Hyperspectral image classification using graph-based wavelet transform

ABSTRACT

Graph-based methods are developed to efficiently extract data information. In particular, these methods are adopted for high-dimensional data classification by exploiting information residing on weighted graphs. In this paper, we propose a new hyperspectral texture classifier based on graph-based wavelet transform. This recent graph transform allows extracting textural features from a constructed weighted graph using sparse representative pixels of hyperspectral image. Different measurements of spectral similarity between representative pixels are tested to decorrelate close pixels and improve the classification precision. To achieve the hyperspectral texture classification, Support Vector Machine is applied on spectral graph wavelet coefficients. Experimental results obtained by applying the proposed approach on Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer (ROSIS) datasets provide good accuracy which could exceed 98.7%. Compared to other famous classification methods as conventional deep learning-based methods, the proposed method achieves better classification performance. Results have shown the effectiveness of the method in terms of robustness and accuracy.     

Application of Laplacian Mixture Model to Image and Video Retrieval

In this paper, we study the peaky nature of wavelet coefficient distributions. The study shows that the wavelet coefficients cannot be effectively modeled by a single distribution. We then propose a new modeling scheme based on a Laplacian mixture model and apply it to the indexing and retrieval of image and video databases. In this work, the parameters of the model are first used to represent texture information in image retrieval. Then we explore its application to video retrieval. Traditionally, visual information is used for video indexing and retrieval. However, in some cases audio information is more helpful for finding clues to the video events. The proposed feature extraction scheme is based on the fundamental property of the wavelet transform. Therefore, it can also be adopted to analyze the audio contents of the video data. The experimental evaluation indicates the high discriminatory power of the proposed feature set. The dimension of the extracted feature vector is low, which is important for the retrieval efficiency of the system in terms of response time. User feedback is used to enhance the retrieval performance by modifying the system parameters according to the users' behavior. A nonlinear approach for defining the similarity between the two images is also explored in this work.     

Combining classifiers using nearest decision prototypes

We present a new classifier fusion method to combine soft-level classifiers with a new approach, which can be considered as a generalized decision templates method. Previous combining methods based on decision templates employ a single prototype for each class, but this global point of view mostly fails to properly represent the decision space. This drawback extremely affects the classification rate in such cases: insufficient number of training samples, island-shaped decision space distribution, and classes with highly overlapped decision spaces. To better represent the decision space, we utilize a prototype selection method to obtain a set of local decision prototypes for each class. Afterward, to determine the class of a test pattern, its decision profile is computed and then compared to all decision prototypes. In other words, for each class, the larger the numbers of decision prototypes near to the decision profile of a given pattern, the higher the chance for that class. The efficiency of our proposed method is evaluated over some well-known classification datasets suggesting superiority of our method in comparison with other proposed techniques.     

基于小波包分析的催化剂表面图象识别

二维图象可以通过小波分解来进行信号的多分辨率分析．本文讨论了小波包分析技术及其在催化剂表面ＳＥＭ图象识别上的应用．从小波包中抽取的能量和纹理熵特征，在催化剂的分类与识别研究中，充分描述了表面图象在多标度空间上的信息分布．实验结果表明，小波包分解树是一种很好的模式特征描述，为图象纹理识别提供了新的手段     

基于小波变换和支持向量机的音频分类

音频特征提取是音频分类的基础,而音频分类又是内容的音频检索的关键。综合分析了语音和音乐的区别性特征,提出一种基于小波变换和支持向量机的音频特征提取和分类的方法,用于纯语音、音乐、带背景音乐的语音以及环境音的分类,并且评估了新特征集合在SVM分类器上的分类效果。实验结果表明,提出的音频特征有效、合理,分类性能较好。     

跨数据集评估的高光谱图像分类

目的 随着高光谱成像技术的飞速发展,高光谱数据的应用越来越广泛,各场景高光谱图像的应用对高精度详细标注的需求也越来越旺盛。现有高光谱分类模型的发展大多集中于有监督学习,大多数方法都在单个高光谱数据立方中进行训练和评估。由于不同高光谱数据采集场景不同且地物类别不一致,已训练好的模型并不能直接迁移至新的数据集得到可靠标注,这也限制了高光谱图像分类模型的进一步发展。本文提出跨数据集对高光谱分类模型进行训练和评估的模式。方法 受零样本学习的启发,本文引入高光谱类别标签的语义信息,拟通过将不同数据集的原始数据及标签信息分别映射至同一特征空间以建立已知类别和未知类别的关联,再通过将训练数据集的两部分特征映射至统一的嵌入空间学习高光谱图像视觉特征和类别标签语义特征的对应关系,即可将该对应关系应用于测试数据集进行标签推理。结果 实验在一对同传感器采集的数据集上完成,比较分析了语义—视觉特征映射和视觉—语义特征映射方向,对比了5种基于零样本学习的特征映射方法,在高光谱图像分类任务中实现了对分类模型在不同数据集上的训练和评估。结论 实验结果表明,本文提出的基于零样本学习的高光谱分类模型可以实现跨数据集对分类模型进行训练和评估,在高光谱图像分类任务中具有一定的发展潜力。     

