变压器绕组的特快速暂态建模

为了研究陡波前过电压对变压器的影响,从短路导纳参数出发,提出了一种建立变压器绕组高频集中电路模型的方法.该方法首先由短路导纳参数计算绕组各匝的电压传递函数,并利用矢量匹配法对得到的电压传递函数进行有理函数逼近;其次,对得到的有理函数形式的传递函数利用多点Pade逼近进行阶数缩减,得到变压器绕组电压传递函数的降阶模型;最后,运用网络综合技术建立变压器绕组的高频电路模型.该电路模型仅由R、L、C和理想变压器构成,其模型参数可以根据电压传递函数的极点和留数非常方便地得出.通过对电路模型的仿真结果与实际测量结果进行比较,验证了本文方法的正确性.     

VFTO下变压器绕组的EMTP模型

为开展VFTO对变压器影响的研究,先由变压器绕组的S参数计算所需的电压传输函数,然后通过矢量匹配法对电压传输函数进行有理函数逼近,再应用多点Pade逼近降阶,在此基础上实现电路形成了变压器绕组的通用宽频EMTP电路模型。该模型的仿真结果与实测结果吻合,表明该方法简单、准确。     

基于网络函数的VFTO下变压器绕组响应的计算

提出了一种基于网络函数的VFTO下变压器绕组响应计算的有效方法。该方法首先用由网络分析仪测量得到的散射参数计算所需的电压传输函数,然后通过矢量匹配法对电压传输函数进行有理函数的拟合,最后,利用与拟合的电压传输函数对应的指数形式的激励响应和输入信号进行时域递归卷积,以获得电压响应。与实测电压响应比较的结果表明:利用传输函数仿真计算得到的结果与测量结果吻合。这说明该方法简单、准确。     

VFTO作用下变压器绕组的谐振分析

为了研究气体绝缘变电站中陡波前过电压对变压器的影响,以多导体传输线理论为基础、以匝为单元建立了变压器绕组的单输入多输出端口模型,并详细推导了该模型中传递函数的求解。通过对变压器绕组的幅频特性分析,研究了绕组中的谐振情况并对谐振可能发生的位置进行了定位。仿真结果与试验结果相符,说明了该方法的可行性和正确性。     

A Study of Transferred Overvoltages on the Secondary Windings of Station Service Voltage Transformers

Station service voltage transformers (SSVTs) are finding increasingly wide application in world practice. One of the key issues of ensuring the reliable operation of the SSVTs is the coordination of their insulation and the protection against high-frequency overvoltage including that induced on the secondary windings. The paper presents the results of measuring the transfer functions and the oscillographic recording of the voltages on the SSVT secondary windings. The transferred overvoltage ratios of unloaded and loaded transformer secondary windings are estimated. Estimated rates of output-voltage increase at resonant frequencies are presented. The transferred overvoltage ratios on the SSVT primary windings under the impact of the damped oscillatory voltage are assessed.     

特快速暂态过电压下变压器绕组高频电路模型的研究

变压器绕组的高频模型对于分析特快速暂态过电压对变压器的影响是非常重要的。从易于高频测量的散射参数出发，提出了一种建立变压器绕组高频电路模型的方法。该方法首先由散射参数计算绕组各匝的电压传输函数，并利用矢量匹配法对得到的电压传输函数进行有理函数逼近；其次，对得到的有理函数形式的传输函数进行阶数缩减，得到变压器绕组电压传输函数的降阶模型；最后，运用网络综合技术建立变压器绕组的高频电路模型。该电路模型简单、通用，仅由R、L、C和理想变压器构成，其模型参数可以根据电压传输函数的极点和留数非常方便地得出。通过对电路模型的仿真结果与实际测量结果进行比较，验证了文中方法的正确性。     

基于Lax-Wendroff算法的变压器绕组高频模型的时域分析

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)作用下变压器绕组的过电压分布计算对于其绝缘设计是非常重要的。为研究VFTO对大型电力变压器绕组绝缘的影响,笔者首先不考虑频变阻抗的影响,针对容易损坏的前几匝线圈,每匝线圈为一单元构造模型,其余线圈以两饼线匝为一单元,建立变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型,利用三阶精度的Lax-Wendroff差分法计算暂态电压分布;然后采用矢量匹配法处理频变参数,推导基于Lax-Wendroff差分法的暂态计算公式。计算结果与电磁暂态程序EMTP仿真结果一致,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

新型DT-STATCOM原理分析与结构设计

提出一种新颖配电变压器一体化静止同步补偿装置(DT-STATCOM)的设计思想和方法:基于功率平衡原理,将STATCOM从变压器高压绕组抽头接入,充分利用配电变压器的富余容量来补偿系统所需的无功功率。阐述了DT-STATCOM系统无功补偿的理论基础,提出了多种DT-STATCOM系统结构。针对Dyn型变压器,重点研究了变压器高压绕组多抽头DT-STATCOM系统结构,分析了该结构对变压器绕组电流分布的影响,选择了合适的抽头电压等级。仿真结果表明,DT-STATCOM系统结构具有很好的无功功率补偿性能。     

