Dough and Hearth Bread Characteristics Influenced by Protein Composition, Protein Content, DATEM, and Their Interactions

ABSTRACT: The effects of protein composition, protein content, diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglycerides (DATEM), and their interaction on dough and bread characteristics were studied by small- and pilot-scale hearth bread baking, dough rheological testing using the Kieffer extensibility rig, and size distribution of proteins. Protein composition had the largest influence on dough and bread characteristics. There was interaction effect between protein quality and protein content on dough behavior. High percentage of sodium dodecyl sulfate-unextractable polymeric proteins in flours gave large area and good form ratio. Increased ratio between monomeric and polymeric proteins resulted in decreased form ratio. Addition of DATEM altered the rheological behavior of the dough and the bread-making performance. The effect was, however, small compared with the effect of the protein composition.     

Effects of Protein Size Distribution and Dough Rheology on Hearth Bread Characteristics Baked at Different Processes and Scales

ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the effect of flour and dough characteristics on the baking performance of hearth loaves, which are proved and baked without a tin. A number of experiments were performed at different scales. The most significant and consistent observation was a positive relationship between the protein quality and the form ratio of the loaves (height/width), in which the protein quality was evaluated by both large and small strain rheology, as well as by size distribution of the gluten proteins and other protein quality parameters. The volume of hearth loaves and the slice area are complex characteristics because they are combined functions of loaf height and loaf width; the loaf height was positively related to protein quality, whereas loaf width was negatively related. The total effect of this is not obvious. In general, the loaf volume is more strongly related to the loaf width than is the slice area. For the present material, differences in protein quality were not manifested as significant differences in loaf volume, whereas the slice area was positively correlated to the protein quality. The results obtained at different scales of the baking experiment agreed well with each other.     

添加麦芽粉和抗坏血酸对面包烘焙品质的影响

研究添加麦芽粉和抗坏血酸对面包烘焙品质的影响。以河南和山东2个小麦主要生产省的29个代表性品种样品为材料,用布勒实验磨制粉后,在面包基础配方上设置添加组和未添加组,研究添加麦芽粉和抗坏血酸后面包感官评分、质构及C-Cell图像分析变化。结果表明,添加麦芽粉和抗坏血酸后,可明显提高面包体积、体积评分、外观评分和最终综合评分,使面包冠变大,颈变明显;对面包芯色泽、质地和纹理的改善作用不明显。质构分析中面包的硬度和韧性均明显减小,衰减比例无明显变化。C-Cell指标中的面包切片面积、切片周长、气孔数量、平均气孔密度值均明显增大,切片亮度和气孔直径明显降低。仪器评价指标与面包感观评价中部分参数存在相关关系。     

糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变特性和面包烘焙特性的影响

采用发酵流变测定仪和质构分析仪研究不同比例的糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明：无论面团冷冻与否,随着糯麦比例增加,面团发展的最大高度(Hm)和持气率(R)逐渐下降,而气体释放曲线最大高度(H＇m)和CO2产气量(Vco2)在一定程度上增加。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团各种参数(Hm、H＇m、R等)逐渐降低,但是下降的幅度随糯麦粉添加量的增加而减小,如与冻藏7d相比,添加质量分数0%、10%、20%和30%的糯麦面团经冻藏60d后Hm分别下降了12.9%、9.6%、7.7%和7.5%,而R则分别下降了2.8%、2.1%、1.6%和1.7%。在冷冻贮藏过程中,面包品质虽有一定程度的下降,但添加糯麦粉的面包品质下降程度较慢,抗老化效果好,且由感官评定可知,冻藏不同天数后,添加10%糯麦粉的面包最易受人们喜爱。     

Effect of Surfactant Gels on Dough Rheological Characteristics and Quality of Bread

Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), diacetyl tartaric acid esters of monoglyceride (DATEM), glycerol monostearate (GMS), and distilled glycerol monostearate (DGMS) surfactant gels were made with water and varying shortening contents. The effect of these gels on dough rheological characteristics and quality of bread was investigated. Overall, the surfactant gels improved the farinograph and extensograph characteristics of wheat flour, but the improvement reduced to some extent with the presence of shortening in the gels. Alveograph data indicated that dough properties improved with the addition of surfactant gels. Shortening in gels showed varying influence on the dough alveograph properties of wheat flour. The results indicated that the surfactant gels changed the rapid visco analyzer characteristics of wheat flour, and the presence of shortening in gels further altered the characteristics. All surfactant gels improved the volume, specific volume, texture, and overall quality scores of bread, but the improvement varied for different surfactants. By increasing the addition of shortening in gels, though the quality characteristics further improved, the response to surfactants reduced by increasing shortening content.     

大豆粉末磷脂对面团流变学特性和馒头品质的影响研究

将大豆粉末磷脂添加到小麦粉中,研究其对小麦粉面团流变学特性和馒头品质的影响.结果表明,在小麦粉中添加大豆粉末磷脂,可以明显地改善面团的稳定时间以及拉伸曲线面积和拉伸阻力,还可以提高馒头的品质,增加馒头的抗老化效果;当在小麦粉中添加0.8%的大豆粉末磷脂时,其对馒头品质有较好的改善作用.     

