Combined effects of NaCl and raw meat pH on water-holding in cooked sausage with and without added phosphate

The intake of sodium in diets is of concern in many industrialized countries. Attempts have been made to lower sodium intake via meat products. The keeping quality, taste and water-holding/firmness of meat products have usually been impaired. The water-holding in cooked sausage was determined by a laboratory sausage method. Beef and pork with varying natural post-rigor pH-values (range: pork 5.50-6.12 and beef 5.60-6.48) were used as mixtures, and 0.5-2.5 % NaCl was used with or without added commercial sausage phosphate (2,5 g/kg determined as P(2)O(5)). The pH-values of raw batter increased to a level 0.0-0.7 units higher than the pH-values of the respective meat mixtures. The increase was higher in lower pH-values, with higher salt levels and with added phosphate. The cooking caused an additional increase of about 0.0-0.2 units, and the increase was again higher at lower pH-values. Maximum in water-holding was reached in 2.5% NaCl in all pH-values, both with and without added phosphate. The pH-value of meat raw materials for the maximum water-holding was ca. 6.3. The combined effect of salt and pH is important in high salt contents and low pH-values. By 2.5% NaCl , where the maximum in water-holding was obtained, raw meat pH has the largest effect, but in low NaCl contents, below 1.0%, only a minor effect in pH-values below 5.9, and above that, almost no effect. Approximately the same water-holding as with 2.5% NaCl in pH 5.7 can be reached with 1.5% NaCl in pH 6.1 and above. The effects of the variables were similar with pork and beef. It was concluded that when lowering the salt content in cooked sausages, the pH of the batter should be increased by using high-pH meat mixtures and/or pH-raising phosphates in order to reach a high enough level of water-holding.     

Changes of radical-scavenging capacity and ferrous reducing power in chub mackerel Scomber japonicus and Pacific saury Cololabis saira during 4 °C storage and retorting

To clarify the effects of freshness of raw fishes and boil-retort process on the antioxidant activities, we determined stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity and ferrous reducing power in the ethanol extract solution of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus and Pacific saury Cololabis saira meat before and after retort process (115 °C for 80 min). The antioxidant activities in boiled (mizu-ni) and canned fish were also investigated. The mizu-ni can products contain only fish meat and little salt. The radical-scavenging capacity was increased about ten times in chub mackerel and about six times in Pacific saury by the retort treatment. Both antioxidant activities of raw chub mackerel meat increased during 10 days storage at 4 °C. On the other hand, the increasing of antioxidant activity in the stored and retorted meat was observed until four days storage. In the case of mizu-ni canned products, the antioxidant activities were high in common-grade cans rather than high-grade cans. Almost the antioxidant activities shown in this study were correlated with absorbance at 245 nm. We consider that the results about differences of antioxidant activities between raw and retorted fishes or fresh and several day stored fishes are useful for the food functions and safeties.     

延边黄牛胴体质量等级的完善及不同等级肉质比较

对延边黄牛胴体质量等级进行完善,为胴体等级标准的建立提供前提条件,并比较不同等级延边黄牛肉肉质差异.结果表明:不同质量等级延边黄牛肉中水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量各组间均无显著差异,粗脂肪含量差异显著(P<0.05).不同质量等级延边黄牛肉中失水率、系水率、熟肉率、剪切力差异显著(P<0.05).牛肉质量等级越高,熟肉率和系水率越高,嫩度越好.     

Survey of bisphenol a diglycidyl ether (BADGE) in canned foods.

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether (BADGE) is used in the manufacture of lacquers for coating the inside of food and beverage cans. In June 1996 the EC Scientific Committee for Food temporarily increased the specific migration limit applying to BADGE to 1 mg/kg pending consideration of additional toxicological data. In order to find out if there is migration of BADGE from can coatings into foods, a 'worst case' sampling exercise has been conducted to survey those canned foods where the propensity for migration of BADGE was judged to be highest. The foods surveyed include canned fish in oil, meat and milk and, altogether, BADGE was determined in 181 retail samples. Analysis for BADGE was conducted, in duplicate, by HPLC with fluorescence detection with confirmation of BADGE identity by GC/MS analysis using selected ion monitoring. BADGE was found at levels exceeding 1 mg/kg in seven of the 15 canned anchovy samples and five of the 22 sardine samples purchased during the period September 1995-July 1996. Infrared analysis of the can coatings provided strong evidence that the higher BADGE levels found were associated with use of PVC organosol lacquers, although in some cases cans coated with organosols gave low BADGE results. For canned sardine samples found to contain greater than 0.5 mg/kg BADGE in the total contents, a replicate can was opened and separate analyses performed on the drained fish and the oil. The results clearly showed that BADGE concentrations in the oil were about 20 times higher than in the drained fish. Further samples of canned sardines and anchovies were purchased in June/July 1997 and, in all cases, BADGE levels were found to be below 1 mg/kg. In the other retail canned foods, BADGE was not detectable (DL = 0.02 mg/kg) or detected at concentrations well below the temporary SML of 1 mg/kg.     

