Fe-25Mn-6Si-7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀研究

用旋转圆盘实验机研究了Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀．结果表明,Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀是一种疲劳破坏,失效机制为沿晶断裂和晶内蚀坑．Fe—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金空蚀的速度效应小,抗空蚀性能在34m／s和45m／s速度下分别是对比材料0Crl3Ni5Mo不锈钢的1．6倍和7．3倍．伪弹性是F1—25Mn—6Si—7Cr形状记忆合金具有高抗空蚀性能的主要原因．     

TiNiCu形状记忆合金双向记忆效应研究

研究了热机械训练温度及定型处理温度对TiNiCu形状记忆合金弹簧双向记忆效应的影响。研究结果表明:在纯马氏体状态进行训练时,双向记忆恢复率随训练次数的增加而增加,并在一定的训练次数后达到饱和;在纯奥氏体状态进行训练,双向记忆恢复率随训练次数迅速增加到某一最大值后随训练次数的增加而减小;在马氏体和奥氏体混合相进行训练时,双向记忆恢复率随训练次数先增加而后减小。经过400～550℃×1h/AC定型处理及热机械训练后最大形状记忆恢复率随定型处理温度升高先增大然后减小。由于马氏体再取向时引入的位错有利于双向记忆效应,热诱发和应力诱发的马氏体变体数量不同,引起了在不同状态训练诱发的双向记忆效应随训练次数变化的差异。     

Fe-18Mn-5Si-8Cr-5Ni-0.1N形状记忆合金组织和性能的研究

研究了Fe-18Mn-5Si8Cr-5Ni-0.1N形状记忆合金的形状记忆效应、回复应力、耐蚀性能.结果表明,在Fe-18Mn-5Si-8Cr-5Ni合金中加入0.1%的氮,对合金的形状记忆效应不利,但当预变形量小于4.5%时,降低幅度较小,在14%～18%左右.在变形量小于4.5%时,含氮合金加热时的回复应力高于未加氮的合金的回复应力;当变形量大于4.5%时,含氮合金的回复应力低于未加氮的合金的回复应力,两种合金的加热时最大回复应力的最大值相近(90 MPa左右).又由于氮具有强烈的固溶强化作用,大大强化了基体,使得合金在冷却过程中因回复应力导致的塑性变形量和二次相变量减小,从而导致合金冷却到室温的回复应力显著提高,当预变形量为6%时,含氮合金的室温回复应力最大,比未加氮的合金的最大室温回复应力高约21%.同时,氮的加入有利于提高合金的耐蚀性能.     

Fe-25Mn-6Si-7Cr形状记忆合金在含沙多相流中的损伤行为

测量Fe-25Mn-6Si-7Cr形状记忆合金在含沙多相流中的损伤抗力,研究了失效机制和损伤抗力的控制因素,并与水轮机叶片用不锈钢0Cr13Ni5Mo进行了对比.结果表明,Fe-25Mn-6Si-7Cr形状记忆合金在含沙多相流中的失效机制主要是泥沙犁削,其损伤抗力因高的局域弹性和高的犁削抗力而优于不锈钢0Cr13Ni5Mo,局域弹性高是其损伤破坏速度效应低和空蚀与泥沙冲刷磨损交互作用小的根本原因.     

Characteristics of microcrack initiation in CuNiAl shape memory alloy

The mechanism of microcrack initiation in CuNiAl shape memory alloy was investigated through in situ tensile tests under optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that various martensite phases appeared first around a notch tip upon loading, and then microcracks initiated along the martensite/parent interface. The small martensite regions could transform back to the parent phase not only upon unloading but also upon loading or during crack propagation. There was no dislocation emission and motion before martensite formation. The slip bands formed after the crack had propagated a definite distance, and the microcracks nucleated and the cracks propagated either along the slip bands or the martensite/parent interface.     

时效工艺对Fe-14Mn-5Si-8Cr-4Ni-0.2C合金形状记忆效应的影响

研究了时效工艺对Fe-14Mn-5Si-8Cr-4Ni-0.2C合金形状记忆效应和微观组织的影响,研究结果表明,变形后再时效对合金形状记忆效应的提高比不变形直接时效的显著得多,变形后时效将合金的形状回复率提高了190％,而直接时效只提高了83％,经SEM和TEM分析发现,同样时效时间下,与直接时效相比,变形后再时效一方面不仅减少了碳化物的析出数量,抑制了碳化物粒子的长大;另一方面还使第二相粒子主要在晶界上析出,而不是在晶内,正是这两方面的原因导致变形后时效对合金形状记忆效应的提高比不变形直接时效的高得多。     

形状记忆合金薄膜在微机电系统中的应用

形状记忆合金（SMA）薄膜因其特有的形状记忆合金效应,超弹性行为以及薄膜材料所特有的优越性能,而在微机电系统中的微驱动器和微传感器方面极具应用潜力,本文主要介绍了以TiNi基合金为主的形状记忆合金薄膜在微驱动器和微传感器上的国内外应用性研究现状,并展望了其未来的发展趋势。     

