A type-2 fuzzy rule-based expert system model for stock price analysis

In this paper, a type-2 fuzzy rule based expert system is developed for stock price analysis. Interval type-2 fuzzy logic system permits us to model rule uncertainties and every membership value of an element is interval itself. The proposed type-2 fuzzy model applies the technical and fundamental indexes as the input variables. This model is tested on stock price prediction of an automotive manufactory in Asia. Through the intensive experimental tests, the model has successfully forecasted the price variation for stocks from different sectors. The results are very encouraging and can be implemented in a real-time trading system for stock price prediction during the trading period.     

A Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model combined with a support vector regression for stock trading forecasting

The turning points prediction scheme for future time series analysis based on past and present information is widely employed in the field of financial applications. In this research, a novel approach to identify turning points of the trading signal using a fuzzy rule-based model is presented. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy rule-based model (the TS model) can accurately identify daily stock trading from sets of technical indicators according to the trading signals learned by a support vector regression (SVR) technique. In addition, when new trading points are created, the structure and parameters of the TS model are constantly inherited and updated. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed TS fuzzy rule-based modeling approach, we have acquired the stock trading data in the US stock market. The TS fuzzy approach with dynamic threshold control is compared with a conventional linear regression model and artificial neural networks. Our result indicates that the TS fuzzy model not only yields more profit than other approaches but also enables stable dynamic identification of the complexities of the stock forecasting system.     

Stock Trading Using RSPOP: A Novel Rough Set-Based Neuro-Fuzzy Approach

This paper investigates the method of forecasting stock price difference on artificially generated price series data using neuro-fuzzy systems and neural networks. As trading profits is more important to an investor than statistical performance, this paper proposes a novel rough set-based neuro-fuzzy stock trading decision model called stock trading using rough set-based pseudo outer-product (RSPOP) which synergizes the price difference forecast method with a forecast bottleneck free trading decision model. The proposed stock trading with forecast model uses the pseudo outer-product based fuzzy neural network using the compositional rule of inference [POPFNN-CRI(S)] with fuzzy rules identified using the RSPOP algorithm as the underlying predictor model and simple moving average trading rules in the stock trading decision model. Experimental results using the proposed stock trading with RSPOP forecast model on real world stock market data are presented. Trading profits in terms of portfolio end values obtained are benchmarked against stock trading with dynamic evolving neural-fuzzy inference system (DENFIS) forecast model, the stock trading without forecast model and the stock trading with ideal forecast model. Experimental results showed that the proposed model identified rules with greater interpretability and yielded significantly higher profits than the stock trading with DENFIS forecast model and the stock trading without forecast model.     

A novel stock recommendation system using Guba sentiment analysis

Investment recommendation has been one of the hottest topics in the finance area which can help investors to get more profits and to avoid loss. Existing recommendation systems mostly depend on analysis of trading data and company profit prediction. Though many works show that there is a positive correlation between investors’ sentiment and the finance market trends, few recommendation theories have been built based on sentiment. The primary reason is the difficulty to measure investors’ sentiment. In this work, a novel stock recommendation system is developed based on a proposed theory concerning the correlation between Guba-based sentiment of the retail investors and the stock market trends in China. To verify four hypotheses of the theory, a novel method is proposed to measure the investors’ sentiment by exploiting the large volumes of emotion enriched texts posted in Guba, which is online social platform for individual investors to share news and opinions concerning their favorite stocks. Results show the correctness of the proposed theory: (1) there is a positive correlation between Guba-based sentiment and the stock market trends; 2) the higher the post volumes and agreement, more proficiency the bullishness would be; and (3) a long-lasting negative Guba-based sentiment indicates the arrival of the bear market. The proposed recommendation system consists of three criteria accordingly to ensure the portfolio to meet requirements of the theory. Finally, experiments are implemented using the real data of Chinese stock market from March 2009 to March 2016 and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed system in recommending lucrative stocks and the theoretical cumulate profit is about eight times of the CSI300 in the period.     

