间歇生物反应器中氮的赋存状态与转化规律研究

目前废水生物脱氮技术着重于对氨氮的去除,很难达到去除总氮的目的。为了更好的去除氨氮及总氮,实验研究了不同进水pH、溶解氧浓度、进水C/N比及不同温度条件下间歇生物反应器中氮的存在状态及其转化规律。结果表明：在生物反应器运行初期氨氮、总氮浓度均有明显的下降;进水氨氮浓度在30～70 mg/L的污水,优化处理操作参数为pH值8.0±0.5,溶解氧（4.2±0.5）mg/L,温度20～26℃,C/N为6,曝气时间6 h,沉淀2 h,氨氮去除率可达到90％,总氮去除率接近60％。     

悬浮载体流化床处理生活污水的研究

考察了悬浮载体流化床对生活污水的处理效果.结果表明,该工艺对生活污水中的COD和氨氮有较好的去除效果,当进水COD和氨氮分别为(112～356)、(22.95～43.60)mg/L时,出水COD和氨氮分别为9～26 ms/L(平均为17.6 mg/L)和1.52～7.18 mg/L(平均为3.54mg/L);对总氮的去除效果不太理想,当进水总氮浓度为27.80～52.10 mg/L时,出水总氮浓度为9.87～28.44 mg/L,去除率仅为45.41%～64.50%.     

污泥消化液采用厌氧氨氧化工艺处理的技术实践

污泥中有机物在消化稳定过程中除产生甲烷外,还会将细胞中的氮释放出来,以高浓度氨氮形式存在,浓度为500 ～800 mg/L.这部分氨氮随污泥脱水压滤液回到污水处理系统,提高约10％～15％的氮负荷,会增加投资和运行费用.设计采用厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)处理污泥消化液,预计氨氮去除率＞90％,总氮去除率＞75％,可供相关工程参考.     

A^2／O与混凝沉淀法处理垃圾渗滤液研究

采用厌氧－缺氧－好氧－混凝沉淀工艺处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液,当进行OCD为2000mg/L左右时,好氧出水COD可降至900mg/L,混凝沉淀出水COD可降至80mg/L,当时水氨氮浓度为1300mg/L左右,好氧出水氮氮＜10mg/L。生物处理系统对总氮的去除率较低,仅为20％－30％,因而提高总氮的去除率应是今后研究的方向之一。     

污水再生全流程中A/O工艺的深度除磷研究

采用A/O工艺作为污水处理全流程的首端处理单元,通过调整相关运行参数,在实现深度除磷和降解COD的同时为后续自养脱氮单元提供适宜的进水.在温度为20℃以及进水TP、COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮分别为(6 ～8)、(300 ～ 500)、(70～90)、(0.015 ～0.25)、(0.4～1.7) mg/L的条件下,将系统HRT控制在5.5h以下时,出水TP＜1 mg/L,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度均小于5 mg/L,氨氮平均为68.44 mg/L,对TP的平均去除率为90％,氨氮损失率仅为17％;此外,当曝气池的DO在0.6～0.8 mg/L之间时,系统在抑制硝化反应的同时实现了深度除磷和去除COD.     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化工艺处理焦化废水

通过对短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺的研究,开发了短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化(O1/A/O2)生物脱氮新工艺并用于焦化废水的处理.控制温度为(35±1)℃、DO为2.0～3.0mg/L,第一级好氧连续流生物膜反应器在去除大部分有机污染物的同时还实现了短程硝化.考察了HRT、DO和容积负荷对反应器运行效果的影响.结果表明,当氨氮容积负荷为0.13～0.22gNH4+-N/(L·d)时,连续流反应器能实现短程硝化并有效去除氨氮.通过控制一级好氧反应器的工艺参数,为厌氧反应器实现厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)创造条件.结果表明,在温度为34℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、HRT为33 h的条件下,经过115 d成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.在进水氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为80和90 mg/L左右、总氮负荷为160 mg/(L·d)时,对氨氮和亚硝态氮的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,对总氮的去除率为75%.最后在二级好氧反应器实现氨氮的全程硝化,进一步去除焦化废水中残留的氨氯、亚硝态氮和有机物.O1/A/O2工艺能有效去除焦化废水中的氨氮和有机物等污染物,正常运行条件下的出水氨氮＜15 mg/L、亚硝态氮＜1.0 mg/L,COD降至124～186 mg/L,出水水质优于A/O生物脱氮工艺的出水水质.     

