应用DCT块标准差的自适应隐写算法

目的为提高隐写方案的安全性,提出一种基于DCT(discrete cosine transform)块标准差的JPEG图像自适应隐写算法。方法 DCT块标准差可以反映图像各区域的复杂情况,为此根据取整失真、量化步长以及标准差设计了失真函数,然后结合STC(syndrome-trellis code)编码设计了隐写算法。结果引入DCT块标准差可使失真函数定义更合理,因此图像经隐写后总体失真减小,安全性能得到提高。结论实验结果表明,本文算法与其他同类算法相比具有更强的抵抗隐写检测能力,在质量因子为75时安全容量可达到0.35(嵌入总量和非零AC(交流)DCT系数个数之比)。     

A data embedding scheme for color images based on genetic algorithm and absolute moment block truncation coding

Recently, embedding a large amount of secret data into gray-level and color images with low distortion has become an important research issue in steganography. In this paper, we propose a data embedding scheme by using a well-known genetic algorithm, block truncation code and modification direction techniques to embed secret data into compression codes of color images to expand the variety of cover media. In the scheme, the common bitmap generation procedure of GA-AMBTC has been modified to speed up the hiding procedure. Two embedding strategies are proposed to hide secret data into the common bitmap and the quantization values in each block of the cover image. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme can provide high data capacity with acceptable image quality of the stego-images. Moreover, the compression ratio of the scheme is exactly the same as that of GA-AMBTC so that attackers cannot detect any trace of hidden data from the size of the modified compressed result.     

基于DCT域相关性的非对称JPEG隐写

目前用于JPEG隐写的失真代价函数对同一DCT系数的加一与减一操作分配相同的代价值。但由于JPEG图像中DCT域的相关性,加一与减一修改对图像内容的影响不同,因此其对应的代价值也理应不同。文中基于DCT域相关性,提出了一种适用于JPEG隐写的通用代价值优化方法,主要考虑JPEG图像中相邻DCT块相同位置上系数的相关性。利用八邻域块中相同位置的DCT系数求平均的方法给出当前DCT系数的预测值。对现有的JPEG失真代价函数,按照向预测值靠拢的原则区分加一和减一的代价值。经过调整的代价值能引导隐写修改后的DCT系数最大程度地向预测值靠拢,增强DCT域相关性,从而提高隐写的安全性。该方法可以与任何现有的JPEG隐写失真代价函数结合使用。实验表明,所提方法几乎不增加原始算法的时间复杂度,同时能有效提高现有JPEG隐写方法的安全性,可使当前隐写分析工具的测试误差平均提升2.4%。     

Dither modulation based adaptive steganography resisting jpeg compression and statistic detection

In order to improve the JPEG compression resistant performance of the current steganogrpahy algorithms resisting statistic detection, an adaptive steganography algorithm resisting JPEG compression and detection based on dither modulation is proposed. Utilizing the adaptive dither modulation algorithm based on the quantization tables, the embedding domains resisting JPEG compression for spatial images and JPEG images are determined separately. Then the embedding cost function is constructed by the embedding costs calculation algorithm based on side information. Finally, the RS coding is combined with the STCs to realize the minimum costs messages embedding while improving the correct rates of the extracted messages after JPEG compression. The experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm can be applied to both spatial images and JPEG images. Compared with the current S-UNIWARD steganography, the message extraction error rates of the proposed algorithm after JPEG compression decrease from about 50 % to nearly 0; compared with the current JPEG compression and detection resistant steganography algorithms, the proposed algorithm not only possesses the comparable JPEG compression resistant ability, but also has a stronger detection resistant performance and a higher operation efficiency.     

