曲奇饼干酥脆,香味浓郁,品质优良,发酵黄油在焙烤过程脂肪氧化较为缓慢,生成的丙烯酰胺含量低为212μg/kg。红糖制作的曲奇饼干呈棕褐色,具有独特的香味,但丙烯酰胺含量高达828μg/kg。白砂糖、冰糖和绵白糖制作的曲奇饼干品质差异较小,其中白砂糖制作的曲奇饼干感官评价得分最高,丙烯酰胺含量最低为230μg/kg。综上,低筋面粉、发酵黄油和白砂糖制作的曲奇饼干品质较优,丙烯酰胺生成量较少。     

Ingredient Functionality in Multilayered Dough-margarine Systems and the Resultant Pastry Products: A Review

Pastry products are produced from heterogeneous multilayered dough systems. The main ingredients are flour, water, fat and sugar for puff pastry, and the same plus yeast for fermented pastry. Key aspects in pastry production are (i) building laminated dough containing alternating layers of dough and bakery fat and (ii) maintaining this multilayered structure during processing to allow for steam entrapment for proper dough lift during baking. Although most authors agree on the importance of gluten and fat for maintaining the integrity of the different layers, detailed studies on their specific function are lacking. The exact mechanism of steam entrapment during dough lift and the relative contribution of water set free from the fat phase during baking also remain unclear. This review brings together current knowledge on pastry products and the factors determining (intermediate) product quality. Its focus is on flour constituents, fat, water, and (where applicable) yeast during the different production stages of pastry products. Future research needs are addressed as the knowledge on biochemical and physical changes occurring in flour constituents and other ingredients during pastry production and their effect on product quality is currently inadequate.     

Effect of the addition of soluble (nutriose,inulin and polydextrose) and insoluble (bamboo,potato and pea) fibres on the quality of sugar‐snap cookies

Dietary fibre intake can help to improve the health of the population. Cookies are one of the most consumed bakery products. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different fibres on cookie quality. Soluble fibres (nutriose, inulin and polydextrose) decreased dough consistency favoured cookie spread during baking and produced wider and thinner cookies. In contrast, insoluble fibres (elongated and rounded) showed an opposite trend increasing dough consistency and giving rise to cookies with higher moisture, lower spread factor and higher hardness. Long insoluble fibres gave rise to harder cookies and with lower spread factor. Cookies made with soluble fibres were darker than the control cookie and cookies containing insoluble fibres. Therefore, solubility and shape of insoluble fibres play an important role in cookie quality. Fibre selection will be key to enriched cookies development.     

鹰嘴豆曲奇饼干的研制

为开发一款低糖、低脂、新型健康的功能性曲奇饼干,以低筋面粉为主要原料,鹰嘴豆粉为辅料,使用日本豆腐代替部分黄油,木糖醇粉代替部分白砂糖,通过单因素实验和正交实验,制作鹰嘴豆粉曲奇饼干。结果表明,鹰嘴豆粉曲奇饼干的最佳配方为低筋面粉100 g、鹰嘴豆粉添加量45 g、黄油添加量55 g、日本豆腐添加量30 g、木糖醇粉添加量20 g、糖粉添加量30 g、鸡蛋液添加量40 g,烘烤温度为面火190℃,底火170℃;烘烤时间12 min,此时产品的感官评分达94分。该产品口感松脆,甜而不腻,既保持了曲奇饼干原有的风味,又减少了高能量组分油和糖的含量,有较高的营养价值。     

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SUGAR-SNAP COOKIES USING GRANULE SURFACE DEPROTEINATED WHEAT STARCH

The physical properties of soft wheat starch granule surface proteins and soy flours or isolates, which contribute to the texture of sugar‐snap cookies was studied. Soft wheat flour was deproteinated and cookies were produced containing 0, 10, 20 or 30% soy flour, or one of two types of ground, textured soy flour. Color, fracture force and spread ratio of cookies were determined. Cookies formulated with wheat starch stripped of the starch granule surface proteins exhibited significant alterations in diameter, fracture force, thickness and surface cracking. Cookies containing ground, textured soy flour and protein‐stripped starch granule wheat flour were larger, thinner and had more surface cracking than those produced with nontextured soy flour. Wheat starch granule surface proteins appear to partially mediate the interaction of proteins and starch in a sugar‐snap cookie system.     