The modeling of time series based on fuzzy information granules

A lot of research has resulted in many time series models with high precision forecasting realized at the numerical level. However, in the real world, higher numerical precision may not be necessary for the perception, reasoning and decision-making of human. Model of time series with an ability of humans to perceive and process abstract entities (rather than numeric entities) is more adaptable for some problems of decision-making. With this regard, information granules and granular computing play a primordial role. Fox example, if change range (intervals) of stock prices for a certain period in the future is regarded as information granule, constructing model that can forecast change ranges (intervals) of stock prices for a period in the future is better able to help stock investors make reasonable decisions in comparison with those based upon specific forecasting numerical value of stock price. In this paper, we propose a new modeling approach to realize interval prediction, in which the idea of information granules and granular computing is integrated with the classical Chen’s method. The proposed method is to segment an original numeric time series into a collection of time windows first, and then build fuzzy granules expressed as a certain fuzzy set over each time windows by exploiting the principle of justifiable granularity. Finally, fuzzy granular model can be constructed by mining fuzzy logical relationships of adjacent granules. The constructed model can carry out interval prediction by degranulation operation. Two benchmark time series are used to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach. Besides, for modeling and prediction of large-scale time series, the proposed approach exhibit a clear advantage of reducing computation overhead of modeling and simplifying forecasting.     

A turning point prediction method of stock price based on RVFL-GMDH and chaotic time series analysis

Stock market prediction is extremely important for investors because knowing the future trend of stock prices will reduce the risk of investing capital for profit. Therefore, seeking an accurate, fast, and effective approach to identify the stock market movement is of great practical significance. This study proposes a novel turning point prediction method for the time series analysis of stock price. Through the chaos theory analysis and application, we put forward a new modeling approach for the nonlinear dynamic system. The turning indicator of time series is computed firstly; then, by applying the RVFL-GMDH model, we perform the turning point prediction of the stock price, which is based on the fractal characteristic of a strange attractor with an infinite self-similar structure. The experimental findings confirm the efficacy of the proposed procedure and have become successful for the intelligent decision support of the stock trading strategy.

     

A Multiagent Approach to Q-Learning for Daily Stock Trading

The portfolio management for trading in the stock market poses a challenging stochastic control problem of significant commercial interests to finance industry. To date, many researchers have proposed various methods to build an intelligent portfolio management system that can recommend financial decisions for daily stock trading. Many promising results have been reported from the supervised learning community on the possibility of building a profitable trading system. More recently, several studies have shown that even the problem of integrating stock price prediction results with trading strategies can be successfully addressed by applying reinforcement learning algorithms. Motivated by this, we present a new stock trading framework that attempts to further enhance the performance of reinforcement learning-based systems. The proposed approach incorporates multiple Q-learning agents, allowing them to effectively divide and conquer the stock trading problem by defining necessary roles for cooperatively carrying out stock pricing and selection decisions. Furthermore, in an attempt to address the complexity issue when considering a large amount of data to obtain long-term dependence among the stock prices, we present a representation scheme that can succinctly summarize the history of price changes. Experimental results on a Korean stock market show that the proposed trading framework outperforms those trained by other alternative approaches both in terms of profit and risk management.     

A Forex trading expert system based on a new approach to the rule-base evidential reasoning

Currently FOREX (foreign exchange market) is the largest financial market over the world. Usually the Forex market analysis is based on the Forex time series prediction. Nevertheless, trading expert systems based on such predictions do not usually provide satisfactory results. On the other hand, stock trading expert systems called also “mechanical trading systems”, which are based on the technical analysis, are very popular and may provide good profits. Therefore, in this paper we propose a Forex trading expert system based on some new technical analysis indicators and a new approach to the rule-base evidential reasoning (RBER) (the synthesis of fuzzy logic and the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence). We have found that the traditional fuzzy logic rules lose an important information, when dealing with the intersecting fuzzy classes, e.g., such as Low and Medium and we have shown that this property may lead to the controversial results in practice. In the framework of the proposed in the current paper new approach, an information of the values of all membership functions representing the intersecting (competing) fuzzy classes is preserved and used in the fuzzy logic rules. The advantages of the proposed approach are demonstrated using the developed expert system optimized and tested on the real data from the Forex market for the four currency pairs and the time frames 15 m, 30 m, 1 h and 4 h.     