Quality Characteristics of Chinese-style Meatball Containing Bacterial Cellulose (Nata)

ABSTRACT: The physicochemical, textural, and quality characteristics of Chinese-style meatball (20% fat) containing varying levels of bacterial cellulose (nata) were evaluated. Cooking losses of nata-containing Chinese-style meatballs were higher than those of control (containing no nata and 20% fat [C20]). Raw nata-added batter had higher water-holding capacity than control, but the pattern was reversed after cooking. N10 (10% nata) and C20 had the highest springiness scores. Textural hardness and shear-force value were significantly higher for C20, but both attributes for nata-added treatments decreased with increasing nata levels. Addition of 10% nata to Chinese-style meatballs produced products with acceptable textural and sensory qualities. Nata showed potential as a functional ingredient in Chinese-style emulsified meat products such as Chinese-style meatballs.     

Study of the puffing process of amaranth seeds by dielectric spectroscopy

Amaranth (Amaranth spp) is considered a pseudocereal with valuable nutritional characteristics. Amaranth grain is commonly used in cereal industry as expanded product obtained from the puffing operation. In this work, the puffing process of amaranth seeds with different water content was studied. Moreover, the seeds and puffed kernels were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), image analysis, dielectric spectroscopy and Cryo-SEM. The results of the study allowed identifying different levels of water retention in amaranth seeds. Moreover, the expansion process was modeled determining the critical points, obtaining the state variables and the final product conditions. It was also performed a structural study of the amaranth seed and the puffed product. The dielectric properties were also measured for determining the optimal time for the puffing operation.     

A comparison of some metabolitesin skeletal muscle of different halothane sensitivity withmeat quality traits of pigs using a capillary isotachophoresis technique

Isotachophoretic (ITP) measurements were made on biopsy samples from live muscle M. longissimus lumborum and carcasses of pigs. Two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, the methodological aspects of ITP measurements from skeletal muscle, were studied. In Experiment 2, ITP measurements on muscle and carcass samples were made. The muscle and carcass samples were obtained by shot or spring-loaded biopsy from the Longissimus lumborum muscle of 30 Belgium Landrace × Duroc pigs, of which 10 were halothane-positive. The pigs were slaughtered by electro-stunning and manguination at approximately 105 kg body l. w.

The potential meat quality in live pigs and after slaughter using small biopsy samples of M. longissimus lumborum was also determined. The experimental results show that ITP (mainly inosinemonophosphate and lactate) and meat quality data (water-holding capacity test, pH and R value) can differentiate halo thane-positive from halothane-negative pigs. Out results confirmed previous results which showed that the water-holding capacity test defined as fluid volume', pH and R value measurements on biopsy samples can also predict the potential meat quality in live pigs.     

大豆分离蛋白添加方式对猪肉凝胶特性的影响

大豆分离蛋白是肉制品加工中常用的植物蛋白,能够改善肉制品品质,但添加方式影响肉制品质量。本文研究添加大豆分离蛋白和11S球蛋白变性的大豆分离蛋白乳化猪背膘对猪肉肉糜蒸煮得率、乳化稳定性及猪肉凝胶色差和质构的影响,并应用低场核磁共振技术,研究不同处理猪肉凝胶中水分分布状态和水分迁移特性的异同。与添加大豆分离蛋白相比,添加大豆分离蛋白乳化猪背膘显著提高(P0.05)猪肉肉糜的蒸煮得率和乳化稳定性,提高凝胶的L*-值和b*-值,硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性等。低场核磁共振结果表明:添加大豆分离蛋白乳化猪背膘的凝胶,T_(2b)和T_(22)弛豫时间较短,说明水分可移动性降低;T_(21)的峰比例增加,而T_(22)的峰比例降低,说明不易流动的水分含量增加,凝胶有较好的保水性。     

大豆分离蛋白添加量对低盐木质化鸡肉糜凝胶特性的影响

探究大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolates,SPI)添加量对低盐和正常盐木质化鸡胸肉糜凝胶特性的影响.实验设置正常鸡胸肉为对照组.将不同量(0％、1％、2％)SPI分别添加到含1％和2％食盐的木质化和正常鸡胸肉糜中,测定热诱导凝胶的质构特性、颜色、蒸煮损失、水分分布以及蛋白质二级结构等指标.结果表明:相...     

