三甘醇脱水工艺参数与流程优化研究

针对当前三甘醇脱水装置存在的效率低和能耗高的问题,通过开展三甘醇脱水工艺参数与流程优化研究,结果表明:应用HYSYS自带优化器优化三甘醇脱水装置参数后,在重沸器温度为200℃,汽提气用量、入塔贫甘醇流量在设计值范围内,优化后单位能耗比优化前单位能耗平均降低约8.7%。共沸再生脱水工艺流程的贫液浓度约为99.8%,三甘醇贫液损失量约为传统三甘醇脱水工艺的10%,脱水后干气水露点比传统三甘醇脱水工艺低38℃左右。通过开展优化研究使三甘醇脱水装置的能耗更低、脱水效率更高,为现有设备的节能降耗设计和平稳运行提供参考依据。     

脱酸装置胺液循环系统节能工艺优化

以胺液循环系统参数为基准,建立了伊拉克米桑油田天然气处理厂脱酸装置胺液循环系统的HYSYS模型。本文以降低装置综合能耗目标,分析胺液循环量、再生塔再生压力、闪蒸压力对产品质量、富液中重烃含量、放空气量、蒸汽消耗量的影响,在保证产品质量的前提下,通过降低胺液循环量,再生压力等措施减少蒸汽消耗,提高闪蒸压力,增设富液泵旁通线实现了富液自压进入再生塔。     

基于RSM的轻烃回收装置C_3收率分析及优化

采用HYSYS建立轻烃回收装置工艺模型,通过灵敏度分析选择低温分离温度、脱乙烷塔底温度和脱丁烷塔底温度为回归参数,基于响应面方法(RSM)建立装置C_3收率等考察指标与回归参数间的回归模型与优化模型。经分析得到,低温分离温度、脱乙烷塔底温度和脱丁烷塔底温度可显著影响装置C_3收率,且显著度大小关系为:脱乙烷塔底温度低温分离温度脱丁烷塔底温度;脱乙烷塔底温度与低温分离温度间交互作用大于脱乙烷塔底温度与脱丁烷塔底温度间交互作用。以C_3收率最大化为优化目标,LPG满足GB 11174—2011为约束条件,对优化模型求解得出最优操作参数:低温分离温度-72℃、脱乙烷塔底温度30.5℃、脱丁烷塔底温度138.0℃。在此条件下,装置C_3收率理论上可提升6.15%。     

不同开车工况对天然气脱碳装置响应特性影响

由于气田及输送环境影响，现场运行长期处于波动状态，而装置能否稳定运行与其在不同工况下的响应动作是否及时有效息息相关。为分析装置在不同开车工况下的响应特性，本文基于实验室建有的天然气脱碳循环实验装置实际运行情况进行优化研究，分析其中关键影响因素。研究结果表明，在单因素实验研究中，开车工况下不同进气流量、塔内压力以及贫液进塔温度对于吸收塔内温度场及闪蒸罐液位响应特性的影响差别不大。而对于开车工况处于较大的进气流量、较高的塔内压力、较低或较高的贫液进塔温度，其控制器响应会出现一定延迟或塔釜液位波动幅度较剧烈的情况。因此以吸收塔塔釜液位响应时间为评价指标，利用BBD设计法对各因素交互作用进行响应面分析，得到吸收压力对塔釜液位响应时间的影响极显著，并且在三种因素交互作用中，吸收压力与贫液进塔温度的交互作用对目标值的影响更为显著。     

基于ProTreat建模的脱硫再生塔工艺参数研究

依据中东某天然气脱硫装置的净化工艺和操作参数,采用Pro Treat软件建模和模拟,研究了脱硫工艺中再生塔的工艺参数。结果表明:再沸器负荷和富胺溶液进再生塔温度是影响贫胺溶液再生质量的主要因素。这两者对再生塔内温度分布的影响以及对胺液的再生质量的影响机理是不同的,提高再沸器负荷对再生塔内的每个塔板处的温度均有影响,而富胺溶液进塔温度升高只对入口塔板处的温度有显著影响,而对再生塔的中部和底部塔板温度几乎没有影响。提高再沸器负荷和富胺溶液进再生塔温度均能增大回流比和汽提比,改善贫液再生质量。     

中东某油田伴生气脱水系统模拟优化

油田伴生气在含酸气、液态水的环境下易形成酸液进而腐蚀管道、设备,影响生产,脱水是天然气处理中必不可少的一个环节。针对某油田伴生气的产出状况,优选三甘醇脱水工艺,应用ASPEN HYSYS软件建立三甘醇脱水模型,分析吸收塔塔温、塔压、塔板数、贫甘醇浓度及循环量等对脱水效果的影响,随后对整个系统进行能耗分析、节能改造,优化脱水效果,减少废水、废气的排放。模拟结果显示,经过流程优化,原料气能够满足脱水深度的要求且整个系统的能耗最低。     

储气库三甘醇脱水装置能耗优化

某储气库三甘醇脱水系统运行时,消耗了大量能量,这既增加了企业负担,又浪费了社会能源,鉴于此,本文用HYSYS软件建立了脱水稳态模型,选取与脱水装置能耗有关的重要参数入塔贫甘醇流量、重沸器温度和汽提气用量,建立有约束条件的最优化能耗目标函数,利用软件自带的优化器进行优化。优化后的参数在满足产品天然气水露点要求的同时,又大大降低了三甘醇脱水装置的能耗,单位能耗可减低19.5%。     

胺法脱碳系统再生能耗

胺法脱碳系统最大的缺陷是再生能耗高,流程参数优化是降低再生能耗的有效途径。为了解再生操作参数对再生能耗的影响,通过再生塔实验台对醇胺吸收剂在不同再生工艺参数下的再生特性进行实验研究。实验内容包括富液CO₂担载量、富液进料温度、再沸器温度、再生压强及胺的种类因素对再生能耗及再生速率的影响,并分析了显热、潜热的变化规律。应用Aspen Plus 基于速率模型对再生过程进行了模拟研究。研究结果表明:提高富液CO₂担载量和富液进料温度能有效降低再生能耗。增大再沸器温度及再生压强反而增大再生能耗。一乙醇胺(MEA)再生能耗较高,混入甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)能够显著降低能耗。提高富液CO₂担载量和再沸器的温度可以加快CO₂再生速率。     

脱硫装置贫富液换热流程的改造

通过对比现有同类脱硫装置再生单元的贫富液换热流程,发现采用二级换热流程的富液入塔温度比一级换热后的富液入塔温度高10℃,而蒸汽耗量下降了1.01t/h,循环水耗量减少了73t/h。经过工艺改造实施后,采用二级换热流程对降低脱硫装置能耗和提高酸性气收率都是十分有意义的。     

天然气净化中影响装置能耗工艺参数的分析

通过分析天然气净化装置中脱酸单元可调变量(胺液循环量、胺液配比、原料气入塔温度、原料气入塔压力、回流比、节流阀出口压力)分别对天然气处理装置的能耗影响,确定其对能耗影响的变化趋势,其中对天然气脱酸装置中的能耗影响最大的变量是贫液循环量。在实际生产操作过程中,在满足技术指标要求的条件下,通过严格控制贫液循环量对装置能耗的降低起到一定的指导作用。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。