引入超分辨率下采样误差的图像边信息估计隐写

目的 由于空域图像下采样过程中提供的量化误差边信息能够有效提升隐写安全性,为了得到下采样之前的高分辨率图像,提出一种基于超分辨率网络的空域图像边信息估计隐写方法。方法 受原始下采样边信息隐写方法的启发,使用超分辨率网络生成被称为预载体的高分辨率图像。同时利用现有的空域图像对称失真算法得到每个像素点的修改失真,然后以浮点型精度对预载体下采样,得到和载体同分辨率的图像形式,利用对应像素点间的差值指导像素点的修改方向,实现基于初始失真的非对称失真调整。首先以峰值信噪比和极性估计准确率为指标对比了多种超分辨率网络以及基于传统插值方法的上采样性能,并通过调整初始失真分别进行隐写和隐写分析实验,选择使安全性提升最大的残差通道注意力机制网络及其对应调整系数作为本文的下采样边信息估计隐写方法。结果 使用隐写领域中常用的3个数据库、两种传统初始失真函数以及两类隐写分析方法进行实验。在跨数据集的隐写安全性上,相比传统隐写方法,在对抗基于手工特征和基于深度学习的隐写分析时,本文方法的安全性均有显著提升,如在测试集载体图像上,嵌入率为0.5 bit/像素时,安全性分别提升6.67%和6.9%;在训练集载体图像上,本文方法的安全性在比传统方法有很大提升的基础上,甚至在一些情况下能够高于原始边信息隐写方法的安全性,如在对抗基于手工特征的隐写分析器且嵌入率为0.1 bit/像素时,安全性提升1.08%;在对抗基于深度学习的隐写分析器且嵌入率为0.5 bit/像素时,安全性提升0.6%。结论 实验表明,使用超分辨率网络作为下采样边信息估计的工具,并利用估计边信息调整嵌入修改的初始失真,能够有效提升传统隐写方法的安全性,并接近甚至在部分情况下超越了原始边信息隐写的安全性。除此之外,本文方法与原始边信息隐写方法具有不同的修改模式,而且具有更广泛的适用性。     

LSB based non blind predictive edge adaptive image steganography

Image steganography is the art of hiding secret message in grayscale or color images. Easy detection of secret message for any state-of-art image steganography can break the stego system. To prevent the breakdown of the stego system data is embedded in the selected area of an image which reduces the probability of detection. Most of the existing adaptive image steganography techniques achieve low embedding capacity. In this paper a high capacity Predictive Edge Adaptive image steganography technique is proposed where selective area of cover image is predicted using Modified Median Edge Detector (MMED) predictor to embed the binary payload (data). The cover image used to embed the payload is a grayscale image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme achieves better embedding capacity with minimum level of distortion and higher level of security. The proposed scheme is compared with the existing image steganography schemes. Results show that the proposed scheme achieves better embedding rate with lower level of distortion.     

Robust JPEG steganography based on DCT and SVD in nonsubsampled shearlet transform domain

Social media platform such as WeChat provides rich cover images for covert communication by steganography. However, in order to save band-width, storage space and make images load faster, the images often will be compressed, which makes the image steganography algorithms designed for lossless network channels unusable. Based on DCT and SVD in nonsubsampled shearlet transform domain, a robust JPEG steganography algorithm is proposed, which can resist image compression and correctly extract the embedded secret message from the compressed stego image. First, by combining the advantages of nonsubsampled shearlet transform, DCT and SVD, the construction method for robust embedding domain is proposed. Then, based on minimal distortion principle, the framework of the proposed robust JPEG steganography algorithm is given and the key steps are described in details. The experimental results show that the proposed JPEG steganography algorithm can achieve competitive robustness and anti-detection capability in contrast to the state-of-the-art robust steganography algorithms. Moreover, it can extract the secret message correctly even if the stego image is compressed by WeChat.

     

Perturbed quantization steganography

In this paper, we use the recently proposed wet paper codes and introduce a new approach to passive-warden steganography called perturbed quantization. In perturbed quantization, the sender hides data while processing the cover object with an information-reducing operation that involves quantization, such as lossy compression, downsampling, or A/D conversion. The unquantized values of the processed cover object are considered as side information to confine the embedding changes to those unquantized elements whose values are close to the middle of quantization intervals. This choice of the selection channel calls for wet paper codes as they enable communication with non-shared selection channel. Heuristic is presented that indicates that the proposed method provides better steganographic security than current JPEG steganographic methods. This claim is further supported by blind steganalysis of a specific case of perturbed quantization for recompressed JPEG images.     

Increasing image compression rate using steganography

The goal of image compression is to remove the redundancies for minimizing the number of bits required to represent an image while steganography works by embedding the secret data in redundancies of the image in invisibility manner. Our focus in this paper is the improvement of image compression through steganography. Even if the purposes of digital steganography and data compression are by definition contradictory, we use these techniques jointly to compress an image. Hence, two schemes exploring this idea are suggested. The first scheme combines a steganographic algorithm with the baseline DCT-based JPEG, while the second one uses this steganographic algorithm with the DWT-based JPEG. In this study data compression is performed twice. First, we take advantage of energy compaction using JPEG to reduce redundant data. Second, we embed some bit blocks within its subsequent blocks of the same image with steganography. The embedded bits not only increase file size of the compressed image, but also decrease the file size further more. Experimental results show for this promising technique to have wide potential in image coding.     