响应面法优化戊聚糖曲奇饼干工艺配方研究

旨在改良传统曲奇饼干的制作工艺,研究了添加戊聚糖制备曲奇饼干的最佳工艺配方。在单因素实验明确戊聚糖粉、绵白糖以及烘焙时间对曲奇饼干感官品质影响的基础上,利用Box-Behnken设计实验,对产品进行品质分析。结果表明,采用戊聚糖粉添加量10.85%,绵白糖添加量27.58%,烘焙时间18.93min的条件,制作戊聚糖曲奇饼干,具有传统曲奇饼干酥松香甜的口感和滋味,还起到为人体补充戊聚糖膳食纤维的作用。     

Starch digestibility and glycemic index of cookies partially substituted with unripe banana flour

The Mexican government declared that overweight and obesity are Mexico’s principal public health problems. Because of this problem the development of nutraceutical foods with a low glycemic index is necessary. Cookies with unripe banana flour (UBF) were prepared with very few ingredients in the formulation to avoid fat and digestible carbohydrates. Proximate composition and starch digestibility were carried out. Moisture and dietary fiber content increased, but protein and fat decreased when the UBF level increased in the cookie. Total starch in cookies added with UBF increased when this ingredient was increased in the formulation. A similar pattern was found for available and resistant starch. Resistant starch content is important due to the beneficial effects associated with its fermentation in the colon. Hydrolysis percentage and predicted glycemic index decreased when the UBF increased in the composite that is related with the resistant starch content. When the amount of UBF was increased in the cookies, the rapidly digestible starch decreased and the slowly digestible starch increased. Addition of UBF to simple formulation for cookie preparation is important to obtain a product with high level of indigestible carbohydrates.     

Rheological and sensory characteristics of doughs and cookies based on wheat,soybean, chick pea and lupine flour

Levels of 5, 10 and 15% of legume flours i.e. soybean, lupine and chick pea were used to supplement cookie. The effect of this supplementation on the rheological properties of the resulting dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph as objective methods for quality assessment of the final product. It was found that there was an increase in water absorption capacity, dough stability, arrival time, dough development time and mix tolerance index. Extensograph results indicated that dough resistance to extension, dough energy and proportional number were minimized with increasing the lupine flour in the formula, while it was not changed on dough extensibility. However, soy flour increased resistance to extension, proportional number and energy and diminished dough extensibility. At the same time supplementing wheat flour with chick peas decreased both dough resistance to extension and proportional number while it increased dough extensibility and energy. For sensory evaluation, it was found that using either until 5% soybean or 10% chick pea or 15% lupine flour could replace the wheat flour in cookies formula without adversely affecting baking performance or altering the physical characteristics of the end product.     

Factors affecting 3D printing and post-processing capacity of cookie dough

This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the printability and post-processing capacity of cookie dough in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing by modifying the recipe without the addition of gums or stabilizers. Cookie dough formulations with different types of fat (butter and shortening), flour (wheat, rice, and tapioca), the amount of non-fat milk (32.5 or 65 g/100 g flour), and the sugar level (37.5 or 55 g/100 g flour) were investigated for their printability and post-processing capacity. Rheological properties, microstructure, and printability of printing inks were monitored while the moisture loss and dimensional stability after baking were analyzed in printed and baked structures, respectively. Results indicated that cookie dough formulations with reduced sugar content were more printable. The best sample to build a shape that could withstand the baking process was the recipe of 37.5 g sugar, 62.5 g shortening, 100 g tapioca flour, and 32.5 g milk, which yielded printed cookie samples with the ease of printing, better visual printing outcomes, and no structural deformation after baking.Industrial relevance3D food printing is an emerging technology with many potential applications in the food industry. It is important to understand the effects of key components of food materials on the printing, which enable a wider range of structures just using a single nozzle, and provide tailored nutrition and personalization in extrusion-based 3D printing. Understanding the effects of food processing on 3D printed food items is critical to broadening its applications. This study selected cookie dough as a model system to investigate the 3D food printing since it is mainly composed of fat, sugar, flour, and milk that are the most common ingredients in many food products. Establishing knowledge of the interactions between different food components and contribution of each individual ingredient may help develop a guideline for extrusion-based 3D food printing. In addition, the results acquired from this study can fill knowledge gaps regarding the role of cookie dough component in 3D printing and their effects on post-processing of 3D printed foods.     

