对称芳香族硝基含能材料撞击感度的预测

为了探索新的含能材料撞击感度预测方法,分类研究了若干硝基类含能材料,发现关于对称芳香族类硝基含能材料的部分NQ/Y类描述符与lnh50呈良好线性关系。结合若干与lnh50线性相关性较高的NQ/M(M表示摩尔质量)类描述符,对35个对称芳香族硝基类含能材料线性回归建立模型1,相关系数为0.952;并以8个对称芳香族硝胺类含能材料作为训练样本建立模型2,相关系数为0.991。对模型1检验对比表明,模型1具有较高的内部稳定性及外部预测性。而模型2将特性落高(h50)与结构描述符直接关联,能够克服对数模型引起误差放大的缺点。     

异呋咱类熔铸炸药载体分子设计与性能研究

以新型熔铸炸药载体为研究目标,以异呋咱为基本结构单元,设计了7种异呋咱含能化合物,运用密度泛函理论,在多个基组水平上分别研究了异呋咱含能衍生物的几何结构、密度、生成焓、爆轰参数、键离解能、静电势和撞击感度。基于基团贡献理论,预测了设计化合物的熔点。结果表明：所设计的7种化合物密度分布在1.807～1.939 g/cm³,爆速分布范围为8.4～9.7 km/s,熔点范围为61～118 ℃,撞击感度分布范围为13～54 cm;除硝酸酯基衍生物外,其余化合物的最弱键离解能范围为240～250 kJ/mol. 根据理论计算结果,筛选出两种潜在的高能量异呋咱熔铸炸药载体：2,2'-二 硝基偶氮双异呋咱和3,5-二硝基呋咱基氧化异呋咱,其熔点分别为80 ℃和118 ℃,特性落高分别为20 cm和23 cm,能量水平均接近3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱。     

硝基脲类含能材料的合成及性能研究进展

系统综述了国内外关于硝基脲类含能材料的合成和性能研究进展。重点介绍了硝基五元环脲类尤其是甘脲类含能材料的合成与性能。认为,硝基脲类含能材料具有较好的热稳定性、较高的密度和能量水平,但双硝基脲类化合物的水解稳定性差限制了其应用。指出,甘脲类含能材料和七、八元环硝基脲类含能材料研究相对较少。可考虑设计良好的氮杂环骨架分子,骨架分子中引入硝仿基(—C(NO2)3)、硝基(—NO2)、氨基(—NH2)和硝氨基(N—NO2)等含能基团来合成新型化合物,以提高硝基脲类化合物的实际应用价值。提出了设计与合成新型硝基脲类含能材料的研究方向,附参考文献52篇。     

丙基硝基胍应用基础性能研究

为了获得新型熔铸载体炸药丙基硝基胍的应用基础性能,对其熔铸性能、安全性及特量特性开展实验研究。研究结果表明:丙基硝基胍在高于熔点10℃条件下具有较低的挥发性和良好的熔铸性能,熔融状态的剪切粘度为41m Pa·s,凝固结晶过程与DNAN类似,自发火温度为221.9℃,与常见炸药组分相容,撞击与摩擦感度均为4%,含铝炸药爆轰性能与DNAN基炸药相当。     

富氮稠环含能化合物:平衡能量与稳定性的新一代含能材料

富氮稠环含能材料是指在富氮稠环化合物骨架上引入硝基和其他含能基团的含能化合物,由于该类化合物在拥有高爆轰性能的同时,兼具相对较低的机械感度和较高的热分解温度,近年来受到国内外含能材料学者的广泛研究和报道。研究显示,得益于富氮稠环骨架π电子的离域共振,稠环骨架结构的稳定性显著提高,从而使得富氮稠环含能化合物很好的平衡了含能材料能量与稳定性之间这一自然对立的矛盾,如4?氨基?3,7?二硝基三唑并[?5,1?c][1,2,4]三嗪4?氧(DPX?27),其爆速、爆压分别为8.97 km·s~(-1)和35.4 GPa,爆轰性能与RDX相当,撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为10 J和258 N,明显低于RDX;1,2,9,10?四硝基二并吡唑[1,5?d:5′,1′?f][1,2,3,4]四嗪(TNDPT)的爆速和爆压分别高达9.63 km·s~(-1)和44.0 GPa,与CL?20相当,机械感度(撞击感度:10 J;摩擦感度:240 N)却显著低于CL?20。可以看出,富氮稠环含能化合物作为新一代兼具高爆轰性能与良好稳定性的含能材料,正展现出巨大的研究价值和应用潜力。本文简要梳理了近年来发展的经典富氮稠环含能化合物的合成、含能性能、稳定性以及对富氮稠环含能化合物未来发展的展望,从而为从事富氮稠环含能材料研究工作者提供参考。     

