基于模量/应变波耦合特性的FBG碳纤维增强塑料复合材料拉伸断裂监测

从光纤Bragg光栅（FBG）反射中心波长随碳纤维增强塑料复合材料（CFRP）拉伸试件表面应变变化敏感特性的角度,详细研究了拉伸过程中FBG中心波长的拉伸变化速率（即CFRP的宏观弹性模量）与复合材料内部断裂饱和状态的相关性和断裂瞬间试件表面的应变波响应特性,即：在拉伸过程中,CFRP拉伸试件的宏观弹性模量随着内部断裂的发生而不断减小,且在试件出现明显应力松弛状态前趋于平稳;应力松弛状态出现时,断裂区域表面接收的应变波响应略大于其他区域。通过设计相应排布形式,将FBG与CFRP断裂监测相结合,提出了一种基于FBG传感的CFRP断裂分阶段监测方法。该方法中传感探头直接与CFRP试件耦合,测量及传导光路全光纤化,可实现对CFRP断裂状态的绝对监测。     

基于多重信号分类算法的复合材料冲击定位

为了提高复合材料结构冲击定位的精度和实时性, 将阵列信号处理技术引入到结构健康监测领域, 提出了利用小波变换和多重信号分类算法实现复合材料结构冲击定位的新方法: 通过小波变换提取冲击响应信号某一窄带频率成分, 运用多重信号分类(MUSIC) 算法实现冲击源到达方向的估计; 根据Lamb 波传播特性, 用小波变换求出某一中心频率下的对称模式和反对称模式的Lamb 波到达同一传感器的时间差, 结合对称模式和反对称模式Lamb 的速度差就可以估计出冲击源到达传感器的距离, 实现冲击定位。对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料层合板和碳纤维/双马树脂基复合材料层合板2 种试件的实验均表明该方法能快速、精确地识别出冲击源位置。      

基于小波包能量特征向量的光纤布拉格光栅低速冲击定位

光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)传感器在飞行器的实时冲击定位监测中具有广阔的应用前景。根据两次冲击位置距离越近接收到信号幅频特性相似度越高的关系,提出基于小波包能量特征向量与相似度匹配算法共同实现冲击定位的研究,构建了一套由光纤布拉格光栅传感器和复合材料层合板组成的冲击定位监测系统。首先通过遍布冲击建立能量特征向量数据库。然后通过试验点的能量特征向量与数据库中各点的能量特征向量进行相似度计算实现冲击定位。实验表明,对480 mm×480 mm的复合材料层合板的16次冲击定位实验中,该方法的最大误差为40 mm。     

基于FBG传感技术的复合材料T型加筋板低速冲击损伤监测

针对碳纤维增强树脂复合材料低速冲击损伤的实时监测,设计将布拉格光纤光栅（FBG）传感器埋植在复合材料T型加筋板结构的三角填充区,在线监测复合材料T型加筋板冲击损伤过程。分别将FBG传感器埋植于复合材料层合板内部和复合材料T型加筋板的三角填充区,对比FBG传感器的埋入对复合材料层合板和复合材料T型加筋板力学性能的影响。结果表明,内埋FBG传感器的复合材料层合板试样的拉伸强度比未埋植传感器的层合板试样降低了约5%,但在FBG传感器的破坏应变范围内,FBG传感器可以准确、实时地监测复合材料的应变信号。将FBG传感器埋入复合材料T型加筋板的三角填充区,内埋FBG传感器的T型加筋板样件压缩破坏载荷与未埋植的样件基本一致。通过对比T型加筋板蒙皮上冲击位置、冲击能量对FBG传感器测得的冲击过程持续时间和最大应变值的影响,表明冲击过程持续时间随着冲击能量增大而延长,最大应变值随着冲击距离的增加呈下降趋势,而最大应变值随着冲击能量的增大呈上升趋势。利用FBG传感器测得的应变信号可初步实现对复合材料T型加筋板蒙皮冲击损伤位置及冲击能量的实时监测。      

变厚度复合材料板低速冲击能量监测

为了监测变厚度复合材料层合板在使用过程中受到的低速冲击载荷,将光纤传感及信号处理技术相结合,建立了光纤布拉格光栅冲击能量监测系统。将光纤传感网络采集到的所有冲击样本信号进行WEMD分解;根据样本信号冲击能量特征值建立冲击样本信号能量特征集合;根据信号分解的第一阶分量确定厚度系数并修正能量特征集合,评估实际冲击能量。结果表明,基于WEMD分解的厚度系数修正方法能够更准确评估低速冲击能量,其中低灵敏度的大厚度区域平均误差从15.19%明显减少为6.96%。提出的能量识别方法成功识别了1~3 J冲击能量,其中最大误差为15.67%,平均误差为5.5%。     

