CVD法制备铝化物涂层组织结构的温度依赖效应

铝化物涂层制备技术由于非视线性沉积优势广泛应用于燃气轮机关键热端部件上,可在部件外表面以及内腔表面制备抗氧化耐腐蚀铝化物涂层。涂层的组织结构是影响其服役性能的关键,然而如何调控铝化物涂层的组织结构从而获得理想性能的涂层是目前研究的难点问题。针对这一问题,研究了关键制备参数温度对铝化物涂层组织结构的影响作用。首先,采用化学气相沉积方法(CVD)在Mar-M247镍基高温合金表面制备了不同沉积温度下的铝化物涂层。然后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了铝化物涂层的显微组织结构、物相组成以及合金元素在涂层中的分布情况。结果表明,不同沉积温度下所得到的铝化物涂层均为双层结构,外层是富含Al元素的β-NiAl层,内层为富含拓扑密排相(TCP)的互扩散层;随着沉积温度的升高,β-NiAl层与互扩散层的厚度逐渐增加,两者与温度之间具有正相关关系。本研究揭示的温度参数对铝化物涂层组织结构的作用规律可为高性能CVD法铝化物涂层的制备提供参考。     

Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层的抗高温氧化性能研究

采用电镀Pt和化学气相沉积Al-Zr共渗两步法制备了一种Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层,并对其进行了组织结构表征和1000℃抗高温氧化性能测试。结果表明:Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层外层主要相为β-(Ni,Pt)Al,同时含有少量的PtAl_2和PtZr相。在1000℃氧化300 h后,Pt改性铝化物涂层和Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层中均有大量的有益相β-NiAl存在,表现出很好的抗高温氧化性能;Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层比单一的Pt改性铝化物涂层具有更低的氧化速率,其表面氧化膜也更加致密,这是因为在保护性的Al2O3膜下方形成了条状的富Zr氧化物,可以起到钉扎的作用。     

镍基燃气轮机叶片改性铝化物渗层的研究进展

改性铝化物渗层技术是镍基燃气轮机叶片表面主要的防护方法之一,随着燃气轮机叶片使用温度的越来越高、形状越来越复杂,对其改性铝化物渗层的耐高温腐蚀性能和工艺可控性的要求也越来越高。综述了镍基燃气轮机叶片表面改性铝化物渗层制备工艺的研究进展,就改性元素对铝化物渗层耐高温腐蚀性能的影响和作用机理进行了归纳、分析和讨论,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

高温合金叶片高效“绿色”渗铝工艺在金属所研制成功

正高性能热扩散铝化物涂层,包括铂改性、活性元素改性、硅改性、铬改性铝化物涂层等,是先进航空发动机及燃气轮机涡轮叶片高温腐蚀防护的主要方法之一。然而,在传统的粉末包埋、料浆扩散和气相热扩散铝化物涂层制备技术中,存在着涂层有害元素掺杂和有毒气体释放的顽疾。为了解决有害元素掺杂影响涂层性能的问题,国外开发了化学气相沉积铝化物制备技术。然而在化学气相沉积中采用的三氯化铝等先驱体,具有很强的     

TiC，TiB2／铝熔体界面过渡区的研究

研究了TiC，TiB2两种钛化物在纯铝熔体中的行为及其对熔体粘度的影响规律。720℃时的测量数据表明，以Al-5Ti-1B和Al-3Ti-0．15C形式加入微量TiB2或TiC的铝熔体，其粘度增加30％左右；分析了熔体粘度突变的原因，并提出了钛化物／铝熔体界面过渡区的假设。上述熔体经一段时间的保温后，出现了随熔体温度降低而粘度降低的异常变化，从钛化物／铝熔体界面过渡区的形成和整体的沉淀得到了合理的解释。固态条件下钛化物粒子周围存在Ti浓度的梯度分布也间接证实了熔体条件下钛化物／铝熔体界面过渡区的存在。     