无损载体和鲁棒代价结合的JPEG图像鲁棒隐写

目的 传统隐写技术在实际社交网络信道上难以保护秘密信息的完整性。在社交网络中,图像往往经过有损压缩信道进行传输,从而导致隐蔽通信失效。为了保证经过压缩信道传输的载密图像鲁棒性,设计安全鲁棒的隐蔽通信技术具有实际应用价值。基于最小化图像信息损失,本文提出无损载体和鲁棒代价结合的JPEG图像鲁棒隐写。方法 首先,指出构造无损载体能有效维持隐写安全性和鲁棒性的平衡,对经过压缩信道前后的JPEG图像空域像素块进行差分,构造无损载体以确定鲁棒嵌入域;其次,通过对离散余弦变换（discrete cosine transform,DCT）系数进行“±1”操作,并计算空域信息在压缩传输前后的损失,设计衡量DCT系数抗压缩性能的鲁棒代价;同时,验证在低质量因子压缩信道下鲁棒代价更能区分DCT系数的鲁棒能力,最后,利用校验子格编码（syndrome-trellis code,STC）,结合无损载体和鲁棒代价对秘密信息进行嵌入。结果 实验在BossBase1.01图像库上进行对比实验,相比于传统JPEG隐写技术,构造无损载体作为嵌入域能有效地将信息平均提取错误率降低24.97%,图像的正确提取成功率提高了21.35%;在此基础上,鲁棒代价进一步将信息平均提取错误率降低1.05%,将图像的正确提取成功率提高16.12%,验证了本文方法显著提高了隐写抗压缩性能。与J-UNIWARD （JPEG universal wavelet relative distortion）、JCRISBE （JPEG compression resistant solution with BCH code）和AutoEncoder （autoencoder and adaptive BCH encoding）3种现有典型隐写方法相比,提出的方法信息平均提取错误率分别降低了95.78%、93.17%和87.38%,图像的正确提取成功率为另外3种隐写方法的86.69倍、30.74倍和4.13倍。图像视觉质量逼近传统隐写方法,并保持较好的抗检测性。结论 本文提出的抗低质量因子JPEG压缩鲁棒隐写方法,获得的中间图像在经过压缩信道后,具有较强的抗压缩性和抗检测性,并保持较高的图像质量。     

一种量化误差补偿的压缩域H.264/AVC视频水印算法

提出一种基于H.264的压缩域视频水印方法.根据块编码模式参数CBP和非零DCT系数个数,对DCT块分类,选取非零DCT系数较多的块作为嵌入区域.为了保持嵌入前后视频流码率基本恒定,水印只嵌入到非零DCT系数.此外,提出了一种量化误差补偿机制,它对不同的DCT系数定义了一个误差准则函数,根据该函数的值动态地选择水印的嵌入位置,并根据视频的修改程度,自适应地嵌入不同强度的水印.仿真实验结果表明,该算法能快速地嵌入和提取水印信息,水印嵌入容量较大,且嵌入补偿机制有效降低了量化和水印引起的误差.     