An intelligent short term stock trading fuzzy system for assisting investors in portfolio management

Financial markets are complex systems influenced by many interrelated economic, political and psychological factors and characterised by inherent nonlinearities. Recently, there have been many efforts towards stock market prediction, applying various fuzzy logic techniques and using technical analysis methods.This paper presents a short term trading fuzzy system using a novel trading strategy and an “amalgam” between altered commonly used technical indicators and rarely used ones, in order to assist investors in their portfolio management. The sample consists of daily data from the general index of the Athens Stock Exchange over a period of more than 15 years (15/11/1996 to 5/6/2012), which was also divided into distinctive groups of bull and bear market periods.The results suggest that, with or without taking into consideration transaction costs, the return of the proposed fuzzy model is superior to the returns of the buy and hold strategy. Τhe proposed system can be characterised as conservative, since it produces smaller losses during bear market periods and smaller gains during bull market periods compared with the buy and hold strategy.     

一种多源数据驱动的自动交易系统决策模型

股票自动交易系统属于典型的复杂系统,其成功的关键是如何对股价进行有效的预测与决策.股价受多种信息的影响,但传统的自动交易模型多建立在历史交易数据的基础上.针对上述问题,本文综合利用新闻文本数据与股价技术指标数据,基于人工神经网络（Artificial neural netuorks,ANN）方法设计了一种多源数据驱动的股票自动交易决策模型.本文首先分析了各类财经新闻的特点及其对股价的影响,然后设计了相应模板抽取了中文文本中的财经新闻事件;在此基础上,设计了历史股价和新闻事件数据共同驱动的ANN-News模型,并利用实际数据验证了模型的有效性.实验发现,ANN-News模型比传统的机器学习类模型股价预测准确率提升约4%,收益率提升约7%.     

Predicting stock price using fuzzy grey prediction system

The purpose of this paper is to predict the stock price instantly at any given time. One problem with predicting stock prices is that there may be a large or small difference in two continuous sets of data. The other problem is that the volume of stock data is so large that it affects our ability to use it. To solve these problems, we constructed a data mart to reduce the size of stock data and combined fuzzification techniques with the grey theory to develop a fuzzy grey prediction as one of predicting functions in our system to predict the possible answer immediately. To demonstrate that our system is working correctly, we used our prediction system to analyse stock data and to predict the stock price promptly at a specific time. The system can effectively help stock dealers deal with day trading.     

Financial Market Trading System With a Hierarchical Coevolutionary Fuzzy Predictive Model

Financial market prediction and trading presents a challenging task that attracts great interest from researchers and investors because success may result in substantial rewards. This paper describes the application of a hierarchical coevolutionary fuzzy system called HiCEFS for predicting financial time series. A novel financial trading system using HiCEFS as a predictive model and employing a prudent trading strategy based on the price percentage oscillator (PPO) is proposed. In order to construct an accurate predictive model, a form of generic membership function named Irregular Shaped Membership Function (ISMF) is employed and a hierarchical coevolutionary genetic algorithm (HCGA) is adopted to automatically derive the ISMFs for each input feature in HiCEFS. With the accurate prediction from HiCEFS and the prudent trading strategy, the proposed system outperforms the simple buy-and-hold strategy, the trading system without prediction and the trading system with other predictive models (EFuNN, DENFIS and RSPOP) on real-world financial data.      