抗性淀粉对面粉品质及面团流变学特性影响研究

探讨抗性淀粉对小麦粉流变学特性的影响。分别考察了其对高筋粉、中筋粉的粉质特性、拉伸特性和糊化粘度特性的影响,结果表明,抗性淀粉的添加在一定程度上影响了小麦粉的流变学指标和面粉品质。具体表现为面团稳定时间和粉质评价值降低,弱化度增加,延伸度与拉伸曲线面积降低。抗性淀粉的添加使高筋粉的糊化温程升高,糊化时间延长,对中筋粉的糊化温程和时间影响较小。     

大麦全粉对面团特性及面包焙烤品质的影响

本文以不同比例的大麦全粉(以下简称大麦粉)替代高筋小麦粉,研究添加10%~60%(m/m)大麦粉对面团特性及面包焙烤品质的影响。结果表明,随着大麦添加量的增加,大麦-小麦混合粉的湿面筋含量降低,从36.43%(对照组)降至11.43%(添加60%大麦粉);面团吸水率增加,形成时间、稳定时间及C2(弱化值)值显著降低,延伸性与最大抗延伸阻力也显著下降;面团微观结构也随之发生变化,添加大麦粉的面团组织变得粗糙,在20%~60%添加范围内,气孔壁出现断裂,且几乎观察不到完整的气孔结构;对于面包品质而言,添加大麦粉的面包比容降低、硬度增加、弹性减小、感官品质下降,同时面包内部气孔所占面积减少、孔洞所占面积增加、面包片亮度变暗。大麦粉添加量为10%~20%时,但其整体感官品质仍可被接受;而添加过多的大麦粉(30%~60%)时,面包的焙烤品质显著降低,面包特有海绵状的纹理结构逐渐消失。     

双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯对面团及面条品质的影响

在小麦粉中添加双乙酰酒石酸单(双)甘油酯(DATEM),测定面团的粉质性能、面条的质构、色泽及综合评分等指标,研究其对面团与面条品质的影响.研究结果表明:DATEM使面团的稳定时间降低,弱化度提高;明显提高面条的综合评分,使面条的色泽明显改善,对面条的黏弹性、耐煮性与筋力均有一定改善作用.当其添加量为0.3％时,效果达到最佳.     

重组脂肪氧合酶对面团流变性质及面包品质的影响

通过测定酶促作用前后面筋蛋白（wheat gluten,WG）的自由巯基含量、表面疏水性、黏弹性等的变化,研究了重组脂肪氧合酶（pET-32a-ana-lipoxygenase,ana-rLOX）对水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖（water-solublearabinoxylan,WEAX）和WG相互作用的影响,并探讨了ana-rLOX对面包品质改良的作用。结果表明,与添加WEAX的样品相比,加入ana-rLOX和WEAX后WG的自由巯基含量下降了21%,表面疏水性指数增大,流体动力学半径增大了27.3%,WG的黏弹性明显增加;面包的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性降低,回复性增强,明显改善了面包品质。     

马铃薯全粉剂量效应对面团特性以及馒头品质作用分析

为丰富馒头营养和品种,向面团中加入马铃薯全粉,分析马铃薯全粉基本成分及物化特性,探究马铃薯全粉剂量效应对混粉、面团特性,以及馒头品质影响的研究。结果表明,马铃薯全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为67.07%;马铃薯全粉的持水性、吸水膨胀性分别为3.57 g/g、2.49 mL/g;马铃薯全粉的粘度为12.71 m2/s,与面粉混合可以增强面团的物化特性。马铃薯全粉的添加使得面团粉质特性变差,揉混特性变好,添加量为8%~15%时,面团糊化特性和拉伸特性较好;随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯馒头表皮、内瓤白度降低;马铃薯全粉添加量为5%~8%时,馒头比容、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性较大,感官评分高。综上所述,为提高面团特性,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为8%~15%;为改善馒头品质,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为5%~8%。     

小麦粉受热对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

小麦粉在加工过程中受到热的影响,其品质及面制品品质发生变化。该研究主要研究小麦粉受热后面团流变学特性及馒头品质变化。采用干热处理方式,在60~90 ℃条件下分别对小麦粉处理10~50 s,测定面团糊化、粉质和拉伸特性及馒头色泽、质构等。结果表明：与原粉相比,受热后小麦粉的峰值黏度降低7.01%、最低黏度降低9.44%、最终黏度降低5.58%、衰减值增加10.25%、回生值增加8.38%、面团拉伸曲线面积降低19.74%、延展性降低12.77%,随着时间的延长,拉伸阻力呈先升高后降低趋势。处理温度和时间对小麦粉的形成时间无显著性影响,随着处理温度的升高,稳定时间降低10.74%、弱化度增加9.90%。受热后馒头的宽高比和比容分别增加17.81%和22.22%、色泽变差、硬度降低62.25%、粘性降低75.64%、咀嚼性降低63.46%。综上所述小麦粉适度受热可以改善馒头的品质。     