Incorporation of germinated mung bean flour with rice flour to enhance physical,nutritional and sensory quality of gluten-free cookies

Quality of the cookies substituted with germinated mung bean flour (GMF) to rice flour (RF) to produce gluten-free cookies were investigated in this study. The GMF was used to formulate with the RF to obtain the composite flours with different total protein contents of 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 (%, d.b). The increase in the substituted amounts of GMF contributed to the lower baking loss, diameter and spread ratio, but the higher thickness and hardness of the cookies as compared to the RF-based cookie. The cookies with more GMF substitution expressed lower lightness (L*) values, but higher redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values than the others. The cookies substituted with 60% of the GMF (60-GMFC) exhibited similar baking loss, thickness, diameter, spread ratio and lightness values to the wheat flour (WF)-based cookies. The total amounts of essential amino acids and the sum of histidine, lysine and methionine of the composite flour-based cookies were 3.90% and 1.64%, significantly higher than those of the RF-based cookie (1.93% and 0.66%, respectively) or the WF-based cookie (1.70% and 0.58%, respectively). As a result, healthy gluten-free cookies could be prepared using the RF with the substitution of the germinated mung bean flour.     

Effect of pre-dehydration treatment on the in vitro digestibility of starch in cookie

In order to understand the effect of pre-dehydration on the in vitro digestibility of cookie starch, cookie dough samples were dehydrated by vacuum treatment, and melting temperature (T(m)) of the crystalline amylopectin in the dough, internal temperature and water content of the dough during baking, and non-hydrolysed starch content of the obtained cookies were investigated. The T(m) of crystalline amylopectin increased with decreased water content of the dough, and the result was described as a T(m)-curve. The internal temperature of non-dehydrated dough surpassed the T(m)-curve during baking. Pre-dehydrated dough, on the other hand, always indicated a lower internal temperature than the T(m)-curve. The non-hydrolysed starch content obtained under a given condition increased significantly with a decrease in the initial water content of cookies. This will be because the melting of crystalline amylopectin was prevented, at least partially, during baking.     

Evaluation and utilization of guava seed meal (Psidium guajava L.) in cookies preparation as wheat flour substitute

Guava seeds were chemically evaluated for their moisture, fat, protein, ash, fibre and minerals content. The fatty and amino acids composition was also studied. Guava seed meal was used in the preparation of cookies. Chemical composition, dough characteristics as well as cookies baking quality were studied to evaluate its possible utilization. The water absorption, dough development time and stability were decreased and dough weakening was increased as the level of guava seed meal in the dough increased. Adding guava seed meal to wheat flour improved volume, specific volume, diameter and thickness of the cookies after baking. Using 9% guava seed meal gave an acceptable, but comparatively inferior product.     

天然抗氧化剂抑制曲奇中丙烯酰胺含量的研究

采用天然抗氧化剂荞麦、孜然和黑种草籽抑制曲奇中丙烯酰胺的生成。研究这3种配料对面粉中丙烯酰胺前体的含量、面粉和曲奇抗氧化的特性、曲奇烘焙特性和丙烯酰胺含量的影响,结果表明：这3种配料组合都可以增加面粉中还原糖和天门冬酰胺的含量,也可以增加面粉和曲奇的抗氧化特性(包括总酚类物质、DPPH自由基清除能力和ABTS+·的抑制能力)。当所添加的天然抗氧化剂含量增加时,曲奇颜色变深,表现为更低的L*,a*和b*值;荞麦和孜然的引入会增加曲奇中的水分含量,而黑种草籽则相反。所有天然抗氧化剂组合都可以增加曲奇的延展率。未添加天然抗氧化剂的曲奇中丙烯酰胺的含量为361.2μg/kg,而单独添加15%荞麦、15%孜然和15%黑种草籽使得曲奇中丙烯酰胺的含量分别降低了20.2%、67.6%和75.9%。感官分析结果表明：富含天然抗氧化剂的曲奇都可以被人们所喜欢。     