The effect of supplementation with expanded sunflower seed on carcass and meat quality of lambs raised on pasture

The use of conventional concentrates in the supplementation of grass-based fed lambs may induce improvements in growth performance and/or carcass quality but may be disadvantageous in fatty acid profile of tissues, with a negative impact in some nutritional indexes. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects on growth performance, carcass and meat quality of using unprotected, unsaturated fat as a supplement for grass-fed based lambs. Twenty-four Merino Branco ram lambs raised on pasture, were supplemented with corn whole grain plus sunflower meal or corn whole grain plus expanded sunflower seed, from 20 to 30 kg live weight. The supplement had no effects on growth performance, carcass quality traits, or meat pH, colour estimates (L^*, a^*, b^*), water-holding capacity, shear force and sensorial attributes. However, lambs supplemented with expanded sunflower seed showed higher proportions of cis-9, trans-11 octadecadienoic acid and trans-vaccenic acid in intramuscular and subcutaneous fat, showing that the inclusion of unprotected lipids in lambs diet was effective in preventing the reduction of rumenic acid (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11) that occurs when conventional concentrates are used as a supplement.     

Influences of Gums, Soy Protein Isolate, and Heating Temperatures on Reduced-Fat Meat Batters in a Model System

Effects of incorporation of iota-carrageenan, sodium alginate (AL), and soy protein isolate (SPI) in comparison with control (CONT) on the textural and physicochemical properties of reduced-fat (15%) meat emulsions heated to various internal temperatures were investigated. Lower percent fat and water losses for treatments containing gums or soy protein isolate than those of CONT indicated that addition of gums and soy protein isolate could improve emulsion stability. AL had the greatest water-holding capacity at the higher endpoint temperatures (76.7 °C and 82.2 °C), which was possibly due to the formation of a heat-stable alginate gel. The SPI had the highest concentration of salt-soluble protein in either raw or cooked meat batter.     

Tin and Iron Content of Canned and Bottled Foods

The tin and iron content of 14 different types of canned foods and of 5 different types of bottled foods were determined. No tin was detected in most bottled foods, but tin was detected in all canned foods. Storage of foods on the shelf for 4 months or in open cans in the refrigerator for 1 wk resulted in increased amounts of tin and iron in some of the canned foods. Those foods which were packed in totally lacquered cans accumulated little tin or iron during storage; those foods which were packed in unlacquered or partially lacquered cans generally accumulated significant amounts of iron and tin during storage. The tin content of the canned foods was not statistically correlated to the pH of the foods.     

植物油预乳状液替代猪脂肪对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响

将1 g/100 mL氧化绿原酸添加到以猪血浆蛋白水解物作为乳化剂所制备的水包油型乳状液中,以此获得高稳定性的植物油预乳状液。然后将该预乳状液以15%、30%、45%和60%的比例替代猪脂肪加入到法兰克福香肠中,探讨替代脂肪比例对香肠品质特性的影响。测定香肠的蒸煮损失、质构、色度以及水分迁移规律,同时测定肉糜的乳化稳定性和流变特性。结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）,硬度、咀嚼性、L*值和b*值显著增加（P＜0.05）,而弹性、黏结性、感官评价无显著变化（P＞0.05）。低场核磁研究结果发现,预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P＜0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。与此同时,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,肉糜的乳化稳定性显著增加（P＜0.05）。另外,肉糜的流变学测定结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著提高肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G’）和损失模量（G′′）,而且显著降低了相位角正切值（tanδ）（P＜0.05）。在法兰克福香肠的制作中猪脂肪能够被预乳状液部分替代,而且对香肠的感官无显著影响,尤其以45%的替代量为最佳。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对鸭胸肉糜凝胶性能的影响

以鸭胸肉糜为研究对象,探讨不同谷氨酰胺转氨酶（transglutaminase,TG）添加量（0（T1）、2（T2）、4（T3）、6（T4）、8 g（T5））对肉糜保水性、色差、质构和水分分布状态的影响。结果表明：添加TG酶显著提高鸭胸肉糜的亮度值（L*）、蒸煮得率和质构参数（P＜0.05）,降低红度值（a*）和黄度值（b*）;鸭胸肉糜的L*、蒸煮得率和质构特性随着TG酶添加量的增加而显著提高（P＜0.05）,但T4和T5组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;鸭胸肉糜的T21和T22起始弛豫时间随着TG酶添加量的增加显著缩短（P＜0.05）,T21的峰面积比例显著增加,T22的峰面积比例显著降低（P＜0.05）,表明水分的流动性降低,但T4和T5组差异不显著（P＞0.05）。综上所述,711.6 g鸭胸肉糜中添加6 g TG酶时保水性和质构最佳。     

