静电传感器空间灵敏度特性研究

对应用于气-固两相流参数检测的静电传感器的空间灵敏度分布特性进行了研究。建立了静电传感器的数学模型,并应用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS对不同的传感器结构尺寸内的静电场分布进行了数值分析,进而获得了静电传感器空间灵敏场分布。结果表明：静电传感器的灵敏场分布不均匀,在不同的轴向和径向位置灵敏度不同,壁面附近灵敏度较高,轴线处较低;轴向长度越长,灵敏度越高,灵敏场相对越均匀;由于边缘效应,静电传感器的灵敏空间略大于其几何结构所确定的空间。     

爆破地震波穿越不同介质结构面的衰减效应

为探索爆破地震波穿越不同充填介质结构面的振动速度、频率和能量分布的衰减规律,采用混凝土边坡相似模型进行爆破振动试验。通过分析爆破地震波的峰值振动速度、边际能量谱和各频带能量百分比,获得了爆破地震波穿越无结构面与结构面充填泥、细沙、水和空气的衰减规律。结果表明:当充填介质波阻抗越小,地震波的峰值能量和峰值振动速度衰减越快,频率上表现出高频滤波作用越强,在频带间能量分布变窄,主频带有往低频带0~20 Hz聚集的趋势;值得注意的是,当水作为充填介质时,不仅水的波阻抗会影响地震波的衰减,而且水的微压缩连续性也会使峰值能量和峰值振动速度衰减更慢,能量在频带间分布更广,水的流动性则会造成爆破地震波的主频带在各传播方向上分布不一。在相同充填介质条件下,随着结构面倾角增大,峰值振动速度在各传播方向上均减小。     

爆破地震波穿越不同介质结构面的衰减效应

为探索爆破地震波穿越不同充填介质结构面的振动速度、频率和能量分布的衰减规律,采用混凝土边坡相似模型进行爆破振动试验。通过分析爆破地震波的峰值振动速度、边际能量谱和各频带能量百分比,获得了爆破地震波穿越无结构面与结构面充填泥、细沙、水和空气的衰减规律。结果表明:当充填介质波阻抗越小,地震波的峰值能量和峰值振动速度衰减越快,频率上表现出高频滤波作用越强,在频带间能量分布变窄,主频带有往低频带0～20 Hz聚集的趋势;值得注意的是,当水作为充填介质时,不仅水的波阻抗会影响地震波的衰减,而且水的微压缩连续性也会使峰值能量和峰值振动速度衰减更慢,能量在频带间分布更广,水的流动性则会造成爆破地震波的主频带在各传播方向上分布不一。在相同充填介质条件下,随着结构面倾角增大,峰值振动速度在各传播方向上均减小。     

新型磨损区域静电传感器特性参数研究

磨损区域静电传感器常用于航空器关键部件磨损的在线监测。为了对该新型传感器的监测性能进行研究,建立了棒状磨损区域静电传感器的数学模型及其性能测试平台,对传感器的空间灵敏度、工作效率、有效视场等特性参数进行了仿真计算和测试。结果表明：空间灵敏度随着探极感应面半径的增大而增大;工作效率随着径距比的增大而增大;工作效率的仿真值与测试值的变化趋势一致,证明了所建磨损区域静电传感器数学模型的正确性;有效视场随着探极感应面半径的增大而增大。研究结果对新型磨损区域静电传感器的设计优化及其应用具有重要的指导意义。     