氟偕二硝基甲基类含能化合物的合成及性能研究进展

将氟偕二硝基甲基引入至含能化合物分子中,不但可以提高含能化合物的氧平衡、密度和爆轰性能,还可能提高化合物的热稳定性、降低机械感度。构建含氟偕二硝基甲基基团的含能化合物成为新型高能低感含能材料领域的研究热点。通过对近20年来含有氟偕二硝基甲基的含能化合物综述,总结氟偕二硝基甲基类含能化合物的合成方法,分析比较这类化合物的分子结构、理化性质和爆轰性能,为新颖氟偕二硝基甲基化合物的分子设计、合成研究提供参考。     

4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑含能离子化合物的合成、晶体结构及性能

以3,5-二硝基-4-溴吡唑(1)为底物,经水解与中和反应合成了4-羟基-3,5-二硝基吡唑(H-DNOP,2),并利用其酸性,设计、合成了DNOP的三种离子型含能化合物(3～5).采用核磁、红外、X射线单晶衍射等手段对化合物3～5的结构进行表征;利用差示扫描量热仪-热重联用研究了化合物3～5的三种离子盐的热性能,其中肼盐(3)的热分解温度最高为210.3℃.采用BAM测试方法测试了撞击感度和摩擦感度,并基于等键方程和Kamlet-Jacobs方程预测了其能量参数.结果表明,三种含能化合物的实测感度较低,撞击感度均为36 J,摩擦感度均为360 N,比三硝基甲苯(TNT)(撞击感度为15 J,摩擦感度为353 N)和黑索今(RDX)(撞击感度为7.4 J,摩擦感度为120 N)钝感;三种化合物理论爆速为7758～8288 m·s-1,爆压为26.06～29.96 GPa.     

含LLM-105的改性双基推进剂的机械感度

研究了2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡嗪-1-氧化物(LLM-105)的含量和粒度对含LLM-105的改性双基推进剂机械感度的影响,并将LLM-105-CMDB推进剂的机械感度与含六硝基六氮杂异戊兹烷的改性双基推进剂(CL-20-CMDB)、含3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱的改性双基推进剂(DNTF-CMDB)及含奥克托今的改性双基推进剂(HMX-CMDB)的感度进行了比较。结果表明:用LLM-105逐步取代改性双基推进剂中的RDX,推进剂的机械感度也随之降低,撞击感度H50由23.4cm增加至39.3cm;高能量密度材料含量相同的几种改性双基推进剂机械感度由低往高依次为:LLM-105-CMDB、DNTF-CMDB、CL-20-CMDB、HMX-CMDB、RDX-CMDB。     

含能材料量子化学计算方法综述

概述了量子化学基础理论,详细综述了含能材料关键参数(密度、生成热、爆热、爆速、爆压和撞击感度)的计算方法,并比较这些方法的特点和适用范围。介绍了CHEET A、EXPLO5等计算软件在含能材料领域的应用。最后,为满足新一代材料高能稳定与绿色环保的综合要求,设计了20种新型高氮含能分子,运用上述量子化学方法估算了其物化和含能性质,并提出了新型含能化合物的设计原则:(1)高氮分子骨架;(2)零氧平衡;(3)基团调节修饰,以期促进含能材料的发展。附参考文献76篇。     

新型熔铸炸药5-甲基硝酸酯-1,5-二硝基噁嗪烷：合成、晶体结构与性能

为系统研究氮氧杂六元环含能化合物,以硝基甲烷、叔丁胺与甲醛溶液为起始原料,经缩合环化构建噁嗪环骨架,硝化获得新型熔铸炸药5-甲基硝酸酯-1,5-二硝基噁嗪烷(TNOP),总收率为46.2%。并采用红外光谱、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR及元素分析等进行了结构表征,培养了TNOP单晶,晶体结构为正交晶系,空间群为Pbca,Z=8,晶体密度1.722 g·cm^-3;采用DSC与TG-DTG法研究了TNOP的热行为;其熔点为110.8℃、分解点为203.5℃;研究了TNOP的爆轰与安全性能,其理论爆速8112 m·s^-1、计算爆压29.23 GPa、固相生成焓-346.6 kJ·mol^-1、撞击感度ISTNOP>50 J。研究结果表明,TNOP结构独特,利用N—NO2、C—NO2以及—ONO2等含能基团协同调控其能量,具有合成工艺便捷、能量较高、熔点较低、不敏感的特点,可作为潜在的熔铸炸药应用于武器装备中。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.