Modelling autogenous expansion for magnesia concrete in arch dams

Magnesia Concrete is a kind of expansive concrete used in Chinese hydraulic engineering more and more widely. To evaluate the effects of autogenous expansion on the stresses of arch dams, a simple model of autogenous expansion for Magnesia Concrete in dam engineering is presented. This model is based on three assumptions: 1) the total amount of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is related only to the properties of materials and mixing of concrete; 2) the autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is irreversible due to the irreversibility of hydration reaction of Magnesia in the concrete; 3) the autogenous expansion strain rates of Magnesia Concrete bear a relation between temperature and residual Magnesia per unit volume of concrete. The model is verified by some experimental data of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete and field-measured data of an arch dam in China. Embedded into finite element arch dam simulation software, this model is employed to simulate the effects of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete in hydraulic engineering.     

Modelling autogenous expansion for magnesia concrete in arch dams

Magnesia Concrete is a kind of expansive concrete used in Chinese hydraulic engineering more and more widely. To evaluate the effects of autogenous expansion on the stresses of arch dams, a simple model of autogenous expansion for Magnesia Concrete in dam engineering is presented. This model is based on three assumptions: 1) the total amount of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is related only to the properties of materials and mixing of concrete; 2) the autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete is irreversible due to the irreversibility of hydration reaction of Magnesia in the concrete; 3) the autogenous expansion strain rates of Magnesia Concrete bear a relation between temperature and residual Magnesia per unit volume of concrete. The model is verified by some experimental data of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete and field-measured data of an arch dam in China. Embedded into finite element arch dam simulation software, this model is employed to simulate the effects of autogenous expansion of Magnesia Concrete in hydraulic engineering.     

溪洛渡特高拱坝建基面嵌深优化的分析与评价

 对特高拱坝建基面嵌入深度优化的分析与评价是当前水利工程中的重点研究方向之一,具有重要的学术和工程意义,其研究成果可为制定新的优化与评价标准作参考。在分析国内外特高拱坝建基面优化分析与评价研究现状的基础上,总结特高拱坝建基面优化分析与评价的原则与工作步骤。就建设中的溪洛渡特高拱坝建基面嵌入深度的优化设计,采用三维非线性有限元法和三维地质力学模型试验,对3种建基面嵌入深度方案,即可研方案、优化方案和比较方案的坝体应力、整体稳定、超载能力等进行分析评价。论证溪洛渡拱坝基础利用III1级岩体和上部高程部分利用III2级岩体作为大坝基础的可行性;实施中的建基面嵌深采用优化方案。优化方案较可研方案减少基础开挖和大坝混凝土工程量各100多万立方米,节省直接投资约7亿元,经济效益十分显著。     

关于高拱坝坝基可利用岩体质量要求的探讨

拱坝作为高次超静定的空间壳体结构,具有自适应能力强、超载安全系数大的显著特点,一般说来,拱坝是经济性和安全性都较优的一种坝型。然而,随着一大批高拱坝工程的相继建成,我国拱坝设计标准中对于高拱坝坝基可利用岩体质量要求过严,导致拱坝适应性和经济性降低的问题也逐渐显现。本文在对中、美拱坝坝基可利用岩体质量要求及中、外代表性拱坝工程坝基可利用岩体情况的对比分析的基础上,系统阐述了高拱坝坝基岩体质量要求过严所带来的不利影响,并列举了我国在特高拱坝及高拱坝设计中突破建基面岩体质量要求限制、取得显著经济效益的工程实例,希望能为类似工作提供参考。     

Numerical simulation of damage in high arch dam due to earthquake

Based on the assumption that concrete is macroscopic homogeneous, the cracking evolution process and damage mode of high arch dams are studied in consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete in mesoscale. The bilinear damage evolution model and the damage evolution model expressed in power function with descending section are adopted to combine with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off to investigate the crack development and fracture mode of high arch dams under the action of an earthquake. The analysis result of a high arch dam in China under design shows that cracks that take place in concrete are caused by excessive tensile stress. The cracks initiate at the middle of the dam top and distribute at the upper half of the dam while the rest of the parts remain intact. This conclusion agrees with the model test result. __________ Translated from Shuili Xuebao, 2008, 39(7): 848–853 [译自: 水利学报]     

基于非线性有限元的马吉拱坝整体稳定分析

马吉水电站是怒江开发规划中的重要梯级电站。最大坝高为290m,属于超高拱坝,地质条件与岩体力学环境复杂,其应力和坝肩稳定对确保工程安全具有重要的意义。基于非线性有限元分析,采用变形加固理论,使用三维非线性有限元程序TFINE,对马吉拱坝进行三维弹塑性有限元数值模拟,对该拱坝在正常工况下的位移、坝体应力和拱端推力进行分析。采用余能范数对马吉拱坝的整体稳定性进行评价,采用不平衡力对左右坝趾及基础中峰值振动速度回归趋势对比软弱带的稳定性进行分析,并对软弱带进行敏感性分析。结果表明,马吉拱坝的位移、应力和超载稳定能力均达到稳定要求,马吉拱坝现施工方案基本可行。     