使用四叉树分割进行自适应空域隐写

目的 针对自适应隐写术可有效避免对载体敏感区大量修改的关键问题,为间接提高安全性和增大隐写容量,在四叉树分割和自适应像素对匹配（APPM）的基础上提出一种自适应空域隐写术。方法 首先该方法以图像块的纹理复杂度作为一致性测度并且设置图像块大小为判别准则进行图像分割,根据四叉树分割结果中面积较小的图像块属于复杂区域,较大的属于平滑区域,按照图像块面积大小将图像分成由高复杂、中复杂、低复杂三大区域构成。其次嵌密方式采用APPM,根据密信容量和载体图像选择进制数B。最后,为了保证安全性和提高容量,优先选择高复杂区嵌入不低于B进制的密信,在中复杂区进行B进制的密信嵌入,在低复杂区选择不高于B进制的密信嵌入。结果 为了验证提出的方法,选8幅经典图作为实验,在嵌入率1.92 bit/pixel的情况下,与已有PVD系列算法和DE算法相比具有更高的PSNR值,PSNR值高达48 dB。此外与APPM算法比较,在嵌入率2.5 bit/pixel情况下,该算法的平均KL距离相比传统APPM算法减小了25.37%,平均一阶Markov安全指标值相比传统APPM算法减小了12.11%,对应的平均PSNR值相比传统APPM算法提高0.43%,在嵌入率1.5 bit/pixel情况下,该算法的平均KL距离相比传统APPM算法减小了37.84%,平均一阶Markov安全指标值相比传统APPM算法减小了26.61%,对应的平均PSNR值相比传统APPM算法提高1.56%。此外,从RSP图库中随机选1 000幅图作为数据集,在嵌入率0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9和1.0 bit/pixel条件下,结合SPAM特征和SVM分类器的最小平均错误率均高于LSB系列经典算法和APPM算法。结论 1）考虑了人类视觉系统对图像不同区域的敏感性不同,通过对图像进行四叉树分割预处理,优先选择非敏感区进行隐写,保证了一定的安全性要求,低嵌入率下抗SPAM检测和统计不可见性方面比较有优势。2）在四叉树分割中,对于隐写前后图像的四叉树分割结果不同的异常情况,采用一种图像块纹理复杂度调整方案,保证了密信正确完整提取。3）利用了APPM算法的大容量特性,可以隐写嵌入率大于1 bit/pixel的密信,比较适用于大容量的密信隐写,而且可以嵌入任意进制的密信,最大程度地减少嵌入失真,此外,进行了四叉树分割预处理,在安全性方面优于传统APPM算法。     

Steganography in vector quantization process of linear predictive coding for low-bit-rate speech codec

In this paper, we focus on quantization-index-modulation (QIM) steganography in low-bit-rate speech codec and contribute to improve its steganalysis resistance. A novel QIM steganography is proposed based on the replacement of quantization index set in linear predictive coding (LPC). In this method, each quantization index set is seen as a point in quantization index space. Steganography is conducted in such space. Comparing with other methods, our algorithm significantly improves the embedding efficiency. One quantization index needs to be changed at most when three binary bits are hidden. The number of alterations introduced by the proposed approach is much lower than that of the current methods with the same embedding rate. Due to the fewer cover changes, the proposed steganography is less detectable. Moreover, a division strategy based on the genetic algorithm is proposed to reduce the additional distortion introduced by replacements. In our experiment, ITU-T G.723.1 is selected as the codec, and the experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art LPC-based approach in low-bit-rate speech codec with respect to both steganographic capacity and steganalysis resistance.     

Reversible hiding in DCT-based compressed images

This paper presents a lossless and reversible steganography scheme for hiding secret data in each block of quantized discrete cosine transformation (DCT) coefficients in JPEG images. In this scheme, the two successive zero coefficients of the medium-frequency components in each block are used to hide the secret data. Furthermore, the scheme modifies the quantization table to maintain the quality of the stego-image. Experimental results also confirm that the proposed scheme can provide expected acceptable image quality of stego-images and successfully achieve reversibility.     

结合失真函数的稀疏域图像隐写算法

稀疏域图像隐写利用稀疏表示在载体图像中嵌入秘密信息。提出设计稀疏域图像隐写的失真函数,通过选择使失真函数最小的修改方式进行秘密嵌入,从而减小秘密信息嵌入对载体的影响。实验结果表明,该算法可以在保持图像视觉效果的同时,更有效地抵抗现有的隐写分析算法。     

Security and Robustness Enhancement for Image Data Hiding

In many applications, data hiding can be viewed as a tradeoff between capacity, robustness (against attacks), and embedding induced distortion. In this paper, we consider a fourth parameter: the security of the hidden information. Specifically, we propose a hash-based randomized embedding algorithm (HRE) that increases the security of the hidden data. We then optimize this algorithm against JPEG attacks. We derive a mathematical expression for the security of our algorithm, using which we show that the security of our algorithm can be increased independent of capacity, robustness, and embedding induced distortion. The maximum security depends only on the length of the key sequence, which is limited only by the size of the host image. Using a joint security and capacity measure, we show that the proposed scheme performs better than current secure quantization based data hiding schemes. We also derive the optimal value of distortion compensation factor of the HRE algorithm against JPEG compression attack. Experimental results show that the operating points achieved by the proposed scheme are 7 dB better than current blind data hiding schemes against the JPEG attack     

基于MPUI模型的JPEG2000图像最大隐写容量

隐写容量是信息隐藏的4项性能指标之一,目前,相关科研工作者对其他3项指标,即鲁棒性、透明性和计算复杂性进行过大量的研究,但隐写容量方面的研究却很少.该研究有力地完善了信息隐藏的理论体系,根据JPEG2000压缩标准以及人眼对小波系数改变的敏感程度,借助小波系数的失真代价函数,区分出小波系数的承载秘密信息能力：失真代价函数值越小,该小波系数承载能力就越强;反之,该小波系数承载能力就越弱.当失真代价函数值大于1时,该系数不具有承载信息的能力,即为湿系数.通过最大隐写容量估算实验以及位满嵌入、过位嵌入和湿嵌入等评估实验,验证了所提方法的有效性.     