甘薯生全粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

该实验以甘薯-小麦混粉为原料,探究甘薯生全粉添加量对混粉特性、混粉面团特性以及甘薯生全粉馒头综合品质影响的研究。结果表明,甘薯生全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为64.60%;随着混粉中甘薯生全粉含量的增加,混粉的持水性从1.16 g/g增加至1.70 g/g,持油性呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。随着甘薯生全粉添加量增大,混粉粉质特性变差,面团加工品质降低;随着混粉面团中甘薯生全粉含量的增加,面团的TO、TP、TC、硬度逐渐增大,弹性逐渐减小;甘薯生全粉添加量在20%以内时,甘薯馒头感官评分大于70,馒头的质构、比容和白度仍在可接受范围内。综上所述,当甘薯生全粉添加量小于10%时,混合面团的加工特性和馒头品质较优;当甘薯生全粉添加量小于20wt%时,混合面团的加工特性和馒头品质在可接受范围内。     

胡芦巴胶对混合粉制面包及生面团品质的影响

去皮高粱粉和粟米粉作面包用粉的替代物，以不同比例添加使用。胡芦巴胶部分替代面粉，替代率可达０．９％，研究了胡芦巴胶对流变特征及面包品质的影响。添加胶越多，生面团吸水量亦越高；添加胡芦巴胶后，生面团的稳定时间、断裂时间和机械耐力指数均有提高。按４∶１的面粉／高粱粉配方，添加０．６％胶可增大面包体积２１．８％，而０．９％的胶添加量能增大面包体积２１．３８％．     

高粱超微全粉对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响

为研究高粱超微全粉对面团流变学特性及馒头品质的影响,将高粱超微粉碎后按一定比例添加到小麦面粉中,测定混合粉的流变学特性,并对混合粉馒头品质进行评价。结果表明:高粱超微全粉添加量较低时(5~10%),混合粉的各项粘度值和峰值时间增加;添加量增加到15~20%时,各项粘度值和峰值时间降低,糊化温度差异不显著。高粱全粉的添加使混合粉的吸水率有所增加。添加量达到10%及以上时,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数、拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力和延伸度均显著降低。混合粉馒头除色泽外的各项感官指标得分显著降低。馒头硬度和咀嚼性显著增加,粘附性和内聚性先增加后降低,弹性降低,回复性无明显变化规律。气孔延长度差异不大,其他图像分析指标差异显著。高粱超微全粉的添加改变了混合粉的主要成分特别是淀粉和蛋白质的构成与含量,对面团流变学特性及馒头品质均有较大影响。     

油脂包埋L-抗坏血酸对面包品质改良的研究

研究了四种不同熔点油脂所包埋的L-抗坏血酸对面团的氧化特性,以及对面包品质改良的影响,通过正交试验研究了包埋L-抗坏血酸的最佳配比。结果显示,包埋用的油脂熔点以及面团醒发温度对面团的延伸率以及拉伸特性有影响,即用油脂包埋的L-抗坏血酸可以在相对应的面团温度下释放出来,因此可利用不同熔点的油脂包埋L-抗坏血酸,使其在醒发后期和烘烤前期释放出来再起作用,延长L-抗坏血酸的氧化作用时间。正交实验得到四种样品最佳配比为:牛油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.025g/kg面粉,棕榈油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.025g/kg面粉,氢化棕榈油包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.05g/kg面粉,棕榈油硬脂包埋的L-抗坏血酸0.075g/kg面粉。     

麦芽糖淀粉酶对面包品质及面团特性的影响

研究枯草芽孢杆菌来源的麦芽糖淀粉酶对面包品质及面团特性的影响,为深入了解酶制剂在烘焙产品中的作用提供理论依据。本实验主要研究了麦芽糖淀粉酶(添加量0%、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)对面包比容、质构、贮藏期间面包保水性、质构、感官品质及面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明:面包保水性随麦芽糖淀粉酶添加量的增加而显著提高(P<0.05),而且麦芽糖淀粉酶能显著延缓面团黏度和回生值的增加(P<0.05),改善面团品质。当面包贮藏天数的增加,麦芽糖淀粉酶还能延缓面包硬度和咀嚼性的增加,减缓贮藏期面包品质下降(P<0.05)。其中,添加0.04%的麦芽糖淀粉酶能够明显延缓面包老化,对面团淀粉糊化特性影响较小。面包贮藏第7 d时,能减少水分损失36.92%,保持面包弹性。因此,麦芽糖淀粉酶能够延缓面包老化和面包品质下降。     

红枣粉添加量对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

研究红枣粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适宜的红枣粉小麦粉配比.探讨了添加不同比例红枣粉(0、5％、10％、15％)对混合粉理化性质、色差、面团的微观结构和粉质拉伸特性,以及对馒头比容、色差、质构和感官品质等的影响.结果表明:随着红枣粉添加量的增加,混合粉中的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量逐渐降低,灰分和还原糖的含量逐渐升高...