柴油机燃油喷射系统出油阀偶件的试验研究

以无锡威孚公司目前机械直列喷油泵产品中强化程度较高的PMS喷油泵为基础 ,通过试验研究的方法 ,对比测试与分析等压出油阀、阻尼阀、等容出油阀喷油泵性能数据 ,研究 3种基本出油阀偶件在高喷射压力强化条件下 ,对喷油泵泵端压力、嘴端压力、喷油规律与燃油液力系统穴蚀、二次喷射的影响规律与程度。研究表明 ,等压出油阀偶件相对等容出油阀、阻尼阀在残余压力与喷油定时稳定性及解决燃油液力系统穴蚀、二次喷射问题等方面具有较为明显的优势     

FEUP单体泵燃油系统性能数值分析及试验研究

在AMESim软件中建立了FEUP单体泵燃油系统计算模型,应用试验分析和模拟计算相结合方法分析了FEUP单体泵燃油系统油量突变产生原因,研究了不同工况下泵端压力和喷油量特性、低压油路压力特性,分析了稳压阀特性和电磁阀两端低压压力特性,提出了改进油量突变解决措施。     

对四缸PWS型喷油泵凸轮轴断裂的研究

针对4缸PWS型喷油泵凸轮轴出现的断裂破坏,进行了计算分析,发现如果喷油泵正确安装,凸轮轴的应力分布情况良好,即使泵端压力达到100 MPa也不会出现凸轮轴疲劳断裂的情况;如果凸轮轴的安装近似悬臂梁情况,必然出现断裂,而凸轮轴实际发生断裂的部位恰恰是计算得出的应力最大的部位,理论计算结果与实际情况吻合.试验证明,文中建立的物理、数学模型符合实际情况,ANSYS软件用于凸轮轴的结构分析能够得到精确的数值解.     

喷油泵顶隙式柱塞偶件性能试验研究

对喷油泵顶隙式柱塞偶件、非顶隙式柱塞偶件以及等压出油阀、阻尼阀做交叉试验,通过喷油泵泵端压力、嘴端压 力、喷油速率、喷油始点、单喷射油量的检测分析,研究当前直列高喷射压力条件下,顶隙式柱塞偶件的喷油提前特性及 其对喷油泵综合性能的影响。研究结果表明,在喷油泵工作转速与循环油量范围内,顶隙式柱塞偶件较普通型柱塞偶件 而言,有1．8°的喷油提前功能,泵端压力、嘴端压力、喷油速率性能基本一致。除此以外,顶隙式柱塞偶件还可以降低喷 油泵中、低速油量,从而可以调整供油速度特性。     

气垫调压室联合单向塔的停泵水锤防护研究

针对某长距离、大流量、高扬程泵站加压供水工程,对事故停泵进行模拟。结合工程地形特征,提出采用气垫调压室和单向塔联合防护的方法,并结合管道压力控制要求,对泵后阀门关闭规律及调压室阻抗孔径进行敏感性分析。结果表明,气垫调压室可有效防护停泵水锤及泵后阀快速关闭产生的关阀水锤,单向塔解决了气垫调压室持续补水导致的局部高点低压问题,保护了高点管段安全。联合防护方案可显著减小气垫调压室体积,节约工程成本。另外,泵后阀关闭规律及气垫调压室阻抗孔面积对管道的水锤压力影响较大,关阀过快或阻抗孔口面积过大会导致管道正压超标;关阀过慢或阻抗孔口面积过小会导致管道出现较大负压,具体工程需结合过渡过程模拟进行优化,对于本工程,经过模拟优化,阻抗孔口直径取0.8 m,泵后阀采用5 s直线关闭,结果可满足调保计算要求。     

汽轮机主汽阀结构对其通流特性的影响

采用CFD方法，研究了某汽轮机新型主汽阀结构和阀芯布置对其通流特性及流动损失的影响，提出了改进的主汽阀布置方式和结构，分析对比了不同滤网结构在相同工况下的压力场和速度场，得到了滤网对流动阻力影响的变化规律。滤网的使用可以使得阀门流道内沿阀芯轴向速度分布更为均匀，减少涡的产生，出口下游蒸汽到达稳定状态所需的出口流道长度缩短，整流效果明显，但进出口压差变大，压损增加。与原结构相比，改进后，无滤网条件下主汽阀压损由2.169%降低到0.847%,减小了1.322%,滤网结构不变的条件下压损由3.402%降低到1.545%,减小了1.857%。所做工作对于新型主汽阀结构设计和改进具有重要的价值。     

新疆某供水工程停泵水锤计算与防护措施选择

鉴于新疆某工业供水工程采用二级泵站输水时输水管线长、地形起伏大、泵站扬程高等问题,水锤计算与防护对工程安全运行具有重要意义。采用带插值的特征线法,分别计算泵站在各种可能的初始条件下水泵发生事故停泵后,水泵出现的最大飞逸转速及管线最大水锤压力,分析了各种水锤防护措施,提出对一级泵站设一座单向调压塔,管道沿线设7处普通空气阀,泵出口阀采用两阶段关闭;对二级泵站布置二座单向调压塔,管道沿线共设15处普通空气阀,泵出口阀两阶段关闭;就可以降低水泵最大飞逸转速及管道压力等级,并消除水柱分离现象。     

长距离输水管线压力波动预止阀开阀时间对突然停泵水锤低压的影响

针对长距离输水系统事故停泵后易导致水柱分离及产生具有破坏性的断流再弥合水锤的现象,建立了突然停泵管道系统气液两相水锤计算模型及其边界条件,并结合某工程实例,应用特征线法对采用注气微排阀和压力波动预制阀防护措施的防护效果进行数值模拟,对压力波动预止阀在不同开阀时间下管线的负压变化进行比较,得到通过采用延迟开阀时间可有效避免因压力波动预止阀的动作而引起的系统管路负压恶化发生汽化的结论,对装设有压力波动预止阀的输水系统的泵站水锤防护具有重要参考价值。     

锥阀空化现象研究及结构优化

为研究锥阀空化现象,运用ANSYS Fluent流体力学有限元计算软件,分析锥阀在内流和外流两种情形下的流场,得到锥阀在内流和外流两种流动方式下空化区域0~3s内气体的体积分数。计算对比发现,在液体流速和压力的突变区域空化现象明显,外流较内流空化区域大,空化程度比内流严重。为降低空化现象对锥阀型腔造成的损伤,优化锥阀型腔阀芯结构,优化模型1可避免内流时空化的发生,优化模型2在内流和外流情况下均能有效避免空化的发生,优化模型2的结构形式更为合理。研究成果可为锥阀设计提供参考。     

提高压阻尼阀部件工效和可靠性

随着国家环保法规的即将出台,柴油机行业都在围绕柴油机尾气排放达“欧Ⅰ”标准而努力改进设计。使用阻尼出油阀可以在提高喷射压力的同时避免二次喷射、不稳定喷射以及穴蚀等弊病,有利于改善柴油机的废气排放。 1 工作原理 阻尼阀结构见图1,供油时出油阀打开后,阻尼阀克服阻尼弹簧力而升起,燃油就可不受阻碍地进入高压油管。供油结束,柱塞高压腔内压力     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.