冲击荷载下岩石声发射信号能量特征的小波包分析

根据冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号具有非平稳的特点,利用小波包分析技术对冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号的能量分布特征进行研究。首先,简略地介绍了小波包分析的特点。其次,基于MATLAB对岩石声发射信号进行小波包分析,得到了冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号在不同频带上的能量分布图。最后,总结了冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号频带能量的分布规律,重点讨论了冲击荷载作用下不同岩石对声发射信号频带能量分布的影响。分析结果发现岩石的物理力学性质影响冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号频带能量的分布规律,即岩石密度越小、纵波波速越小、弹性模量越小,冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号的优势频率就越集中,且优势频率有往低频发展的趋势;单轴压缩强度和抗拉强度对冲击荷载作用下岩石声发射信号能量在优势频率内分布的影响不明显。     

基于压电陶瓷传感器的水塔定向爆破监测试验研究

为了顺利完成水塔的定向拆除爆破,将压电陶瓷传感器应用于水塔的拆除爆破中,通过MATLAB小波包能量分析法对传感器监测信号进行能量指数计算.结果表明:试爆对水塔结构造成损伤,与导向窗径向对称的塔壁腹部的平均能量指数是其背部能量指数的60.37％,腹部产生的损伤小于背部的损伤;通过频谱分析发现水塔倒塌过程中各测点信号主频率...     

阀门内漏声波监测及其信号特征提取方法

针对管道阀门内漏故障,提出了一种采用双传感器结构的阀门内漏非介入式声波监测方法。设计了能够调节传感器和管壁的接触程度并锁紧,且可实现快速装卸的传感装置。分析比较了阀门正常与阀门内漏、管道敲击、阀门开启和关闭状态下启泵等干扰声波信号的时频域特征,提出了基于小波包能量分率的阀门内漏声波信号特征提取方法,有效区分了阀门内漏和外部干扰。该方法具有较高的泄漏检测灵敏度,可大大降低信号采样频率及阀门内漏诊断的难度。     

基于压电损伤监测的CFRP加固混凝土板抗爆性能实验研究

针对普通钢筋混凝土板和碳纤维布加固混凝土板(CFRP)进行爆破试验,比较了不同TNT炸药当量下CFRP加固板的破坏机理和动态响应.实验采用嵌入式压电智能骨料监测混凝土板的内部损伤状况,利用小波包能量分析理论计算损伤指数,并通过加速度和应变片监测混凝土板在爆炸荷载作用下的动态响应.实验结果表明:在药量较小(10 g、20...     

液态CO2相变破岩振动信号能量分布特征

针对液态CO_2相变破岩,设计振动信号监测试验,基于小波包变换分析振动信号能量分布规律。结果表明:液态CO2相变破岩振动信号主振频带与振动信号方向及传播距离相关性较小,基本位于0~4 Hz子频带,但主振频率对应能量分布百分比随着传播距离增加逐渐降低。随传播距离的增加,垂向振动信号高频段能量百分比逐渐增加,低频段能量百分比逐渐降低,且在中高频附近出现与主振频带对应能量百分比逐渐接近的"子中心"频带。同一测点不同方向频率能量分布百分比在0~100 Hz频带存在一定差异,但在其他频域内基本一致。     

A Flexible Conformal Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Electrospinning for Deformation Monitoring of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials are widely applied in various areas as key structure components. The structural health monitoring of the CFRP components is crucial to prevent catastrophic failure. However, the nonplane surfaces of CFRP components hinder the attaching of monitoring sensors with hard substrates. Therefore, the substrate conditions for sensor preparation are mainly considered in this study. To adapt the proposed sensors to the curved substrate, including nondevelopable surfaces, electrospinning method is used to prepare conformal piezoresistive fiber films, in which polymethyl methacrylate is served as the matrix and carbon nanotubes are utilized as the conductive filler. The piezoresistive fibers covered on CFRP substrates have a gauge factor up to 207.95 and can response to the strain less than 0.05%. Moreover, the sensor also has high durability and the ability to follow the dynamic excitation signals with as high as 50 Hz.     

Health Monitoring of Aerospace Structures Using Fibre Bragg Gratings Combined with Advanced Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition Techniques

Abstract: The main purpose of this work is to develop an innovative system for structural health monitoring of aerospace composite structures based on real‐time dynamic strain measurements. The dynamic response of a composite panel, which represents a section of a typical aeronautical structure, is measured using fibre Bragg grating (FBG) dynamic sensors. Damage is simulated by slightly varying locally the mass of the panel at different zones of the structure. A finite element model of the structure has been developed to simulate the dynamic behaviour based on the modal superposition principle. The numerical model was calibrated against experimental results, and it was used for the placement of the FBG sensors. The proposed damage detection algorithm utilises the collected dynamic response data, and through various levels of data processing, an artificial neural network identifies the damage size and location. Feature extraction is the first step of the algorithm. Novel digital signal processing techniques, such as the wavelet transform, are used for feature extraction. The extracted features are effective indices of damage location and its extension. The classification step comprises a feed‐forward back propagation network, whose output determines the simulated damage location. Finally, dedicated training and validation activities are carried out by means of numerical simulations and experimental procedures.     