一种水介质脉冲形成线充电用Tesla变压器

为了给水介质脉冲形成线快速、高效地充电,研制了一种耦合系数为0.75的Tesla脉冲变压器。推导了开放磁芯结构Tesla变压器的初级和次级电感计算公式;根据研制的变压器几何尺寸,对该变压器的主要参数进行了理论计算并用PSpice软件对变压器给脉冲形成线充电过程进行了模拟计算。该脉冲变压器已应用于基于水介质螺旋脉冲形成线的脉冲调制器中,当变压器的初级输入50kV的脉冲电压时,次级输出脉冲电压给水介质螺旋脉冲形成线充电电压高达720kV,变压器能量效率为36%。理论和模拟结果与实验测量值基本一致,该脉冲变压器具有运行稳定、体积小、结构紧凑等特点。     

VFTO作用下变压器绕组的过电压计算

为研究气体绝缘变电站中陡波前过电压对变压器的影响和解决大型电力变压器建模时矩阵阶数过大问题,详细推导了以匝为单元建立的变压器绕组多导体传输线(MTL)模型的计算公式,提出了该模型结合等效阻抗建立变压器绕组模型的新方法,有效地提高了计算效率。仿真与试验结果说明该法正确可行。     

特快速暂态过电压作用下变压器绕组内置MOV动态保护特性

特快速暂态过电压(VFTO)是由气体绝缘变电站开关操作产生的一种陡波前过电压,它的直接入侵会对变压器绕组的纵绝缘造成极大危害.本文通过理论分析、数值计算和实际测量研究了VFTO作用下变压器绕组并联MOV的保护特性.本文首先建立了变压器绕组的多导体传输线模型(MTLs),推导了基于时域有限差分法(FDTD)的求解迭代公式,通过应用矢量匹配法逼近传输线频变阻抗,解决了时域有限差分法难以处理参数频变效应的问题.然后,建立了变压器绕组并联MOV的多导体传输线模型,并推导了基于FDTD求解该模型的迭代公式.最后,研究了一个连续式变压器绕组模型,测量并计算了该模型在VFTO作用下并联MOV前后的电位分布.对测量结果与计算结果的分析和比较不仅验证了所采用的计算模型和计算方法的正确性,同时也证明了在VFTO作用下用MOV保护变压器绕组的可行性.     

电力变压器冲击试验故障定位的频域仿真方法

建立了电力变压器在冲击试验条件下的频率依赖参数的等效电路模型。利用这个模型可以计算变压器的入端阻抗及各个节点的电压转移函数。实例计算入端阻抗与实测的结果吻合得很好,表明该模型可以用于变压器冲击试验的故障仿真分析。在此基础上,针对变压器对地绝缘击穿和绕组间绝缘击穿这两种类型的故障,通过在变压器等效电路的不同节点处设置故障,计算中性点处的电压转移函数并分析其变化规律,找到了一种可行的故障定位的方法。     

新型不对称接线三相变四相平衡变压器

提出了一种新颖实用的三相绕组接线互不对称的三相变四相平衡变压器。阐述了该变压器的接线方案,采用三相三芯柱式结构,A相芯柱有5个绕组,B相芯柱有3个绕组,C相芯柱有5个绕组但匝数结构与A相不同,三相绕组互不相同。建立了数学模型,推导出一次侧中性点电流的平衡条件并导出了一次侧和二次侧绕组间的电流和电压关系。仿真验证了上述理论推导的正确性和可行性。该新型平衡变压器一次侧中性点可接地,二次侧由双闭合三角形构成3次谐波电流回路,能有效改善电压波形,接线较简单,材料利用率高,综合性能良好,特别适用于电气化铁道自耦变压器(AT)供电方式和四相输电系统,具有良好的应用前景。     

油浸式电力变压器动态热路改进模型

油浸式电力变压器绕组的热点温度是指导变压器负载运行方式和影响变压器绝缘寿命的重要参数,准确计算绕组热点温度具有重要意义。在分析运行变压器散热过程的基础上,考虑油箱外壁与周围环境的热量传递,利用传热学原理和热电类比方法,定义非线性热阻和集总热容,并考虑油粘度随温度的变化,建立电力变压器动态等效热路的改进计算模型。将模型的计算结果与实验室自然油循环自然空气(oilnatural-air natural,ONAN)冷却方式下100 kVA/5 kV油浸式温升试验变压器实测数据和IEEE Std C57.91推荐方法计算值进行对比,比较结果表明:通过改进模型计算的变压器顶层油温和绕组热点温度具有较高的精度。     

Investigation of VFT surges propagated into transformer and overvoltages applied to winding