Ti-Ni-Gd形状记忆合金的马氏体相变

采用电弧炉制备了添加不同Gd含量的Ti-Ni-Gd三元合金,利用DSC、X射线衍射仪研究了重稀土元素Gd对Ti-50.7Ni合金的马氏体相变的影响.结果表明添加重稀土元素Gd后,Gd含量不超过2%(原子分数)时,淬火态的Ti-Ni-Gd三元合金中分别发生两步马氏体相变,Gd含量为10%(原子分数)时,合金中发生了一步马氏体相变,同时稀土元素Gd的加入能明显提高Ti-Ni合金的相变温度.Ti-Ni-Gd合金中马氏体仍为B19'单斜结构,而且马氏体的点阵参数随Gd的加入发生明显变化,晶胞产生畸变.     

基于塑性理论的形状记忆合金本构模型、试验和数值模拟

通过拉伸试验,研究了超弹性形状记忆合金（SMA）丝在不同应变幅值反复加卸载条件下的滞回变形行为。在测得试验数据的基础上,针对目前广泛使用的SMA Graesser＆Cozzarelli模型仅描述了小应变情况下SMA特性,而在大应变下SMA马氏体的硬化特性不能得到描述的问题,提出了修正的SMA本构模型,并把模型拟合结果和实验数据进行了比较分析。结果表明,模型数值拟合结果和试验数据吻合很好,可以很好地描述SMA在不同应变幅值下的应力-应变关系;且模型形式简单,概念明确,参数容易得到,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

烧结-脱溶法制备多孔CuAlMn形状记忆合金

首次利用烧结-脱溶法以NaCl颗粒为造孔剂成功制备出了多孔CuAlMn形状记忆合金,并对其进行了物相分析,宏、微观形貌观察及马氏体相变行为的研究。结果表明所得多孔CuAlMn形状记忆合金中孔洞分布均匀,且相互连通。材料的弯曲断口表现出一定韧性断裂特征,且可以看出合金粉末颗粒间结合呈冶金结合,无单独、分离的合金粉末颗粒存在,说明多孔合金的烧结质量较高。热处理后的合金组织为全马氏体相,DSC曲线上出现明显的吸、放热峰,表明其马氏体相变行为良好。     

Low frequency damping properties of a NiMnTi shape memory alloy

The present study investigated the low frequency damping properties of a NiMnTi shape memory alloy (SMA) for the first time. The NiMnTi SMA had a high β?θ′ internal friction peak at approximately 125 °C and a low relaxation peak at approximately − 45 °C in the dynamic mechanical analysis cooling tan δ curve. The relaxation peak possessed an activation energy of 0.64 ± 0.03 eV and its damping capacity gradually decreased with the increase of thermal cycling. The NiMnTi SMA also had a good inherent internal friction with tan δ = 0.009 at approximately 140 °C and is a promising high damping alloy for high temperature applications.     

约束态相变中TiNi形状记忆合金的马氏体自拉伸过程

研究了约束态加热过程中产生的回复力对TiNi形状记忆合金剩余马氏体的影响．结果表明，产生的回复力使剩余马氏体发生了塑性变形，使逆相变温度升高，剩余马氏体分数和其逆相变温度之间存在特定的函数关系．但是，外部约束条件的变化对马氏体的自拉伸过程所造成的剩余马氏体分数与其逆相变温度之间的关系影响很小．     

Numerical implementation of a shape memory alloy thermomechanical constitutive model using return mapping algorithms

Previous studies by the authors and their co‐workers show that the structure of equations representing shape Memory Alloy (SMA) constitutive behaviour can be very similar to those of rate‐independent plasticity models. For example, the Boyd–Lagoudas polynomial hardening model has a stress‐elastic strain constitutive relation that includes the transformation strain as an internal state variable, a transformation function determining the onset of phase transformation, and an evolution equation for the transformation strain. Such a structure allows techniques used in rate‐independent elastoplastic behaviour to be directly applicable to SMAs. In this paper, a comprehensive study on the numerical implementation of SMA thermomechanical constitutive response using return mapping (elastic predictor‐transformation corrector) algorithms is presented. The closest point projection return mapping algorithm which is an implicit scheme is given special attention together with the convex cutting plane return mapping algorithm, an explicit scheme already presented in an earlier work. The closest point algorithm involves relatively large number of tensorial operations than the cutting plane algorithm besides the evaluation of the gradient of the transformation tensor in the flow rule and the inversion of the algorithmic tangent tensor. A unified thermomechanical constitutive model, which does not take into account reorientation of martensitic variants but unifies several of the existing SMA constitutive models, is used for implementation. Remarks on numerical accuracy of both algorithms are given, and it is concluded that both algorithms are applicable for this class of SMA constitutive models and preference can only be given based on the computational cost. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cavitation erosion resistance of Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu shape memory alloy

Abstract

The cavitation erosion of low stacking fault energy Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu shape memory alloy has been investigated in water using an ultrasonic vibratory apparatus, and compared with the behaviour of 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel. It is shown that Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu alloy has higher cavitation erosion resistance than 0Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel. The cavitation erosion mechanism of Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu was studied by examining the eroded surface using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During early stages of cavitation erosion, Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu alloy undergoes strain induced martensitic transformation. Exposure to further cavitation results in the deformation of ? martensite. The boundaries of ? martensite impede plastic deformation, leading to strain accumulation and subsequent material removal. On the basis of an XRD study and indentation tests, the better cavitaton erosion resistance of Fe-26Mn-6Si-7Cr-1Cu alloy is mainly ascribed to strain induced martensitic transformation, which can absorb impact energy without damage.     