受刚体碰撞方管柱考虑局部屈曲时的弹塑性冲击荷载

使用壳单元建立方管柱模型,用数值方法跟踪方管柱受到刚体撞击的全过程,得到不同质量比、不同冲击速度时的弹性和弹塑性冲击荷载,比较了方管模型柱和杆模型柱的冲击荷载结果并进行了分析。结果表明:对于弹性方管模型,当质量比越小、冲击速度越大时,冲击荷载峰值越大;接触时间也越长;局部屈曲亦越明显,造成管模型的冲击荷载峰值比相同参数杆模型的冲击荷载峰值降低也越多,因此管模型的冲击荷载峰值和速度不成线性关系。方管中的双向应力波导致管模型的冲击荷载曲线和只有单向应力波的杆模型的曲线有所不同,后者更光滑一些。对于弹塑性方管模型,和弹塑性杆类似,由于塑性的发展,弹塑性管模型的冲击荷载峰值随冲击速度的提高而增大,但是随速度变化的冲击荷载峰值曲线比弹性模型的平缓很多。由于管模型的局部屈曲效应,其弹塑性冲击荷载总是小于杆模型的冲击荷载。冲击速度越大,质量比越小,弹塑性管模型的冲击荷载峰值越大且接触时间越长。     

水下夹芯复合空腔结构声学特性试验研究

引入空腔改善夹芯复合结构低频段吸声性能。建立了三种典型水下声隐身结构声学系统模型,在数值分析吸声性能影响因素基础上,运用脉冲声管试验方法,分析了空气背衬“硬”边界条件和水背衬“软”边界条件下,有无空腔试样、不同空腔间距、空腔形状和深度对谐振吸声峰值及峰值频率等的影响。试验结果表明,空腔显著改善了夹芯复合结构低频段吸声性能;空气背衬下,空腔间距越小,首阶谐振吸声峰值越大,峰值频率越低,水背衬条件下则相反;空腔体积越大,首阶谐振吸声峰值越小,峰值频率越低。     

新型聚四氟乙烯体材料双面驻极结构振动能量收集器

提出一种新型静电式振动能量收集器，该器件采用基于聚四氟乙烯体材料驻极体的双面电晕驻极结构，提高了薄膜驻极体静电式振动能量收集器的输出功率．在电晕驻极栅网电压为-700V的条件下，体材料驻极体的上下表面分别获得了-564．0V±83．1V、-636．4V±69．7V的表面电位均值．采用组装方式制成器件，并在正弦激振条件下测试器件的输出性能．实验结果表明，在振动频率10Hz、峰值加速度1．2g的条件下，器件输出峰值功率达到30μw，平均功率达到5．5μw，优于目前多数薄膜驻极体器件的性能，接近低功耗传感器的实际功率要求．     

弹簧式衰减器的三维UDF数值模拟分析EI北大核心CSCD

提出了新型弹簧式衰减器结构,以弹簧式衰减器为研究对象,针对无法定量分析衰减器衰减性能的问题,成功模拟了弹簧式衰减器中活塞的运动,克服了动网格计算中易出现的负体积问题。在不同的弹簧刚度与不同的频率条件下对弹簧式衰减器进行三维UDF数值计算,结果表明,当流体的脉动频率与衰减器的固有频率一致时,衰减效果最好,衰减率可达71%;弹簧刚度越低,衰减器的工作频带越宽。试验与仿真的结果相吻合,验证了衰减器模型的有效性和的可行性,为弹簧式衰减器衰减性能的定量分析提供了新方法和新思路。     

大型水陆两栖飞机舱段入水冲击实验研究

传统的水上飞机水载荷试验基本采用刚性缩比模型,不能计及弹性变形及缩尺比对载荷的影响。利用大型水陆两栖飞机舱段开展着水载荷试验研究,针对大型试验件开展了试验方案设计,开展不同重量状态和入水速度着水试验,分析加速度峰值的变化规律、压力的时历特性和分布特性,对比不同浸湿半宽下加速度的理论与试验值。结果表明,局部压力曲线出现了二次峰值现象;加速度峰值随着重量和入水速度的增大非线性增大;随着重量的增大,加速度峰值对应的浸湿半宽增大,速度对此影响较小;Von-Karman理论较Wagner理论更接近试验结果;着水速度越小,重力对结构入水过程影响越大。     

静电传感器在气固两相流参数测量中的应用

利用静电传感器测量固体颗粒的速度是气固两相流参数测量中一种极为重要的应用。静电传感器测速原理主要有互相关法、空间滤波法。文中着重介绍了基于静电传感器的空间滤波法测量固体颗粒速度。该方法试验装置结构简单,实验数据处理是在频域内找到信号的"特征"点,例如信号的峰值点、截止点等。理论和很多实验结果均证明了静电传感器空间滤波颗粒平均速度测量方法的有效性。     