A hybrid stock trading system for intelligent technical analysis-based equivolume charting

This paper presents the use of an intelligent hybrid stock trading system that integrates neural networks, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms techniques to increase the efficiency of stock trading when using a volume adjusted moving average (VAMA), a technical indicator developed from equivolume charting. For this research, a neuro–fuzzy-based genetic algorithm (NF-GA) system utilizing a VAMA membership function is introduced. The results show that the intelligent hybrid system takes advantage of the synergy among these different techniques to intelligently generate more optimal trading decisions for the VAMA, allowing investors to make better stock trading decisions.     

Synthesis of fuzzy logic and Dempster–Shafer Theory for the simulation of the decision-making process in stock trading systems

Modern computerized stock trading systems (mechanical trading systems) are based on the simulation of the decision-making process and generate advice for traders to buy or sell stocks or other financial tools by taking into account the price history, technical analysis indicators, accepted rules of trading and so on. Two stock trading simulating systems based on trading rules defined using fuzzy logic are developed and compared. The first is based on the so-called “Logic-Motivated Fuzzy Logic Operators” (LMFL) approach and aims to avoid certain disadvantages of the classical Mamdani’s method, which has been developed for use in fuzzy logic controllers and not for solving the decision-making problems of stock trading. The LMFL   approach is based on the modified mathematical representation of t$t$-norm and Yager’s implication rule. The second trading system combines the tools of fuzzy logic and Dempster–Shafer Theory (DST  ) to represent the features of the decision-making process more transparently. The fuzzy representation of trading rules based on the theory of technical analysis is used in these expert systems. Since the theory of technical analysis is based on the indicators used by experts to predict stock price movements, the method maps these indicators into new inputs that can be used in a fuzzy logic system. The only required inputs to calculate these indicators are past sequences (history) of stock prices. The method relies on fuzzy logic to choose an appropriate decision when certain price movements or certain price formations occur. The optimization procedure based on historical (teaching) data is used as it significantly improves the performance of such expert systems. The efficiency of the developed expert systems is measured by comparing their outputs versus stock price movements. The results obtained using real NYSE$NYSE$ data allow us to say that the developed expert system based on the synthesis of fuzzy logic and DST provides better results and is more reliable. Moreover, such a conjunction of fuzzy logic, DST and technical analysis, makes it possible to make a profit even when trading against a dominating trend.     

基于矩阵画像的金融时序数据预测方法

针对金融市场中机构交易对股票市场中的散户投资行为具有较强的误导性的现象,提出了一种基于机构交易行为影响的趋势预测方法。首先,利用时间序列的矩阵画像（MP）方法,以股票换手率数据为切入点,构建不同兴趣模式长度下的基于机构交易行为影响的换手率波动知识库;其次,确定待预测股票在兴趣模式长度取何值时的预测结果精确度高;最后,根据该兴趣模式长度下的知识库,预测在机构交易行为影响下的单支股票的波动趋势。为验证趋势预测新方法的可行性和准确性,将其与自回归滑动平均（ARMA）模型和长短时记忆（LSTM）网络这两种预测方法进行对比分析,运用均方根误差（RMSE）与平均绝对百分误差（MAPE）评价指标综合比较3种方法对70支股票的预测结果。实验结果分析表明,与ARMA模型和LSTM网络相比,在70支的股票价格趋势预测上,所提方法有80%以上的股票预测结果更准确。     

Adaptive stock trading with dynamic asset allocation using reinforcement learning

Stock trading is an important decision-making problem that involves both stock selection and asset management. Though many promising results have been reported for predicting prices, selecting stocks, and managing assets using machine-learning techniques, considering all of them is challenging because of their complexity. In this paper, we present a new stock trading method that incorporates dynamic asset allocation in a reinforcement-learning framework. The proposed asset allocation strategy, called meta policy (MP), is designed to utilize the temporal information from both stock recommendations and the ratio of the stock fund over the asset. Local traders are constructed with pattern-based multiple predictors, and used to decide the purchase money per recommendation. Formulating the MP in the reinforcement learning framework is achieved by a compact design of the environment and the learning agent. Experimental results using the Korean stock market show that the proposed MP method outperforms other fixed asset-allocation strategies, and reduces the risks inherent in local traders.     

