筛孔型润德塔盘的性能

以水-空气为介质,研究了开孔率为15%,25%,35%的筛孔型润德塔盘的流体力学性能.结果表明,筛孔型润德塔盘的压降、气含率随开孔率增大而减小,泛点气速和操作弹性随开孔率增大而增大.开孔率为35%的筛孔型润德塔盘的干板压降、总板压降及气含率均低于开孔率15%和25%的塔盘,而操作弹性大于15%和25%的塔盘.     

筛孔型润德塔盘的流体力学性能

以空气和水为介质,对筛孔型润德塔盘的流体力学性能进行实验研究,通过冷模实验考察其固阀开孔率、F因子、喷淋密度对干板压降、总板压降、清液层高度、平均泡沫层高度、操作弹性的影响,并与传统筛孔穿流塔盘进行比较. 结果表明,在操作范围内,筛孔型润德塔盘的操作弹性比传统穿流筛孔塔盘平均提升34.15%,固阀开孔率为33.3%的筛孔型润德塔盘总板压降比传统筛孔穿流塔盘平均低72.38%,比固阀开孔率为50.0%和66.7%的塔盘的干板压降平均低88.8%和206.3%,最佳固阀开孔率为33.3%. 得到筛孔型润德塔盘干板压降关联式为pd=49.98F1.785.     

喷射环流反应器的放大效应

实验测量了两种塔径(?200和?500mm)和两种操作模式(气体单独喷射和气液同轴喷射)下喷射环流反应器内的全塔平均气含率、局部气含率及轴向液速径向分布、循环液速,归纳出全塔平均气含率的关联式。实验发现,喷射环流反应器具有十分显著的放大效应。小塔(?200)与大塔(?500)中的全塔平均气含率存在很大差异:小塔的全塔平均气含率～气速关系曲线比大塔陡峭,低气速下小塔气含率低于大塔、较高气速下高于大塔。根据漂移通量法分析得到小塔中流型转变点在表观气速0.1 m·s~(-1)左右,在实验气速范围内只存在拟均匀鼓泡流;大塔中流型转变点在表观气速0.04 m·s~(-1)左右,随气速增大从拟均匀鼓泡流转变为湍动鼓泡流。喷射环流反应器比气升式环流反应器、一般鼓泡塔全塔平均气含率略低,但循环液速更大,适用于强化固体悬浮与混合的气液固三相反应过程。     

气体搅动的筛板萃取塔性能实验研究

在筛板萃取塔中引入气体搅动,既能明显提高装置的传质效率,又能大幅提高装置处理能力。筛板塔的通量随气速的变化规律与填料塔有显著区别,其性能研究有重要意义。利用煤油(苯甲酸)-水-空气体系,考察了气体搅动和筛孔直径对萃取塔流体力学和传质性能的影响。结果表明,随着表观气速的增加,气含率、分散相含率、液泛速率和传质效率均明显增加。但过高的气速也会导致分散相的过于分散和乳化,传质性能下降,直至液泛。不同直径的筛孔相比,较小的筛孔使分散相停留时间延长,分散相含率和传质效率提高,但液泛速率和处理能力降低。     

吸收塔工艺设计与操作运行

二转二吸制酸装置SO_3吸收率取决于最终吸收塔,SO_3总未吸收率为最终吸收塔未吸收率的1/20。SO_3吸收率达到设计值容易,但控制酸雾较难。控制水分、酸分布均匀性、气体分布是填料塔设计三要素,控制水分最重要,极限是不结露;酸分布均匀性在于分酸器;分酸、填料及填料支撑均影响气体分布,填料支撑对气体分布的影响随气速增大而增大。高温吸收的关键在于出塔硫酸温度高、低液气比,唯有提高气速才能兼顾两者,提高气速还有利于除去酸雾。泛点气速随喷淋密度降低而减小,随硫酸温度升高而增大,最佳操作气速为泛点气速的80%左右。     

立体传质塔盘在齐鲁分公司1.4Mt/a加氢裂化装置的应用

采用立体传质塔盘(CTST)取代齐鲁分公司胜利炼油厂1.4 Mt/a加氢裂化装置低分气脱硫塔的原浮阀型塔盘,低分气脱硫塔的设计气相负荷由5 500 m3/h提高到6 000～14 000 m3/h,气相实际操作范围为3 000～12000 m3/h,脱硫塔出口气相的硫化氢含量小于10-5,每月实际多回收氢气59.5 t,每年所创经济效益可达550万元.     