复杂地基上高拱坝开裂与稳定研究

研究复杂地基上高拱坝坝面开裂与稳定的力学机制,这些机制涉及到大坝温度变化、大坝的基础弱化、渗流影响等.首先从分析大坝坝面裂纹细观开裂扩展的主轴本构力学机制、节理岩体的宏观开裂强度条件.然后提出大坝破坏的机构条件作为大坝整体稳定的判据.最后结合复杂地基的溪洛渡拱坝,运用提到的开裂与稳定模型,分析大坝在超载工况下,裂纹从细观裂纹扩展到宏观开裂,以至大坝失稳的全过程;分析建基面的点安全度随超载变化规律以及大坝的整体稳定.结果显示提到的分析方法有较好的应用价值.     

Evaluation of the dynamic response of the Damlapinar CFR dam

Concrete faced rock-fill (CFR) dams are now very popular. The structural complexity of these dams and the high risk associated with the social and environmental consequences of failures require very reliable analyses of their performance, especially as regards seismic loading. In this paper, a dynamic analysis procedure for CFR dams is proposed and described, using the Damlapınar CFR dam as a case study. The acceleration time history and maximum horizontal peak ground acceleration values were developed based on maximum credible earthquakes over 50 years from nearby seismic sources. Numerical studies showed that the Damlapınar CFR dam will remain stable under the maximum credible earthquake with a peak ground acceleration of 0.15 g. According to the numerical results, earthquake-induced deformations of the dam are expected to be within the safety margins determined by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Turkey. The results also indicate that a non-linear analysis capable of capturing dominant non-linear mechanisms can be used to assess the stability of CFR dams.     

基于工程体与地质体相互作用的两体力学模型初探

针对大坝和坝基、坝肩和库岸相互作用传统的一体两介质模型,提出了两体力学模型的基本概念、研究思路以及应用范围;阐述了一体两介质力学模型与两体力学模型之间的差异,并用单轴压缩实验进行了验证;建立了重力坝和坝基相互作用的两体力学模型,为大坝与坝基的整体稳定性研究与评判提供了一条新的途径。     

非均质无限地基上高拱坝的动力响应分析

地震作用下拱坝-无限地基的动力相互作用将对拱坝的地震响应产生重要影响。虽然很多学者曾经提出过各种相互作用的计算模型,但是绝大多数都是基于均质地基或有限地基假定的。利用比例边界有限元方法能够方便地模拟非均质无限域的优点,研究非均质无限地基对双曲高拱坝动力响应的影响。拱坝、地基和库水都利用比例边界有限元方法模拟,从而减少大量的计算量。在假定地基弹性模量随深度按指数变化的前提下,分析研究210 m高的大岗山双曲拱坝分别坐落在无质量地基、均质无限地基和非均质无限地基3种情况下的拱坝加速度频响曲线。通过与刚性较大的重力坝结构对比发现,无限地基的远场非均质特性对拱坝的动力响应影响较小。这是因为与重力坝不同,双曲高拱坝坝体与坝基之间的连接相对较为柔性,所以远场地基刚度变化对拱坝地震响应的影响较小。经进一步对近场地基刚度变化的分析发现,近场地基对拱坝地震响应产生一定影响。分析结果具有普遍意义,对强震区的高拱坝建设可以提供重要参考。     

汶川8.0级地震对典型高坝结构安全的影响分析

 汶川8.0级地震具有震级高、震源浅、破坏性强和次生地质灾害严重等特点。在对震区高坝灾情归类分析的基础上,选择典型的不同坝型高坝,包括宝珠寺重力坝、沙牌碾压混凝土拱坝、紫坪铺面板堆石坝等工程,从大坝距发震断裂距离、大坝基础处理及大坝结构类型的抗震性等因素对大坝结构安全的影响展开分析研究。结合在建的一批300 m级高坝,对抗震设防标准、水库诱发地震等问题进行讨论。结果表明：(1) 现行大坝抗震设计是可行的,300 m级高坝工程抗震能力仍需深化研究;(2) 大坝工程基础、抗力体经合理加固后,增强了岩体结构的整体性,可有效提高大坝及基础的抗震能力;(3) 高坝应急预案的设计与管理,流域性统一公共水电工程灾害应急平台建设有待加强;(4) 对水库诱发地震的研究需加强。     

大坝整体稳定分析系统

提出一个大坝稳定分析系统，该系统包括大坝坝基岩体参数预测、坝基岩体的断裂损伤力学模型、大坝基岩的模拟、大坝结构模拟和大坝整体稳定安全度评价。以小湾拱坝为实例，论述了小湾拱坝的整体稳定性。     