Design and implementation of NN5 for Hong Kong stock price forecasting

A number of published techniques have emerged in the trading community for stock prediction tasks. Among them is neural network (NN). In this paper, the theoretical background of NNs and the backpropagation algorithm is reviewed. Subsequently, an attempt to build a stock buying/selling alert system using a backpropagation NN, NN5, is presented. The system is tested with data from one Hong Kong stock, The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) Holdings. The system is shown to achieve an overall hit rate of over 70%. A number of trading strategies are discussed. A best strategy for trading non-volatile stock like HSBC is recommended.     

Intelligent stock trading system with price trend prediction and reversal recognition using dual-module neural networks

This article presents an intelligent stock trading system that can generate timely stock trading suggestions according to the prediction of short-term trends of price movement using dual-module neural networks(dual net). Retrospective technical indicators extracted from raw price and volume time series data gathered from the market are used as independent variables for neural modeling. Both neural network modules of thedual net learn the correlation between the trends of price movement and the retrospective technical indicators by use of a modified back-propagation learning algorithm. Reinforcing the temporary correlation between the neural weights and the training patterns, dual modules of neural networks are respectively trained on a short-term and a long-term moving-window of training patterns. An adaptive reversal recognition mechanism that can self-tune thresholds for identification of the timing for buying or selling stocks has also been developed in our system. It is shown that the proposeddual net architecture generalizes better than one single-module neural network. According to the features of acceptable rate of returns and consistent quality of trading suggestions shown in the performance evaluation, an intelligent stock trading system with price trend prediction and reversal recognition can be realized using the proposed dual-module neural networks.     

Intelligent Stock Portfolio Management Using a Long-Term Fuzzy System

The complexity of financial markets is driving researchers to multiply their efforts in order to improve their forecasting methods. This paper inoculates an old trading strategy with fuzzy subjective elements. The aim is to investigate whether the careful synthesis of a few long-term technical indicators, which have a different predictive philosophy, with an appropriately designed stock trading Mamdani fuzzy system, can produce satisfactory returns. More specifically, its purpose is to investigate whether the combination of moving averages, directional movement technical indicators and a fuzzified trading strategy can surpass the performance of buy and hold strategy (B&H). The proposed model has been tested in various (bull and bear) market environments for a period of more than 15 years, using the general index of ASE (Athens Stock Exchange). After taking into consideration transaction costs, it is found that the proposed model can produce better results (higher earnings) than the B&H strategy.     

Fuzzy dual-factor time-series for stock index forecasting

There is an old Wall Street adage goes, “It takes volume to make price move”. The contemporaneous relation between trading volume and stock returns has been studied since stock markets were first opened. Recent researchers such as Wang and Chin [Wang, C. Y., & Chin S. T. (2004). Profitability of return and volume-based investment strategies in China’s stock market. Pacific-Basin Finace Journal, 12, 541–564], Hodgson et al. [Hodgson, A., Masih, A. M. M., & Masih, R. (2006). Futures trading volume as a determinant of prices in different momentum phases. International Review of Financial Analysis, 15, 68–85], and Ting [Ting, J. J. L. (2003). Causalities of the Taiwan stock market. Physica A, 324, 285–295] have found the correlation between stock volume and price in stock markets. To verify this saying, in this paper, we propose a dual-factor modified fuzzy time-series model, which take stock index and trading volume as forecasting factors to predict stock index. In empirical analysis, we employ the TAIEX (Taiwan stock exchange capitalization weighted stock index) and NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) as experimental datasets and two multiple-factor models, Chen’s [Chen, S. M. (2000). Temperature prediction using fuzzy time-series. IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, 30 (2), 263–275] and Huarng and Yu’s [Huarng, K. H., & Yu, H. K. (2005). A type 2 fuzzy time-series model for stock index forecasting. Physica A, 353, 445–462], as comparison models. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model outperforms the listing models and the employed factors, stock index and the volume technical indicator, VR(t), are effective in stock index forecasting.