3D窄条阀性能研究

详细分析了实用新型专利3D窄条阀塔盘的结构特点、实验研究和工业应用情况。在1000 mm×350 mm规格的试验塔中,以空气和水为工质进行了冷模实验,测定了多种气液负荷下3D窄条阀的总板压降、雾沫夹带、泄漏量等流体力学性能,利用氧解吸法标定其塔板传质效率,并在相同条件下与F1浮阀进行了对比试验。试验结果和工业应用表明,3D窄条阀的塔板效率远高于传统的F1浮阀,且峰值范围宽广,压降低,在操作弹性范围内泄漏量趋于0,只是在泄漏点以下其泄漏量比F1浮阀稍高,是一种综合性能优良的新型浮阀。     

丝网波纹填料塔液泛水力学特征

在炼油、石油化工、精细化厂、食品及医药等部门,塔器均属量大面广的重要单元设备,其投资-般占投资总额的20%左右,有些甚至高达50%,塔器广泛应用于蒸馏、吸收、萃取、洗涤、传热等单元操作中。因此塔器的研究一直受到国内外学者普遍关注。由于规整填料塔具有效率高、压降低、放大效应不明显等优点,使其应用越来越广泛^[1-2]。同时填料塔也是过程工业中能量消耗最大的单元操作之一。在设计填料塔时,一般按液泛气速的60%~70%确定载点气速,按液泛气速的50%~60%确定操作气速。尤其在工业实际应用中,大部分操作都是依据长期积累的操作经验使填料塔工作在所谓的"最优化"操作状态,因此填料塔的操作状态都比较保守,目的都是为了避免塔器在长周期运行过程中发生液泛而停产,给企业带来经济损失。液泛现象一直以来都是制约填料塔设计和提高填料塔能量利用率的瓶颈问题,所以关于预测控制填料塔液泛性能的研究是填料塔优化节能研究的关键^[3-4]。只要能对填料塔的操作状态进行实时监控,根据填料塔工作监控的特征参数,可以实时和及时地调整填料塔的操作性能,从而避免填料塔发生液泛,同时根据工艺和生产的需要实时改变填料塔的操作性能,使得填料塔工作在最优化的状态,也符合节能减排的目的。有关填料塔液泛水力学方面的研究已经有很长一段时间。早期的很多研究者都是从散堆填料的研究推广到规整填料的研究,Sherwood等^[5-6]在测定填料塔水力学压降实验的基础上,讨论了填料塔的载液和液泛现象,并提出了压降通用关联图(GDPC)。Eckert等^[7-9]得到了不同填料类型填料塔水力学压降液泛曲线图。Kuzniewska-Lach^[10]以量纲1方法对填料塔流体物性和填料几何参数进行了分析,提出了基于填料类型的泛点预测。Ondracek等^[11]通过填料塔气体或液体入口速度周期性波动操作,进行了液泛滞后效应的实验研究,对工业塔操作更接近液泛点有一定的指导作用。根据上面的这些研究,分析预测填料塔液泛特征的规律,需要从不同方面进行深入的研究。本文以空气和水为实验介质,研究了规整填料塔在各个操作阶段的水力学特征及区别,得到了填料塔液泛水力学压降离散特征分布规律和压降频率分布规律,为预测控制填料塔液泛现象提供了指导。     

复合塔板气液运动的实验研究

采用多路电导测试系统,在直径500mm的冷模塔内,以空气-水为试验物系,研究了开孔率20%和25%复合塔板上的气液运动规律.实验揭示了气液穿孔运动的三种状态通液、通气和阻塞,并对复合塔板的气液运动机理进行了阐述.实验考察了空塔动能因子F、喷淋密度LV和开孔率φ对通液率、通气率和阻塞率的影响,分析了筛孔真实气速与复合塔液泛点关系.结果表明F因子增大,通气率也增大,而通液率和阻塞率减小;喷淋密度增加, 通气率下降,通液率上升;开孔率较大,则通气率较小,通液率和阻塞率较大;在实验范围内(开孔率20%及25%、喷淋密度5～40m3·(m2·h)-1的情况),复合塔液泛点的筛孔真实气速在11m·s-1左右,为其它物系确定操作上限提供了依据.     

交错型开窗导流填料的流体力学性能

为了提高规整填料通量,对传统开窗导流填料结构进行改善,提出一种新型交错式开窗导流填料。在不同喷淋密度下,采用空气-水系统对3种不同交错高度的开窗导流填料进行冷模实验,研究分析了其流体力学性能,并与传统开窗导流填料进行对比。实验结果表明:新型交错规整填料的压降随着喷淋密度的增加而增大,填料盘的交错式结构有效降低塔压降,提高通量,改善气液分布。与传统开窗导流填料相比,3种新型填料盘的干塔压降、湿塔压降显著降低,液泛气速显著提高。其中180-20型填料的压降降低最为显著,220-20型填料的液泛气速最低。同时,在LEVA模型和Bain-Hougen模型的基础上,获得了实验条件下干塔压降、湿塔压降和液泛气速的关联式,其计算结果与实验数据吻合较好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。