锌基催化剂制备及其催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

通过尿素沉淀法制备了以锌基为主要活性组分的不同的复合型氧化物催化剂,考察了尿素与1,2-丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应的催化性能。用XRD,SEM,BET,CO2-TPD对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的强碱性位数量可能是影响催化活性的关键因素,在此基础上推出碱催化机理:较强的碱强度有利于降低中间产物羟丙基氨基甲酸酯(HPC)转化为PC的活化能。在反应温度170℃,反应时间1 h,PG/尿素摩尔比1.5,0.6 g催化剂(占尿素质量的2%),反应压力3.99×104Pa的条件下,PC收率高达99.8%。n(锌)∶n(镁)=1∶4,催化剂经过5次再生,PC收率降低了2.2%。     

锌基催化剂制备及其催化合成碳酸丙烯酯

通过尿素沉淀法制备了以锌基为主要活性组分的不同的复合型氧化物催化剂,考察了尿素与1,2-丙二醇（PG）合成碳酸丙烯酯（PC）反应的催化性能。用XRD,SEM,BET,CO2-TPD等技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的强碱性位数量可能是影响催化活性的关键因素, 在此基础上推出碱催化机理：较强的碱强度有利于降低中间产物羟丙基氨基甲酸酯（HPC）转化为PC的活化能。在反应温度170℃,反应时间1h, PG/尿素摩尔比1.5, 0.6g催化剂(尿素质量的2%),反应压力300mmHg的条件下, PC收率高达99.8%.锌/镁1:4催化剂经过五次再生,PC收率降低了2.2%。     

尿素醇解法合成碳酸乙烯酯

在干燥碱式碳酸锌催化剂的作用下,以尿素和乙二醇（EG）为原料合成碳酸乙烯酯（EC）。重点考察了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对反应结果的影响。并通过GC-MS、FTIR和XRD分析,初步探索了反应机理以及碱式碳酸锌的作用机理。结果表明：当催化剂用量为尿素质量的6%,原料配比n（EG）∶n（尿素）=1∶1,反应温度160℃,反应时间3h,反应压力为0.01MPa时,碳酸乙烯酯收率达到91.64%。尿素和乙二醇合成碳酸乙烯酯的反应中,尿素首先分解生成异氰酸,异氰酸再与乙二醇反应生成中间产物2-羟乙基氨基甲酸酯（2-HEC）,最后2-羟乙基氨基甲酸酯脱氨环化生成碳酸乙烯酯。所用碱式碳酸锌催化剂中存在Zn₄CO₃（OH）₆·H₂O和ZnO两种晶相,且以ZnO为主活性组分,两种晶相的协同作用提高了反应收率。     

尿素和苯酚直接合成水杨酰胺

以CaO、MgO、La2O3、Al2O3、ZrO2等5种金属氧化物为催化剂,以尿素和苯酚为原料直接合成了水杨酰胺。在相同条件下,发现MgO对该反应的催化性能最佳。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、原料配比等因素对水杨酰胺收率的影响,最佳反应条件为:反应温度245℃,反应时间12h,MgO的用量0.2g,n(苯酚)∶n(尿素)=15∶1,水杨酰胺的收率达45.1%。     

氯化锌催化合成氯乙酸异戊酯

以无水氯化锌为催化剂，氯乙酸与异戊醇合成了氯乙酸异戊酯。探讨了氯化锌催化反应机理以及反应条件对产率的影响。结果表明，氯化锌具有一定的催化活性，在醇酸的物质量比为1.3：1，催化剂用量为0．8g，带水剂用量为8mL，反应时间120min，反应温度100。llO℃的条件下，氯乙酸异戊酯的产率可达91．5％，并通过红外光谱对产品进行了表征。     

高氯酸锌催化尿素与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯

针对尿素醇解合成碳酸丙烯酯工艺,系统考察了锌盐催化体系的催化反应性能。结果显示,锌盐均表现出良好的催化活性,其中高氯酸锌的催化效果最好;高氯酸根离子强的吸电性可能是高氯酸锌催化效果好的主要原因。以高氯酸锌为催化剂,考察了不同的反应时间、催化剂用量和反应温度对合成中各反应的影响。当n(1,2-丙二醇)∶n(尿素)=4∶1、反应时间3 h、催化剂质量分数1.5%、反应温度170℃时,碳酸丙烯酯的收率可以达到94.2%。催化剂的稳定性较好,具有一定的应用前景。     

ZnCl_2催化尿素与苯酚合成氨基甲酸苯酯反应研究

采用催化剂筛选、正交实验、单因素实验、红外表征等实验手段,对尿素与苯酚合成氨基甲酸苯酯(PC)的反应性能及反应机理进行了研究。结果表明,在以ZnCl_2为催化剂,n(尿素):n(苯酚)=1:36、催化剂用量为物料总质量的1%、反应温度150℃、反应时间9 h的较好反应条件下,PC收率可达64.25%。ZnCl_2催化尿素与苯酚合成PC的反应机理为:尿素与ZnCl_2首先形成新的配位配合物,即ZnCl_2中Zn~(2+)与尿素羰基上的氧进行配位,使碳原子上的正电荷增多,进而碳原子被活化;然后苯酚中显负电的苯氧基作为亲核试剂进攻配合物中羰基碳原子,从而完成亲核取代反应生成目的产物PC。     

固体超强酸催化合成尿囊素

以乙醛酸、尿素为原料 ,固体超强酸为催化剂 ,催化合成尿囊素。考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比、催化剂重复使用等因素对产品产率的影响 ,确定了最佳反应条件。结果表明 ,当催化剂用量为 4.0 % (质量分数 ) ,乙醛酸与尿素摩尔比为 1∶ 4.0 ,反应温度为 75°C,反应时间为 2 .5 h,产品尿囊素的收率可达 63.0 %     

磷石膏在合成缩醛(酮)中的催化作用研究

以磷石膏(PG)为催化剂催化合成缩醛(酮)。考察了醛醇摩尔比、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对合成苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的影响。通过XRF、XRD、FT-IR等表征手段与PG的毒化探针试验,探究了PG中的催化活性中心。结果表明:PG在催化苯甲醛乙二醇缩醛的合成中表现出良好的催化性能和重复使用性能。PG的Brnsted(B)酸位点主要由PG中残留的硫酸金属硫酸盐结合的结晶水提供,少量存在的Al~(3+),Fe~(3+)和其它过渡金属离子构成了Lewis(L)酸位点。     

尿素醇解制备碳酸丙烯酯的动力学研究

尿素和丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应体系中,使用金属复合氧化物催化剂,常压条件下考察了该催化剂用量、反应时间、温度等因素的影响。经研究得知,该体系在催化剂质量分数为0.7%,170℃加热150 min时,PC最佳收率可达92.1%。将反应过程分解为2部分进行了动力学的研究,首先是尿素和PG酯化成羟丙基氨基甲酸酯(HPC)的过程,之后是HPC环化合成PC的过程。在排除了内外扩散的影响后,设计动力学模型,通过matlab软件拟合后,对方程内各参数进行求解得到尿素、PG和HPC的反应级数分别是0.7,2和0.8,第一、二步反应活化能分别为75.17 kJ/mol和65.24 kJ/mol,指前因子分别为5.3×10~7和9.8×10~7。显著性检验表明回归效果良好,与测量值吻合。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。