低氨氮废水单级自养脱氮系统的快速构建

针对低氨氮废水单级自养脱氮系统构建困难的瓶颈,采用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR),探讨了接种污水厂脱水污泥的低氨氮废水单级自养脱氮系统快速构建方法。采用进水氨氮浓度梯度运行方式,实现了单级自养脱氮系统的快速构建。第一阶段,在温度为(30±1)℃、氨氮浓度为(190±5)mg/L、进水氮负荷为0.1 kg N/(m3·d)条件下,反应器接种城镇污水厂脱水污泥,经过53 d的运行,快速富集了自养脱氮功能菌,对氨氮、总氮的平均去除率分别为89.81%、74.73%;第二阶段,在进水氮负荷不变、氨氮浓度降至(50±3)mg/L条件下,反应器运行至68 d时,成功构建出低氨氮废水单级自养脱氮系统,稳定运行时的出水氨氮、总氮平均浓度分别为1.41、15.11 mg/L,去除率分别为97.34%、70.79%。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,单级自养脱氮系统的微生物种群与接种污泥的相似性低,且微生物多样性显著降低,而功能微生物菌群得到优势富集。     

用于城市污水脱氮的新型生态陶粒混凝土挂膜特征

以粉煤灰陶粒为粗骨料,辅以水泥、高效减水剂等制成新型生态陶粒混凝土,作为自行构建的交替好氧缺氧生物膜反应器(简称ECCBR)的载体,用于城市污水脱氮.采用间歇运行和间歇曝气方式,在不同DO、C/N值等条件下进行挂膜试验,结果显示,挂膜周期主要受水温影响,25 ～31℃时为8～10d,15 ～17℃时为13～15 d;DO对去除污染物的影响较其他因素明显,浓度宜控制为1.5 mg/L;生物膜成熟时,对COD、氨氮和总氮的最高去除率分别为96.4％、94.0％和81.4％,出水浓度均在《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级A标准以内,此时进水COD、氨氮和总氮浓度分别为200、18.1和19.9 mg/L,循环水流量为667 L/h; SOUR沿程变化甚微,反应器末端依然可以维持较高的微生物活性.新型生态陶粒混凝土投资低、挂膜周期短、脱氮率较高、抗冲击负荷,通过进一步开发可作为城市污水高效低耗脱氮的又一生物膜载体.     

生化+两级Fenton-BAF工艺处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液

台州某垃圾填埋场采用生化+两级Fenton-BAF工艺处理渗滤液。根据2014年12月运行情况,当系统进水COD浓度为1 350~11 500 mg/L、总氮浓度为1 860~3 000 mg/L、氨氮浓度为1 600~2 700 mg/L时,该工艺运行稳定,对主要污染物COD、总氮、氨氮去除率分别为99%、98%、99%,出水COD100 mg/L、总氮40 mg/L、氨氮25 mg/L,达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)的表2标准。     

生物膜电极工艺去除微污染源水中氨氮的研究

采用生物膜电极工艺去除微污染源水中的氨氮.在好氧区利用金属阳极电解产氧,在硝化细菌的作用下使氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮或亚硝酸盐氮;在缺氧区利用碳棒作为阴极电解产氢,实现反硝化脱氮.试验结果表明:C/N、电流强度、氨氮浓度、进水流量等对去除总氮均有影响;在流量为3 L/d、无外界供氧、电流强度为19.5 mA、C/N为1的条件下,当进水COD为10 mg/L、氨氮为7 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率可达95.6%,显著改善了水质.     

城市绿地对雨水径流污染物的削减作用

为探究城市绿地调控城市降雨地表径流污染的有效性和可行性,采用室内土柱模拟试验,研究植被覆盖、径流污染物浓度、土壤层深度、地下水、水力负荷与停留时间对城市绿地削减污染物的影响。结果表明,在低、中和高3种 雨水径流污染物浓度水平（CODCR 为68、137、550 mg/L;TN是3.01、7.51、30.06 mg/L;TP为0.29、0.69、2.73 mg/L; NH+4是0.44、1.61、2.19 mg/L）,水力负荷为3.5、3.0、2.5 cm/h,持续进水1 h条件下,城市绿地具有良好且稳定的污染削减能力,对CODCR 、TN、TP、NH+4的平均削减率分别达到41.52%、78.96%、84.68%,50.21%、70.23%、60.91%,73.18%、95.88%、94.99%,62.72%、55.16%、69.98%。受土壤复氧能力和水力停留时间的限制,绿地覆盖对污染物CODCR 与TN削减率的影响不明显。城市绿地污染削减率随着降雨地表径流污染物浓度的升高而呈现逐渐增加的趋势。城市绿地对雨水地表径流污染削减作用主要发生在深度35~65 cm土层内。城市绿地对低、中和高污染浓度水平各污染物削减率随着水力负荷的增加而降低。     