高拱坝基础大垫座及周边缝设置研究

 提出高拱坝基础承载力对建基面的要求,讨论坝肩与河床基础大垫座及周边缝的工作机制、大垫座及周边缝设置的非线性分析特点以及其与高坝整体稳定的关系。指出大垫座设置对基础刚度的对称性、大坝整体稳定性有显著提高的效应。结合高拱坝(英古里、李家峡拱坝和锦屏I级拱坝)实例,详细讨论高拱坝在基础设置垫座后的安全度及坝踵、坝址应力分布优化情况。拱坝所提出的问题对我国目前的高拱坝建设具有指导意义。     

Numerical simulation of damage in high arch dam due to earthquake

Based on the assumption that concrete is macroscopic homogeneous, the cracking evolution process and damage mode of high arch dams are studied in consideration of the heterogeneity of concrete in mesoscale. The bilinear damage evolution model and the damage evolution model expressed in power function with descending section are adopted to combine with the Mohr-Coulomb criterion to investigate the crack development and fracture mode of high arch dams under the action of an earthquake. The analysis result of a high arch dam in China under design shows that cracks that take place in concrete are caused by excessive tensile stress. The cracks initiate at the middle of the dam top and distribute at the upper half of the dam while the rest of the parts remain intact. This conclusion agrees with the model test result.     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

基于工程类比的小湾拱坝安全评价

 将工程类比法推广到拱坝极限承载力的研究,对于小湾拱坝等超高拱坝,由于其条件复杂,工程规模巨大,简单按照规范设计是不够的,应该以已建工程为对比对象,通过类比研究确定合理的安全标准。基于相同网格尺寸、相同材料模型以及相同计算软件,以已建工程二滩和Kolnbrein加固前后作为类比研究对象,对小湾拱坝的坝踵开裂及极限承载力进行研究。以超大规模精细有限元模型精确模拟坝体的底缝和地基的地形、断层、蚀变带加固措施以及建基面卸荷带,以全面评估地质条件对极限承载力的影响。分析结果表明：小湾拱坝极限承载能力要明显强于Kolnbrein加固前后,略逊于二滩。但正常工作条件下帷幕的安全裕度不大。     

Endochronic damage constitutive model for fully-graded aggregate mass concrete

The behavior of deformation and strength of a fully-graded aggregate concrete under complex stress state is the basis of the nonlinear analysis and design for mass concrete structures such as concrete dams. In this paper, based on the combined endochronic theory with damage mechanics and on the quantities of experimental data, an endochronic damage constitutive model suitable for various aggregate grade concrete is proposed. This model takes into consideration the scale effect and the effect of wet screen sieve of aggregate in which the concept of yield surface is not needed and the difference of damage evolution rule of various graded aggregate concrete is a concern. The proposed model is used to analyze the deformation and strength of fully-graded aggregate mass concrete and the wet screened aggregate concrete specimens. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data, which can be used as a guide for the design of arch dams and other mass concrete structures. __________ Translated from Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(7): 769–778 [译自: 水利学报]     

Shape design of arch dams under load uncertainties with robust optimization

Due to an increased need in hydro-electricity, water storage, and flood protection, it is assumed that a series of new dams will be build throughout the world. The focus of this paper is on the non-probabilistic-based design of new arch-type dams by applying means of robust design optimization (RDO). This type of optimization takes into account uncertainties in the loads and in the material properties of the structure. As classical procedures of probabilistic-based optimization under uncertainties, such as RDO and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), are in general computationally expensive and rely on estimates of the system’s response variance, we will not follow a full-probabilistic approach but work with predefined confidence levels. This leads to a bi-level optimization program where the volume of the dam is optimized under the worst combination of the uncertain parameters. As a result, robust and reliable designs are obtained and the result is independent from any assumptions on stochastic properties of the random variables in the model. The optimization of an arch-type dam is realized here by a robust optimization method under load uncertainty, where hydraulic and thermal loads are considered. The load uncertainty is modeled as an ellipsoidal expression. Comparing with any traditional deterministic optimization method, which only concerns the minimum objective value and offers a solution candidate close to limit-states, the RDO method provides a robust solution against uncertainty. To reduce the computational cost, a ranking strategy and an approximation model are further involved to do a preliminary screening. By this means, the robust design can generate an improved arch dam structure that ensures both safety and serviceability during its lifetime.     

基于突变理论的高拱坝失稳判据研究

高拱坝的整体安全主要取决于拱坝支撑岩体的稳定.由于高拱坝稳定分析的复杂性,其失稳判据至今没有统一的认识.首先讨论了拱坝整体稳定有限元分析失稳判据的基本原理,分析了失稳考察量尖点突变模型的建立方法,随后结合具体工程实例,分析比较了塑性区贯通、位移突变和塑性区总应变能突变判据的优势和不足.实例表明:位移突变判据与敏感测点的...