K465高温合金铝化物涂层Ni/Al互扩散系数计算

根据铝化物涂层形成过程中Al原子浓度分布，采用有限差分法反求铝化物外层Ni／Al互扩散系数．结果表明：相同温度下，铝化物外层Ni／Al互扩散系数随Al原子浓度增加而增大，表现出与Al浓度相关性；合金表面渗铝外层Ni／Al互扩散系数明显小于纯Ni表面渗铝外层Ni／Al互扩散系数．     

高频电脉冲沉积铝化物微晶涂层的氧化行为

采用新型高频电脉冲沉积技术在１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢表面上获得了晶粒尺寸约为几十到几百纳米的微晶铝化物涂层。在１０００℃空气中恒温氧化１００ｈ的实验结果表明：获得的铝化物微晶涂层具有优异的抗高温氧化性能,而且显著提高了氧化膜的抗剥落能力。施加铝化物涂层后,１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢的氧化膜由以Ｆｅ的氧化物为主转化为以Ａｌ的氧化物为主。由于材料表面的铝化物涂层为微晶层,提高了Ａｌ的选择氧化能力和氧     

固态渗铝对AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金组织的影响

采用固态渗铝法在AlCoCrFeNi高熵合金表面制备了铝化物渗层。渗铝温度为900 ℃,时间为4 h。借助SEM、EDS、XRD和显微硬度计分析了渗层的显微组织、相组成和显微硬度。结果表明,铝化物渗层分为内外两层,基本无孔洞和裂纹,与基体结合良好。铝化物渗层的硬度达970 HV0.1,远高于基体。     

CLAM钢表面铝化物涂层的制备与铅液相容性研究

目的探索铝化物涂层的制备工艺,研究其是否能有效抑制铅液对CLAM钢的腐蚀。方法用配制的渗剂对CLAM钢进行包埋渗铝,并通过随后的热扩散和原位氧化处理,在CLAM钢表面制备铝化物涂层,研究不同渗铝时间和热扩散时间对涂层厚度的影响。通过静态氧化试验和铅液腐蚀试验,分别评价铝化物涂层的抗氧化性能及其与铅液的相容性,采用XRD、SEM和EPMA分析涂层的相组成以及铅液腐蚀前后的微观形貌和元素分布。结果包埋渗铝+热扩散+原位氧化处理制备的铝化物涂层主要由约30μm的FeAl相层和约70μm的α-Fe(Al)固溶体层组成。在热处理过程中,由于Al和Fe的互扩散现象,涂层中的Fe-Al相依次经过了Fe₂Al₅、FeAl₂、FeAl、Fe₃Al和α-Fe(Al)的转变。在600℃空气中静态氧化120 h后,铝化物涂层试样氧化质量增量为0.028 mg/cm²,比CLAM钢的氧化质量增量降低了1个数量级,铝化物涂层使CLAM钢的氧化动力学曲线由直线规律转变为抛物线规律。经550℃铅液腐蚀600、1800 h后,铝化物涂层的腐蚀质量增量分别为0.058、0.077 mg/cm²,仅约为CLAM钢的1/120。CLAM钢表面产生了疏松多孔的铁氧化物层,而铝化物涂层没有发生明显的腐蚀,但是腐蚀1800 h后,随着表面铝含量的不断消耗,Al₂O₃层厚度逐渐减小。结论铝化物涂层具有良好的抗氧化性能及与铅液的相容性,能够有效抑制铅液对CLAM钢的腐蚀。     

Pt改性镍基高温合金铝化物涂层研究进展

综述了镍基高温合金上抗高温氧化的Pt改性β-(Ni,Pt)Al涂层和γ-γ′型涂层,重点介绍了Pt改性铝化物涂层制备工艺,不同工艺条件下涂层的微观结构,Pt增强铝化物涂层抗氧化性能的作用机理,Al对涂层高温氧化性能的影响,并从元素互扩散、相变、表面起伏等方面描述了涂层退化过程,最后对Pt改性铝化物涂层发展进行展望。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.