Antenna/sensor multifunctional composites for the wireless detection of damage

Wireless structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques generally rely on the integration of sensors, transmitters, and antennas into structures; however, the ideal solution would entail the material itself acting as a monitoring system. The current work investigates the application of antenna/sensing multifunctional composites. In this technique, carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) structures are modeled as half-wavelength dipole antennas. The electrical or antenna property varies in accordance with damage occurrence and can be monitored wirelessly at a remote location. The feasibility of wireless SHM using the self-sensing antenna technique is investigated analytically and experimentally using unidirectional CFRP laminates and rotor blades of woven CFRP. The CFRP radiates radio energy well when it is used as a half-wavelength dipole antenna, and damages to the CFRP can be wirelessly detected by monitoring an increase in the resonant frequency of the CFRP antenna.     

Impact localisation with FBG for a self-healing carbon fibre composite structure

We demonstrated the localisation of impacts in orthotropic carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials to within a few centimetres, using a sparse array of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. This type of sensor is easily embedded in composites permitting the development of structures with integrated sensing capability. Impact location was determined by measuring the differences in time-of-flight of ultrasonic Lamb waves at three surface-mounted sensors. An algorithm was developed taking into account the angle dependence of the optical fibre sensor sensitivity and the variation of Lamb waves propagation velocity with direction and wave mode. The performance of FBG sensors for impact localisation was compared to that of standard piezoelectric transducers (PZTs), which are already widely used for that purpose. The FBG-based system showed promising potential for a non-intrusive impact detection system applied to self-healing composite structures.     

Impact localisation with FBG for a self-healing carbon fibre composite structure

We demonstrated the localisation of impacts in orthotropic carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials to within a few centimetres, using a sparse array of fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. This type of sensor is easily embedded in composites permitting the development of structures with integrated sensing capability. Impact location was determined by measuring the differences in time-of-flight of ultrasonic Lamb waves at three surface-mounted sensors. An algorithm was developed taking into account the angle dependence of the optical fibre sensor sensitivity and the variation of Lamb waves propagation velocity with direction and wave mode. The performance of FBG sensors for impact localisation was compared to that of standard piezoelectric transducers (PZTs), which are already widely used for that purpose. The FBG-based system showed promising potential for a non-intrusive impact detection system applied to self-healing composite structures.     

Development of smart composite structures with small-diameter fiber Bragg grating sensors for damage detection: Quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing

The authors and Hitachi Cable, Ltd. have recently developed small-diameter optical fiber and its fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor for embedment inside a lamina of composite laminates without strength reduction. The outside diameters of the cladding and polyimide coating are 40 and 52 μm, respectively. First, a brief summary is presented for applications of small-diameter FBG sensors to damage monitoring in composite structures. Then, we propose a new damage detection system for quantitative evaluation of delamination length in CFRP laminates using Lamb wave sensing. In this system, a piezo-ceramic actuator generates Lamb waves in a CFRP laminate. After the waves propagate in the laminate, transmitted waves are received by an FBG sensor attached on or embedded in the laminate using a newly developed high-speed optical wavelength interrogation system. This system was applied to detect interlaminar delamination in CFRP cross-ply laminates. When the Lamb waves passed through the delamination, the amplitude decreased and a new wave mode appeared. These phenomena could be well simulated using a finite element analysis. From the changes in the amplitude ratio and the arrival time of the new mode depending on the delamination length, it was found that this system could evaluate the delamination length quantitatively. Furthermore, small-diameter FBG sensors were embedded in a double-lap type coupon specimen, and the debonding progress could be evaluated using the wavelet transform.     

FBG应变传感器的动态特性及其应用范围

通过对应变波的传播过程分析，研究了FBG（Fiber Bragg Grating）应变传感器的动态特性，给出了应变波传递到裸FBG上的滞后时间，估算了FBG应变传感器的最高工作频率，并将自行封装的FBG应变传感器粘贴于海底管线模型上进行了振动台试验，结果表明，FBG应变传感器适用于低频振动系统的监测需要，在对低频振动系统的监测中具有良好的工作性能。     

梁损伤小波包分析和神经网络识别

针对柔性悬臂梁裂缝损伤问题进行损伤位置和损伤程度的识别研究。首先用有限元法建立系统动力学模型。然后对系统的动力响应信号进行小波包分解,建立基于小波包能量谱的损伤指标。把损伤指标作为改进BP神经网络的输入特征参数,用分步识别方法进行损伤位置和损伤程度的识别。最后进行了数值仿真研究。仿真结果表明,利用小波包分析和改进的BP神经网络可以精确地识别出柔性梁的损伤位置和损伤程度。     

An experimental–numerical investigation of hydrothermal response in adhesively bonded composite structures

Water absorption and thermal response of adhesive composite joints were investigated by measurements and numerical simulations. Water diffusivity, saturation, swelling, and thermal expansion of the constituent materials and the joint were obtained from gravimetric experiments and strain measurements using embedded fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors. The mechanical response of these materials at different temperatures and water content was characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal loading and water absorption in joint specimens were detected by monitoring the FBG wavelength shift caused by thermal expansion or water swelling. The measured parameters were used in finite element models to simulate the response of the embedded sensor. The good correlation of experimental data and simulations confirmed that the change in FBG wavelength could be accurately related to the thermal load or water absorption process. The suitability of the embedded FBG sensors for monitoring of water uptake in adhesive composite joints was demonstrated.