Texture classification using partial differential equation approach and wavelet transform

Textures and patterns are the distinguishing characteristics of objects. Texture classification plays fundamental role in computer vision and image processing applications. In this paper, texture classification using PDE (partial differential equation) approach and wavelet transform is presented. The proposed method uses wavelet transform to obtain the directional information of the image. A PDE for anisotropic diffusion is employed to obtain texture component of the image. The feature set is obtained by computing different statistical features from the texture component. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) enhances separability of texture feature classes. The features obtained from LDA are class representatives. The proposed approach is experimented on three gray scale texture datasets: VisTex, Kylberg, and Oulu. The classification accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated using k-NN classifier. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method as compared to the other methods in the literature.     

Improved segmentation of semiconductor defects using area sieves

This paper aims at investigating a novel non-referential solution to the problem of defect detection on semiconductor wafer-die images. The suggested solution focuses on segmenting defects from the images using wavelet transformation and morphology-related properties of the associated wavelet coefficients. More specifically, a novel methodology is investigated for segmenting defects by applying an area sieves technique to innovative multidimensional wavelet-based features. These features are extracted from the original defective image using the non-reference K-Level 2-D DWT (Discrete Wavelet Transform). The results of the proposed methodology are illustrated in defective die images where the defective areas are segmented with higher accuracy than the one obtained by applying other reference-based feature extraction methodologies. The first uses all the wavelet coefficients derived from the K-Level 2-D DWT, while the second one uses area sieves to segment the defective regions. Both methods involve in the same classification stage as the proposed feature extraction approach. The promising results obtained outline the importance of judicious selection and processing of 2-D DWT wavelet coefficients for industrial pattern recognition applications.     

有效的基于内容的音频特征提取方法

音频特征提取是音频分类的基础,好的特征将会有效提高分类精度。在提取频域特征Mel频率倒谱系数（MFCC）的同时,对每一帧信号做离散小波变换,提取小波域特征,把频域和小波域特征相结合计算其统计特征。通过SVM模型建立音频模板,对纯语音、音乐及带背景音乐的语音进行分类识别,取得了较高的识别精度。     

融合视觉感知特性的场景分类算法

目的 目前对于场景分类问题,由于其内部结构的多样性和复杂性,以及光照和拍摄角度的影响,现有算法大多通过单纯提取特征进行建模,并没有考虑场景图像中事物之间的相互关联,因此,仍然不能达到一个理想的分类效果。本文针对场景分类中存在的重点和难点问题,充分考虑人眼的视觉感知特性,利用显著性检测,并结合传统的视觉词袋模型,提出了一种融合视觉感知特性的场景分类算法。方法 首先,对图像进行多尺度分解,并提取各尺度下的图像特征,接着,检测各尺度下图像的视觉显著区域,最后,将显著区域信息与多尺度特征进行有机融合,构成多尺度融合窗选加权SIFT特征（WSSIFT）,对场景进行分类。结果 为了验证本文算法的有效性,该算法在3个标准数据集SE、LS以及IS上进行测试,并与不同方法进行比较,分类准确率提高了约3%~17%。结论 本文提出的融合视觉感知特性的场景分类算法,有效地改善了单纯特征描述的局限性,并提高了图像的整体表达。实验结果表明,该算法对于多个数据集都具有较好的分类效果,适用于场景分析、理解、分类等机器视觉领域。     

Unsupervised multiresolution segmentation for images with low depthof field

Unsupervised segmentation of images with low depth of field (DOF) is highly useful in various applications. This paper describes a novel multiresolution image segmentation algorithm for low DOF images. The algorithm is designed to separate a sharply focused object-of-interest from other foreground or background objects. The algorithm is fully automatic in that all parameters are image independent. A multi-scale approach based on high frequency wavelet coefficients and their statistics is used to perform context-dependent classification of individual blocks of the image. Unlike other edge-based approaches, our algorithm does not rely on the process of connecting object boundaries. The algorithm has achieved high accuracy when tested on more than 100 low DOF images, many with inhomogeneous foreground or background distractions. Compared with he state of the art algorithms, this new algorithm provides better accuracy at higher speed     

A cluster-based wavelet feature extraction method and its application

In this paper, a new cluster-based approach is proposed for extracting features from the coefficients of a two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform. The wavelet coefficients from the matrix of each frequency channel are segregated into non-overlapping clusters in an unsupervised mode using a set of application-specific representative images. In practical situations, this set of representative images can be the same as the ones kept aside for training a classifier. The proposed method divides the matrices of computed wavelet coefficients into disjoint clusters that are centered around the position of dominant coefficients. The features that can distinguish images of one class from those of other classes are obtained by computing energies of the clusters. The feature vectors so obtained are then presented as input patterns to an image classifier, such as a neural network. Experimental results based on the applications for texture classification and wood surface defect detection have shown that the proposed cluster-based wavelet feature extraction method is able to effectively extract important intrinsic information content from the test images, and increase the overall classification accuracy as compared with conventional feature extraction methods.     