新疆双峰骆驼肉的加工适宜性

以新疆双峰骆驼肉为研究对象,测定后腿肉、臀部肉、前肩肉、腱子肉、背最长肌、里脊肉、前腿肉、排骨肉和脖子肉9个部位肉的pH值、色度、失水率、系水力、嫩度、熟肉率以及肌肉组织学特性指标.结果表明:不同部位驼肉的pH值均在正常范围内,腱子肉与排骨肉的色度显著高于其他部位(P<0.05);不同部位肉间失水率、系水力和嫩度均存在...     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

The effect of simulated transport of fresh meats on their water-holding capacity as assessed by various methods

This study was designed to establish the effects of transport vibrations on the water-holding capacity of fresh non-stimulated veal and pork and electrically- and non-stimulated beef. Furthermore, drip production was followed during storage by various methods which were compared for their suitability in industrial practice and scientific research. During storage, the amount of drip increased, whilst the rate of drip formation decreased. Filter paper wetness measured at 1 day post mortem was positively correlated with drip lost over a period of 2 weeks of refrigerated storage in poly-ethylene bags (method 1) and poly-propylene containers (method 2). This suggests that the filter paper wetness test may be useful to predict drip loss of stored meat. Simulated transport did not result in higher drip losses, although a significant increase in filter paper wetness from the fresh cut surface of veal and pork was found, suggesting that transport affects the initial rate of drip production, but not the total amount of drip. In beef, transport simulation resulted in an increase in filter paper wetness from the surface of electrically-stimulated meat, stored for 1 or 2 weeks, indicating that fluid loss was elevated due to transport vibrations. However, this effect seemed to be related to the intrinsic water-holding capacity of the sample: meat with a low intrinsic water-holding capacity seemed to be more sensitive to transport vibrations than meat with a high intrinsic water-holding capacity.     

The effect of various types of poultry pre- and post-rigor meats on emulsification capacity, water-holding capacity and cooking loss

In this study, the relationship between various kinds of poultry meat (quail, partridge, chicken and turkey) on pH, emulsification capacity, water-holding capacity and cooking loss was investigated. The effect of rigor state on pH, emulsification capacity, water-holding capacity and cooking loss was also determined. To investigate these parameters, immediately after slaughter and deboning, meat parts were submitted to both pre- and post-rigor analyses. The results indicated that the emulsification capacity of quail and chicken meat was higher than the values for partridge and turkey meat. Quail meat showed the highest water-holding capacity value in the post-rigor stage. The lowest cooking loss value was found in partridge meat, in both pre- and post-rigor stages. The state of rigor had a significant (P<0.05; P0.01) effect on pH and cooking loss values, respectively.     

肉类罐头食品中双酚A二缩水甘油醚及其衍生物的迁移

本实验应用高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱法分析检测肉类罐头食品中双酚A二缩水甘油醚(BADGE)及其衍生物的残留,重点研究了肉类罐头中的内容物、存储时间(6个月、9个月、12个月)以及存储温度(4、20、100℃)对双酚A二缩水甘油醚(BADGE)及其衍生物的迁移量的影响,单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)检验实验结果表明,不同内容物罐头中从内壁涂层迁移至样品的BADGE及其衍生物存在显著性差异(p<0.05),Student-Newman-Keuls法检验表明存储12个月后目标化合物的迁移量与6个月、9个月存在显著性差异,存储温度为4、20℃时化合物迁移量没有显著差异,但是罐头加热到100℃后目标化合物迁移量是最大的。     

玉米变性淀粉与蔗糖脂肪酸酯对冷却肉的保水作用研究

将玉米变性淀粉配成不同浓度的溶液,再分别对冷却肉浸泡不同时间,通过对鲜肉保水性指标的测定,得到玉米改性淀粉的适宜保水浓度及时间为：质量浓度0.8g/100ml、浸泡时间60s。采用响应曲面法优化的冷却肉保水最佳配比为玉米变性淀粉质量浓度0.43g/100ml、蔗糖脂肪酸酯质量浓度0.80g/100ml、浸泡时间270s。