低比特率语音流大容量分层隐写方法

目的 基于语音增强和丢包补偿等技术的互联网低比特率编解码器(internet low bit rate codec, iLBC)在丢包率较高的网络环境下仍具有很好的语音质量。如何在隐写容量、不可感知性和抗检测性之间达到理想均衡是iLBC音频隐写面临的难点。为此,本文提出一种基于分层的iLBC语音大容量隐写方法。方法 首先分析iLBC的编码比特流结构。然后基于主观语音质量评估指标PESQ-MOS(perceptual evaluation of speech quality-mean opinion score)和客观语音质量评估指标MCD(mel cepstral distortion)分析在线性频谱频率系数矢量量化过程、动态码本搜索过程和增益量化过程进行隐写对语音质量的影响,提出一种隐写位置分层方法,在增益量化过程和动态码本搜索过程按照嵌入容量和层次的优先级依次进行隐写,尽可能降低失真;对不能嵌满的层,提出一种基于Logistic混沌映射的嵌入位置选择方法,提升隐写的随机性和安全性。最后采用量化索引调制方法进行秘密信息嵌入,进一步提升隐写的安全性。结果 在中英文语音数据集SSD(steganalysis-speech-dataset)上的对比实验结果表明,本文提出的分层隐写方法在隐写容量上提升了1倍,且保持了较好的不可感知性,没有因为写入额外秘密信息而导致音频过度失真。此外,本文方法在30 ms音频帧上嵌入量小于等于18 bit、在20 ms音频帧上嵌入量小于等于12 bit时可以很好地抵抗基于深度学习的音频隐写分析器的检测。结论 本文方法可以充分挖掘iLBC语音的隐写潜能,在提升隐写容量的前提下,仍能保证良好的不可感知性和抗检测性。     

数字图像鲁棒隐写综述

随着智能设备和社交网络的飞速发展,通过网络传输的数字图像成为了实施隐蔽通信的新型重要载体,适应网络信道的图像隐写技术有望成为开放网络环境下可靠、隐蔽传递信息的一种重要方式。然而,数字图像通过Facebook、Twitter、微信、微博等社交网络传输的过程中,往往会遭受压缩、缩放、滤波等处理,对传统信息隐藏技术在兼顾鲁棒性与抗检测性方面提出了新的挑战。为此,研究者经过多年的努力探索,提出了可抵抗多种图像处理攻击和统计检测的新型鲁棒隐写技术。本文结合网络有损信道中隐蔽通信应用需求,对现有的数字图像鲁棒隐写技术进行综述。首先简要介绍本领域的研究背景,并从图像水印和隐写两方面对图像信息隐藏技术的基本概念、相关技术和发展趋势进行了简要总结。在此基础上,将图像鲁棒隐写技术的研究架构分为载体图像选择、鲁棒载体构造、嵌入代价度量、嵌入通道选择、信源/信道编码以及应用安全策略等方面,并分别对相关方法的基本原理进行了归纳和阐述。随后,对具有代表性的相关方法进行了对比测试,并结合应用场景需求给出了推荐的鲁棒隐写方法。最后,指出了数字图像鲁棒隐写技术有待进一步研究解决的问题。     

选择排序的DCT系数对JPEG图像的可逆数据隐藏

JPEG图像压缩算法可以为使用者提供良好的压缩性能,改善图像文件重建质量,在图像和视频处理领域有着广泛的应用价值。 提出了一种可行且有效的对JPEG图像进行可逆信息隐藏的算法。在该算法中,JPEG图像中所有的8×8块中量化的DCT系数重新排列成新的矩阵,纵列为每个块的系数值,横列为同频率下的系数值。对相同频率下的系数进行模拟嵌入比特位,优先选择失真小的频率下的系数嵌入信息,直到嵌入完秘密比特流信息,同时在嵌入秘密信息时根据解码矩阵减少了无效的比特流扩展。实验结果表明,该算法在嵌入同等数量的比特流的情形下能够得到更好的JPEG图像视觉质量和更少的图像比特流扩展。