Sources of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban stormwater runoff

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in road debris collecting in urban areas and in the suspended sediment (SS) component of runoff from two stormwater catchments in Dunedin, New Zealand. Levels in the road debris ranged from 119-527 microg/g for lead, 50-464 microg/g for copper, 241-1 325 microg/g for zinc and 1.20-11.6 microg/g for sigma16PAH. The SS from the largely rural catchment (20% urban) had similar concentrations to the road debris, indicating that this urban material was the main source of the contaminants measured in the stormwater. Similar PAH fingerprint profiles and isomer ratios indicative of dominant pyrogenic (combustion) sources were also found in these two groups of materials. The SS from the 100% urban catchment contained 2- to 6-fold higher concentrations of metals and 10-fold greater levels of sigma16PAH. The higher levels of lead and copper were probably a result of industrial land uses in this catchment, while the additional zinc was linked to an abundance of zinc-galvanised roofing iron in the catchment's residential suburbs. The PAH profiles and isomer ratios were different for this urban catchment and suggested that a disused gasworks was contributing PAHs to the stormwater runoff.     

The influence of extensive vegetated roofs on runoff water quality

The influence of extensive sedum-moss vegetated roofs on runoff water quality was studied for four full scale installations located in southern Sweden. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether the vegetated roof behaves as a sink or a source of pollutants and whether the age of a vegetated roof influences runoff quality. The runoff quality from vegetated roofs was also compared with the runoff quality from non-vegetated roofs located in study areas. The following metals and nutrients were investigated: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Pb, Zn, NO3-N, NH4-N, Tot-N, PO4-P, and Tot-P. The results show that, with the exception of nitrogen, vegetated roofs behave as source of contaminants. While in lower concentrations than normally found in urban runoff, some metals appear in concentrations that would correspond to moderately polluted natural water. Nitrate nitrogen is retained by the vegetation or soil or both. Apart from the oldest, the studied vegetated roofs contribute phosphate phosphorus to the runoff. The maintenance of the vegetation systems on the roofs has to be carefully designed in order to avoid storm-water contamination; for instance, the use of easily dissolvable fertilizers should be avoided.     

我国城市道路雨水径流污染状况及控制措施

道路是城市汇水面的重要组成部分,也是城市受纳水体非点源污染的主要污染源之一,道路雨水径流污染问题日益引起人们的重视.总结了道路雨水径流污染物成分、来源,对国内外道路雨水径流的EMC进行了对比分析,基于对我国城市道路排水现状的调研分析和部分雨水径流水质数据,对我国几个主要城市道路雨水径流年污染负荷进行了估算,并归纳推荐了一些针对我国道路排水现状的适用性控制措施,同时对我国城市雨水径流污染控制提出了几点建议.     

多点交替进水五箱一体化活性污泥法脱氮除磷研究

为了获得较高的氮、磷去除效率，在UNITANK工艺的基础上，开发了一种新型的城市污水脱氮除磷工艺——多点交替进水五箱一体化活性污泥法，并在南京某污水处理厂开展了中试研究。连续一年的稳定运行表明，在进水COD、BOD5、TP、NH3-N、TN分别为110～430、52～130、2．2-6．1、15～41、17-50mg／L的情况下，出水水质可稳定地达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）的一级A标准．除磷率和脱氧率分别可达90％和70％以上．     

上海中心城区合流制排水系统雨天溢流水质研究

合流制排水系统雨天溢流已成为上海中心城区河道的主要污染源.为此,重点研究了上海中心城区某合流制排水区域JXB系统雨天污染物溢流的出流过程和污染物的事件平均浓度,并探讨了溢流污染物的初期效应.结果表明,降雨特性对污染物溢流过程的水质影响较大;该区域雨天溢流COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N的事件平均浓度分别为268、101、110、9.5 mg/L,SS浓度明显低于相关研究的结果;分析溢流污染物的初期效应表明,JXB系统排江污染物的初期效应较为显著,其中COD和BOD5的初期效应比SS的显著.     