Effect of Sorghum Variety on Baking Properties of U.S. Conventional Bread, Egyptian Pita "Balady" Bread and Cookies

Five genetically different sorghums were ground and partially substituted for bread and cookie flour in U.S. white pan bread, Egyptian “Balady” bread and sugar cookies. Except for brown sorghum, water absorption, peak time, stability and time to breakdown, decreased as sorghum increased in the formula. Brown sorghum produced a better quality dough and higher bread volume compared to other sorghums. Bread volume decreased with increasing level of sorghum substitution. Crumb and crust color were directly related to sorghum variety and level of substitution. Replacement of bread flour with up to 30% ground sorghum produced acceptable Egyptian “Balady” bread. Spread factor of sugar cookies increased with increasing levels of sorghum.     

Effect of fat and sugar replacement on cookie properties

Fat mimetics, namely Raftiline, Simplesse, C*deLight and polydextrose, diluted in water to give a gel with 200 g kg^?1 concentration, were used for partial fat replacement and polyols, namely lactitol, sorbitol and maltitol, for sugar replacement in low‐fat, sugar‐free cookies. Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with lactitol or sorbitol in 35% fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies resulted in products with hardness and brittleness comparable to those of the control. Polydextrose as fat mimetic and maltitol as sugar substitute resulted in very hard and brittle products. Further fat replacement to 50% was achieved using Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with a blend of lactitol and sorbitol; however, the final products were hard, brittle and did not expand properly after baking. Cookies prepared with Simplesse had the least acceptable flavour, while cookies prepared with C*deLight were rated as the most acceptable by a sensory panel. The textural properties were improved by either decreasing the amount of alternative sweetener or increasing the concentration of fat mimetic in the gel which was added to the cookies. All fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies prepared in this study had higher values of moisture content and water activity than the control, but these values were below the upper limit that affects cookie shelf‐life. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of leavening agents and sugars on the formation of hydroxymethylfurfural in cookies during baking

The effects of recipe compositions in terms of leavening agent (ammonium and sodium bicarbonates) and sugars (sucrose and glucose), and baking conditions (temperature and time) on HMF formation in cookies were studied. Five recipes were prepared by varying the types of leavening agent and sugar. The cookies were baked at different temperatures (180, 200, 210 and 220 °C) for different time (10, 15, 20 and 25 min) to monitor physical and chemical changes in cookie composition in terms of water activity, pH, surface browning, sugar decomposition, and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formation. Decreasing moisture to a level under a water activity of 0.4 appeared as the critical point in baking where the rate of HMF formation drastically increased after this point. After this stage, sucrose decomposed very rapidly if ammonium bicarbonate was used as the leavening agent at temperatures greater than 200 °C. Replacing ammonium bicarbonate with sodium bicarbonate maintained pH of cookies ranging between 9.0 and 10.0 during baking, which limited the decomposition of sucrose.     

小麦粉组成对面团水分迁移及制品品质影响的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

水分作为小麦粉面团中的主要组成部分,其含量、分布、存在状态对面团的加工特性、保藏性及制品品质稳定性具有重要影响。小麦粉由蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、戊聚糖、矿物质等多种组分构成。小麦粉与水混合形成面团,在这一过程中面团会发生复杂的物理化学变化。面团中各种组分的成分结构和物理化学特性对这些变化产生较大影响,间接决定了制品的品质。因此了解面团混合过程中的不同组分与水结合后的变化,对制品的品质控制和质量提升具有重要意义。对近年来相关领域的研究成果进行了归类梳理,系统分析了小麦粉中不同组分之间以及与水分子的相互影响机制,讨论了小麦粉不同组分的吸水持水特性,解析了小麦粉的不同组分对水分分布迁移的影响,总结了决定面团水分迁移和影响制品品质的关键成分即蛋白质、淀粉、破损淀粉、戊聚糖等,并剖析它们决定产品质量的关键因素,以期进一步指导小麦粉制品的生产。