Local Particle Mean Velocity Measurement in Pneumatic Conveying Pipelines Using Electrostatic Sensor Arrays

In this paper, a measurement system for the local mean velocity of pneumatically conveyed particles is proposed and developed. It mainly consists of electrostatic sensor arrays, signal conditioning circuits, and a digital signal processor (DSP)-based data acquisition and processing unit. Electrostatic sensor arrays are used to detect the charge on particles in its sensing zone and further make the local particle mean velocity measurement in conjunction with cross-correlation method. The sampling frequency is determined from theoretical analysis of the bandwidth of electrostatic signal and accuracy of correlation velocity calculation. Experiments are carried out on a belt conveyor and a gravity-fed particle rig to determine the optimized sampling number of the electrostatic signal through analyzing the measurement error of the transit time. The results showed that the more sampling numbers, the higher stability of measurement results. The repeatability of the measurement system is less than ±2.2% and the linearity is better than ±4.9% over the velocity range of 5.50–21.98 m/s. Experiments are also performed on a high-pressure dense-phase pneumatic conveying system of pulverized coal, indicating that the measurement system is capable of achieving local mean velocity measurement of pneumatically conveyed particles with the relative standard deviation less than 5.5%.     

Suppressing electrostatic screening in nanostructured electrode arrays

An individual nanostructure provides very high electric field enhancement because the sharp curvature of the nanostructure tip amplifies the local electric field near the apex tip. However any practical nanostructured electrode is comprised of an ensemble (array) of nanostructures. In such systems, mutual electrostatic shielding (or screening) severely limits the maximum achievable electric field enhancement. In this paper, we discuss three approaches for suppression of shielding. These include--(1) reducing anode-to-cathode distance to less than the nanostructure-to-nanostructure spacing, (2) increasing length of selected individual nanostructures within the array, and (3) design of electrodes with multistage amplification. We show that these approaches are effective in alleviating electrostatic shielding and that the enhancement factor of the electrode array (ensemble) can be engineered to match that of the individual (isolated) nanostructure.     

电容层析成像系统阵列电极三维优化设计

基于COMSOL软件构建了电容层析成像传感器三维有限元模型,并实现其正问题求解,在此基础上,进行了电容层析成像3层分布的阵列电极传感器参数的无量纲优化设计。首先,分析了传感器的屏蔽层半径R3、电极高度h、电极宽度w及电极层间距l对灵敏度均匀性指标P及电容值动态范围D的影响规律;然后,通过设计正交试验,综合分析各结构参数对优化指标的影响;最终,得到一组电容层析成像三维传感器的优化结构参数:R3=1.50,h=0.20,w=0.20,l=0.06。     

Bulk micromachined electrostatic RMS-to-DC converter

Bulk micromachining in silicon and glass wafers and subsequent silicon-to-glass anodic bonding have been used for the realization of an electrostatic RMS-to-DC converter. A suspended membrane has been designed for: large dynamic operating range (detection limit by minimum mechanical-thermal noise and high value of the pull-in voltage), maximum bandwidth (low series resistance, high second harmonic suppression using squeeze film damping and suspension beam design), long-term stability, and a sufficient displacement-to-voltage sensitivity (membrane area and suspension arm length). Prototypes are typically composed of a 3 × 3 mm² perforated membrane area suspended by four beams of 200 μm length, 500 μm width, and 4 μm thickness micromachined out of silicon and aligned to a counter electrode on glass with 4-μm spacing in between. Measurements on realized devices show a 4.5 pF nominal capacitance. Static measurements indicate a sensitivity of 5 fF/V² and a voltage shift of 0.2 V. The nominal square relation is achieved within a 0.5% nonconformity error     