基于小波分析和DCT的人脸特征提取

人脸特征提取是人脸识别中重要的一个环节。本文提出利用小波分析,对人脸图像进行压缩,然后对压缩后的图像进行离散余弦变换,将提取到的系数作为特征向量。把特征向量用支持向量机进行分类。本文以matlab7.0为开发平台在ORL和YALE人脸图像库中对该方法的可行性进行了测试。实验表明,该方法与传统的KLT方法相比可以减少运算时间,并提高识别率5%-10%左右。它在准确率和计算速度上都取得了良好效果。     

Content-based image classification with wavelet relevance vector machines

This paper introduces the use of relevance vector machines (RVMs) for content-based image classification and compares it with the conventional support vector machine (SVM) approach. Different wavelet kernels are included in the formulation of the RVM. We also propose a new wavelet-based feature extraction method that extracts lesser number of features as compared to other wavelet-based feature extraction methods. Experimental results confirm the superiority of RVM over SVM in terms of the trade-off between slightly reduced accuracy but substantially enhanced sparseness of the solution, and also the ease of free parameters tuning.     

An Overview of Audio Event Detection Methods from Feature Extraction to Classification

Audio streams, such as news broadcasting, meeting rooms, and special video comprise sound from an extensive variety of sources. The detection of audio events including speech, coughing, gunshots, etc. leads to intelligent audio event detection (AED). With substantial attention geared to AED for various types of applications, such as security, speech recognition, speaker recognition, home care, and health monitoring, scientists are now more motivated to perform extensive research on AED. The deployment of AED is actually a more complicated task when going beyond exclusively highlighting audio events in terms of feature extraction and classification in order to select the best features with high detection accuracy. To date, a wide range of different detection systems based on intelligent techniques have been utilized to create machine learning-based audio event detection schemes. Nevertheless, the preview study does not encompass any state-of-the-art reviews of the proficiency and significances of such methods for resolving audio event detection matters. The major contribution of this work entails reviewing and categorizing existing AED schemes into preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification methods. The importance of the algorithms and methodologies and their proficiency and restriction are additionally analyzed in this study. This research is expanded by critically comparing audio detection methods and algorithms according to accuracy and false alarms using different types of datasets.     

基于退化四元小波变换的纸币识别

针对如何提取纸币图像特征和提高识别率的问题,综合利用退化四元小波变换具有的相位特性,提出一种基于退化四元小波变换的纸币识别方法.该方法首先对采集的纸币图像进行倾斜校正和边缘检测,然后运用退化四元小波对纸币图像进行分解操作,并对分解系数进行统计分析,将每个分解子带系数的能量和标准差作为该纸币图像的特征向量,最后将支持向量机作为分类器对纸币图像进行识别.本文方法在资源约束的嵌入式清分系统上实现,实验结果表明采用本文提出的算法突破了传统纸币识别系统识别率很难再提高的瓶颈,同时能够满足清分系统的实时性要求.     

基于词包和特征融合的目标识别算法

针对现有词包模型对目标识别性能的不足,对特征提取、图像表示等方面进行改进以提高目标识别的准确率。首先,以密集提取关键点的方式取代SIFT关键点提取,减少了计算时间并最大程度地描述了图像底层信息。然后采用尺度不变特征变换(Scale-invariant feature transform, SIFT)描述符和统一模式的局部二值模式(Local binary pattern,LBP)描述符描述关键点周围的形状特征和纹理特征,引入K-Means聚类算法分别生成视觉词典,然后将局部描述符进行近似局部约束线性编码,并进行最大值特征汇聚。分别采用空间金字塔匹配生成具有空间信息的直方图,最后将金字塔直方图相串联,形成特征的图像级融合,并送入SVM进行分类识别。在公共数据库中进行实验,实验结果表明,本文所提方法能取得较高的目标识别准确率。     

A methodological approach for combining super-resolution and pattern-recognition to image identification

Image acquisition systems integrated with laboratory automation produce multi-dimensional datasets. An effective computational approach for automatic analysis of image datasets is given by pattern recognition methods; in some cases, it can be advantageous to accomplish pattern recognition with image super-resolution procedures. In this paper, we define a method derived from pattern recognition techniques for the recognition of artefacts and noise on set of images combined with super resolution algorithms. The advantage of our approach is automatic artefacts recognition, opening the possibility to build a general framework for artefact recognition independently by the specific application where it is used.     

面向图像数据集的高斯过程分类

高斯过程分类是近年机器学习领域引起广泛关注的一类有监督的学习算法。该算法在高斯过程的先验假设下,以后验概率最大化的为目标,获得对新样本的预测值及属于该值的概率。针对图像数据的特性,提出一种将高斯过程应用于图像分类的方法,同时在此基础上给出对图片进行排序的一种方案。在公开的图像数据集上进行了实验,并与支持向量机分类器进行对比,证实了其有效性,为改进图像分类技术提供一条可供参考的途径。