Mercury mobilization in urban stormwater runoff

Urban stormwater runoff has been identified as a leading cause of waterway impairment for many pollutants, but there has been a lack of research that directly measures Hg in urban stormwater runoff. The objectives of this research were: to use high frequency sampling to characterize the Hg export dynamics from an urban micro-catchment (i.e. a parking lot) during individual rain events; determine the relationship between suspended sediments and Hg transport; assemble event-scale mass balances of atmospheric Hg inputs, surface storage, and Hg export in runoff to evaluate the relative importance of rainfall-derived Hg and surface-derived Hg in runoff; and finally, to compare the yield of Hg from the urban micro-catchment to that of a larger mixed land-use urban catchment to evaluate the feasibility of scaling the results. The results found that the highest Hg concentrations in runoff were observed during the rising limb of the hydrograph (first flush effect), which was dominated by particulate bound Hg (84+/-8%). There was a significant relationship between the Hg and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in runoff. For all events, the largest Hg flux occurred during the period of peak discharge, even though the Hg concentrations were substantially lower during this period. The catchment surface Hg load (i.e. street dust) varied over the course of the study, but the changes were not clearly linked to the rain events. The mass balance of the Hg inputs and outputs from the catchment showed that it could act as a Hg sink or a source depending on the rainfall characteristics. The export of Hg from the larger mixed land-cover catchment were all within the range of the values from the parking-lot catchment, though tended to be lower as a result of increased retention and fewer sources/disturbance within the catchment.     

低温下稳定塘系统对二级出水的处理效果

镇江市征润州污水厂的出水排入长江,为保护长江水环境,需要对其进行深度处理,以使出水水质达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。采用"好氧塘/兼性塘/生物塘"组合工艺处理该厂出水,考察了系统在低温条件下的脱氮除磷效果。结果表明:该系统能进一步降低二级出水中的TN和TP浓度,对TN、NH3-N、TP的去除率分别为40%、70%和55%,出水TN、NH3-N、TP分别为14、4和0.4 mg/L左右;稳定塘中的硝化作用有利于NH3-N的去除,但厌氧环境的缺乏限制了反硝化作用的进行,使出水TN中NO3--N的比例升高;HRT是稳定塘的重要参数,系统中TN的去除以生物作用为主,可以适当延长HRT以提高对TN的去除率。     

Understanding the physical processes of pollutant build-up and wash-off on roof surfaces

Pollutants originating with roof runoff can have a significant impact on urban stormwater quality. This signifies the importance of understanding pollutant processes on roof surfaces. Additionally, knowledge of pollutant processes on roof surfaces is important as roofs are used as the primary catchment surface for domestic rainwater harvesting. In recent years, rainwater harvesting has become one of the primary sustainable water management techniques to counteract the growing demand for potable water.This paper presents the outcomes of an in-depth research study into particulate matter build-up and wash-off for roof surfaces. In this research, particulate matter was considered as the indicator pollutant where the processes related to other pollutants can be predicted based on the understanding generated for particulate matter. The study outcomes confirm that the build-up process on roof surfaces is comparatively similar to road surfaces. However, particle loads collected from roofs were significantly less compared to road surfaces and much finer in texture. Wash-off from roofs also showed significant similarities to wash-off from roads. A relatively high concentration of particulate matter was noted during the initial part of storm events. Furthermore, the amount of particulate matter remaining on the roof surfaces was significantly high for less intense rain events.     

Contribution of trace metals from atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment

The contribution of atmospheric deposition to emissions of trace metals in stormwater runoff was investigated by quantifying wet and dry deposition fluxes and stormwater discharges within a small, highly impervious urban catchment in Los Angeles. At the beginning of the dry season in spring 2003, dry deposition measurements of chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were made monthly for 1 year. Stormwater runoff and wet deposition samples also were collected, and loading estimates of total annual deposition (wet+dry) were compared with annual stormwater loads. Wet deposition contributed 1-10% of the total deposition inside the catchment, indicating the dominance of dry deposition in semi-arid regions such as Los Angeles. Based on the ratio of total deposition to stormwater, atmospheric deposition potentially accounted for as much as 57-100% of the total trace metal loads in stormwater within the study area. Despite potential bias attributable to processes that were not quantified in this study (e.g., resuspension out of the catchment or sequestration within the catchment), these results demonstrate atmospheric deposition represents an important source of trace metals in stormwater to waterbodies near urban centers.