基于凸优化方法的期望主瓣幅度响应波束图设计

将发射阵的期望主瓣幅度响应波束设计转化为凸优化问题,并利用cvx工具箱求解最优加权。首先,根据期望波束的主瓣范围,将空间区域分为主瓣区域和旁瓣区域,再在主瓣区域内将设计波束和期望波束之差的2-范数最小化,并将设计波束图旁瓣级控制在期望值之下。最后,利用cvx工具箱对该凸优化问题进行求解,获得满足要求的设计波束图。通过计算机仿真对所提波束图设计方法的有效性进行了验证。     

液固两相流超声断面成像装置的研究

以水、泥沙构成的液固两相流为研究对象,制作了压电超声传感器、传感器阵列及超声波收发电路,构成了两相流断面超声投影数据采集系统,实现了计算机高速数据采集。实验验证,设计的压电传感器谐振频率达到200 kHz,发射角度大,接收灵敏度高;采用RC滤波方法,能够有效地滤除接收传感器受到的工频电磁干扰信号;收发传感器交替排列的传感阵列既可以获得最大数量的投影数据,又可以使强弱电电路分离,免受互扰;采集的投影数据能够反映固相流动状况。     

Capacitive transducers with curved electrodes

The design, performance, and potential applications are described for capacitive transducers with curved electrodes. A curved electrode governs the deflection of a compliant electrode under applied stress. A dielectric film on one electrode provides a variable region of fixed electrode spacing. The sensitivity and linear dynamic range of the transducers are higher and wider than devices with parallel electrodes. An electrical advantage is obtained from the permittivity of the dielectric film and a mechanical advantage from its thinness. Transducers have been constructed with silicon diaphragms that bend and polymer membranes that stretch in response to uniform pressure. The silicon sensors measured dynamic pressure changes over a linear range of 125 dB. An 885% change in capacitance was obtained for a sensor with a thin silicon diaphragm. Sensors with polycarbonate membranes demonstrated the ability of a low-cost transducer to measure pressure, fluid flow, displacement, and tilt. An active capacitive bridge circuit was developed to linearly measure capacitance changes up to 1000% and to control electrostatic actuators by force-balanced feedback. Methods and materials to construct microscale transducers are discussed along with the performance limitations of electrostatic actuation.     

A Computational Study of Soot Formation in Methane Air Co-Flow Diffusion Flame Under Microgravity Conditions

An in-house developed code has been used to predict soot formation in a methane air co flow diffusion flame at normal gravity and at lower gravity levels of 0.5 G, and 0.0001 G (microgravity). There is an augmentation of soot formation at lower gravity levels because of lower buoyancy induced acceleration leading to an increased residence time. The peak temperature at microgravity is reduced by about 50 K than that at normal gravity level. The axial velocity under normal gravity and reduced gravity show negative values (relatively small in magnitude) near the wall at axial height beyond 15 cm; but axial velocity is never negative in microgravity condition. Peak value of soot volume fraction at 0.5 G and microgravity multiplies by a factor of ～3 and ～7, respectively of that at normal gravity. The zone of peak soot volume fraction shifts away from the axis towards the wings, as gravity level is lowered. In comparison to soot volume fraction, the factors of amplification of soot number density at reduced gravity and at microgravity are comparatively lower at 1.2 and 1.5 of that at normal gravity respectively. On the other hand, mean soot particle sizes at reduced gravity and microgravity increase to 1.5 and 2 times of that at normal gravity respectively.     

基于FLANN算法的速度传感器动态补偿

磁电式速度传感器由于自身工作原理,其固有频率下限值受到结构和体积的限制.应用于振动测试时常需对其工作频带进行补偿扩展,以使其能检测固有频率以下的速度信号.本文针对磁电式速度传感器,建立了其动态数学模型,给出了一种基于函数链人工神经网络(FLANN)算法的动态补偿策略.分析对比了采用传感器输入输出设计的FLANN算法补偿器与采用零极点配置法进行动态补偿的效果.结果表明,采用FLANN算法设计的补偿器具有更小的补偿误差,且有效扩展了速度传感器的使用频带,很好地满足了工程上超低频振动测量的要求.