Investigations were conducted on the VFT (Very Fast Transient) surges that propagate into a 500‐kV transformer. The disconnector restriking surge and ground fault surged were discussed. It was regarded that a large part of the surge voltage was applied just at the entrance of the transformer winding for the VFT surges. Thus, an equivalent circuit that models the windings was used for the analysis. The overvoltages that appear between the first winding sections at the entrance of the transformer were computed. The following was established. (1) The overvoltage between the first winding sections becomes greater when the magnitude of the voltage change at the transformer terminal is larger. The overvoltage between the first winding sections is not affected by the magnitude of the transformer terminal voltage. (2) For the disconnectors that are not connected directly to the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is not so large. (3) In the case of a ground fault at the GIS near the transformer, the voltage change at the transformer terminal is the same as that for a disconnector directly connected to the transformer. (4) In actual GIS, the disconnector that is connected directly to the transformer is not usually used. In this situation, the overvoltages that threaten the transformer insulation will not be generated by the restriking of the disconnectors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(2): 20–26, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10225     

LLC resonant DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of transformer

This paper proposes a zero‐voltage switching (ZVS) LLC resonant step up DC–DC converter with series‐connected primary windings of the transformer. The series resonant inverter in the proposed topology has two power switches (MOSFETs), two resonant capacitors, two resonant inductors, and only one transformer with center‐tapped primary windings. The power switches are connected in the form of a half‐bridge network. Resonant capacitors and inductors along with the primary windings of the transformer form two series resonant circuits. The series resonant circuits are fed alternately by operating the power switches with an interleaved half switching cycle. The secondary winding of transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier circuit to rectify the output voltage. The converter operates within a narrow frequency range below the resonance frequency to achieve ZVS, and its output power is regulated by pulse frequency modulation. The converter has lower conduction and switching losses and therefore higher efficiency. The experimental results of a 500‐W prototype of proposed converter are presented. The results confirm the good operation and performance of the converter. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Impulse testing of power transformers using the transfer functionmethod

The transfer function of a transformer winding is deconvoluted in the frequency domain from the digitally recorded neutral current and high voltage applied during impulse tests. The integrity of the winding insulation is determined by comparing the transfer function obtained at full and reduced test voltage. Differences between the transfer function plots reveal local breakdowns in the winding that can be dissociated from partial discharges. Thus the method permits unambiguous acceptance or rejection if the transformer and, since the transfer function is theoretically immune to changes in the applied impulse, also allows evaluation of the chopped-impulse test. Some 100 windings of large HV power transformers have been tested using the transfer function method, which on several occasions has revealed transformer faults as well a test setup problems that would have been missed or misinterpreted by conventional techniques     

变压器匝间短路建模及其实际应用

针对变压器匝间短路问题,提出将短路绕组等效成两个不同绕组的思路,并以三绕组变压器低压侧匝间短路为例进行建模,首先把发生短路的三绕组变压器等效为四绕组变压器,然后推导变压器的中低压侧电压公式。根据公式不仅可以计算短路信息,还证明了中低压侧电压都有明显降低,且低压绕组电压降低更严重。利用建立的模型,对广西电网某220 kV变压器匝间短路事故进行Matlab仿真分析,仿真曲线及短路匝数判断与实际录波波形及检查结果吻合,验证了模型的正确性。     

Resonant behavior of EHV transformer windings under system originated oscillatory transient over voltages

Grid connected EHV transformers experience various terminal disturbances when in service. The present work attempts to investigate the voltage stresses that may develop on the transformer insulations under a variety of terminal disturbances. A number of standard and non-standard wave shapes like lightning impulse, chopped lightning impulse, steep-front long tail switching surge and oscillatory transient over voltages have been simulated and impressed on the terminals of a 400 kV EHV power transformer operating in the Indian power grid to ascertain how the winding insulations are stressed under these disturbances. Relevant section of the Indian power grid and the transformer has been modeled using Alternative Transient Program (ATP). It has been established that oscillatory system transients can trigger natural resonate frequencies of the transformers causing high voltage stresses on the insulations. Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT) analysis of the oscillatory voltage response of the windings confirmed the presence of resonant frequencies indicating forced resonance. Some remedial measures involving winding design modifications have been suggested in the paper to overcome the problem.     

电力变压器绕组状态实时监测算法

为及时发现电力变压器绕组变形等潜伏性故障,需要实时监测变压器绕组的状态。建立了变压器绕组的数学模型,利用变压器原、次边的电压、电流信号对变压器的短路阻抗进行在线辨识。其方法是:实时采集模型变压器原、次边的电压、电流信号后,针对电压、电流传感器采集信号的特点,应用小波变换除去噪声,再利用基于离散傅里叶变换的高精度相位识别法辨识各正弦量间的相位差,得到各负载情况下变压器绕组等效电路的短路阻抗。利用模型三相变压器搭建的变压器绕组状态监测平台进行实验,结果表明,变压器绕组未发生状态改变时,不同负载情况下短路阻抗的辨识差别不超过0.64%;若变压器绕组发生变形及匝间短路等故障,短路阻抗的变化量达到5.6%以上,证明所提出的监测算法是有效的。