单辊旋淬法制备含Ti的Fe基形状记忆合金的组织与性能

采用单辊旋淬法制备了3种不同组成的Fe基形状记忆合金(shape memory alloy,SMA):Fe-30Mn-6Si、Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni、Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni-1Ti。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了合金的成分及结构,通过拉伸实验测量合金的形状恢复率。结果表明,在Fe-30Mn-6Si合金中,除奥氏体晶粒外出现少量枝晶偏析,其二次枝晶臂间距为0.2μm。Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni、Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni-1Ti中等轴奥氏体晶粒均匀分布,且后者晶粒较大。预变形量为1%,1.5%时,Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni的形状恢复率高于Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni-1Ti;预变形量为2%时,Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni-1Ti的形状恢复率高于Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni;预变形量为3%时,Fe-30Mn-6Si-1Ni-1Ti的形状恢复率出现最大值2%。     

Fe—30Mn—6Si合金（SMA）形状恢复过程的内耗和电阻分析

用内耗、电阻、长度变化方法研究了Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｓｉ合金的形状恢复现象。用Ｘ射线衍射作了相的定性分析。电阻变化较灵敏地反映ε相数量的变化；内耗能反应形状变化的温度区间和速度；长度变化则直接反映形状恢复情况。实验表明：ε→γ转变有跃变性质，并在远大于Ａｓ２至Ｓｆ２的温度区间内进行。热诱发的ε→γ相变对形状恢复有贡献。但形变诱发马氏体的逆相变的贡献是主要的。γ→ε相变引起电阻增加，ε→γ相变引起电阻下降。     

电子辐照影响TiNi形状记忆合金R相变的研究

用能量为1.7MeV不同注量的电子辐射了TiNi形状记忆合金,通过温度控制使辐照在合金的R相状态进行,发现辐照使合金和奥氏体逆转变开始温度As和结束温度Af升高,随着辐量的增加有增大的趋势,且奥氏体转变滞后也有所增大,R相转变开始点Rs和转变结束点Rt略有增加。XRD结果表明电子辐射成了R相点阵畸变,随辐照注量的增加有增大的趋势。这一变化被认为是辐照引入的点缺陷导致了R相稳定化,并且部分缺陷打打扎了R相界面造成的。这一结果为记忆合金相变点的调节提供了新方法。     

Phase transformation in NiTiHf shape memory alloy thin films

In the present study, amorphous NiTiHf thin films with different compositions were deposited on silicon wafers by using D.C. magnetron sputtering. Crystallization and martensitic transformation characteristics were studied. Crystallization temperatures and activation energy increased with increasing Hf content. The addition of Hf caused larger atomic size mismatch and stronger interactions among constituent elements, thus, increasing the thermal stability of amorphous thin films. With increasing annealing temperature or Hf content, martensitic transformation temperature increased. The results imply that NiTiHf thin films may be used as the potential candidates for high temperature applications in microactuators.     

Phase transformations in sputtered Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy thin films

Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy films have been prepared by the DC magnetron sputtering technique. As-deposited films show a quasi-amorphous structure that crystallizes at ~ 500 K. Crystallization study using Kissinger's analysis reveals a relatively low activation energy indicating partial crystallinity in the films. In situ X-ray diffraction studies show reversible martensite phase transformations, and phase segregation to non-transforming L1₂ precipitates at higher temperatures. It was observed that the phase segregation can be suppressed by low temperature heat treatment.     

Martensitic transformation and shape memory properties of Ti-Ta-Sn high temperature shape memory alloys

The effects of Ta and Sn contents on the martensitic transformation temperature, crystal structure and thermal stability of Ti-Ta-Sn alloys are investigated in order to develop novel high temperature shape memory alloys. The martensitic transformation temperature significantly decreases by aging or thermal cycling due to the formation of ω phase in the Ti-Ta binary alloys. The addition of Sn is effective for suppressing the formation of ω phase and improves stability of shape memory effect during thermal cycling. The amount of Sn content necessary for suppressing aging effect increases with decreasing Ta content. High martensitic transformation temperature with good thermal stability can be achieved by adjustment of the Ta and Sn contents. Furthermore, the addition of Sn as a substitute of Ta with keeping the transformation temperature same increases the transformation strain in the Ti-Ta-Sn alloys. A Ti-20Ta-3.5Sn alloy reveals stable shape memory effect with a martensitic transformation start temperature about 440 K and a larger recovery strain when compared with a Ti-Ta binary alloy showing similar martensitic transformation temperature.