原料配比对银/卤化银参比电极性能的影响

使用热浸涂方法制备了不同AgCl/AgBr配比的银/卤化银(Ag/AgX)参比电极.通过SEM观察,不同含量的Ag/AgX电极表面形貌差别不大.XRD分析表明,各配比的AgX为角银矿晶型.电极的电位稳定性、耐极化性能以及内阻测试表明,原料配比对电极性能有影响.随着AgBr含量的减少Ag/AgX电极的内阻与极化电阻减小,在AgCl/AgBr为77/23时电极的电位稳定性与耐极化性能较好.Ag/AgX参比电极在海水中的电位漂移较小.     

热浸涂银/氯化银和银/卤化银参比电极对比研究

使用热浸涂-电化学还原法制备了银/氯化银(Ag/AgCl)和银/卤化银(Ag/AgX)参比电极.通过SEM观察发现电化学还原后的Ag/AgCl和Ag/AgX参比电极表面均有还原不均匀的现象.XRD分析表明,AgX晶体为AgCl和AgBr的固溶体,AgCl和AgX的晶型都为面心立方结构.电化学性能测试表明Ag/AgCl参比电极的极化电阻和温度系数比Ag/AgX参比电极小,Ag/AgCl电极电位稳定性略优于Ag/AgX电极.在Br~-含量不同的溶液中测试表明Ag/AgCl参比电极电位受Br~-变化影响比Ag/AgX参比电极小.     

还原方法对热浸涂银/卤化银参比电极的影响

分别使用热浸涂-氢还原与热浸涂-电化学还原方法制备了银/卤化银(Ag/AgX)参比电极。采用SEM观察、电化学阻抗测量、耐极化性能测试等方法研究了参比电极的微观结构和电化学性能,结果表明,不同还原方法对电极性能有明显影响。电化学还原法制备的电极较氢还原法所制备的电极内阻小,比表面积大,耐极化性能好。不同还原法所制备的电极的电位稳定性和温度系数没有明显区别。     

新型海洋用全固态Ag/AgX复合参比电极的性能

以聚苯胺(PANI)和聚吡咯(PPy)为电极添加剂，采用粉末压片法制备了Ag/AgX/PANI和Ag/AgX/PPy参比电极，在模拟海洋环境中进行了稳定性、温度响应特性、恒流极化和线性极化等性能测试。结果表明：Ag/AgX/PANI和Ag/AgX/PPy电极都具有与纯Ag/AgX电极同等优异的电位稳定性，且温度系数由0.36 mV/℃分别降低至0.27 mV/℃和0.26 mV/℃;在±5μA/cm²恒电流密度条件下，两种复合电极电位均在1 h内达到稳定，其中Ag/AgX/PPy电极的电位漂移值更小，这与线性极化结果相一致；Ag/AgX/PPy电极在静态和动态海洋环境中的电位波动值在0.30 mV左右，进一步表明了Ag/AgX/PPy电极是一种有潜力的新型海洋用全固态复合参比电极。     

全固态Ag/AgCl参比电极电位稳定性的影响因素

采用热浸涂-电化学还原工艺制备得到全固态Ag/AgCl参比电极,并研究了Cl-浓度、温度、光照、水流流速及pH值对电极的影响。结果表明,制备的全固态Ag/AgCl参比电极Nernst响应和温度响应特性较好,温度系数较小;当溶液中有溶解氧存在时,光照会使电极表面生成Ag2O,使电极电位发生漂移;随海水流动速度的升高,Ag/AgCl参比电极的电极电位呈下降趋势,而pH值的变化对电极电位基本没有影响。     

热浸涂银/氯化银参比电极性能研究

    使用热浸涂法制备了银/氯化银(Ag/AgCl)参比电极.通过SEM和EDX对电极表面的形貌和成分分析发现,在AgCl晶界的交界处易被优先还原.XRD分析表明,浸涂温度升高,Ag/AgCl电极的晶粒尺寸变小.电化学性能测试表明,热浸涂Ag/AgCl电极具有良好的电位稳定性;随着浸涂温度的升高,Ag/AgCl电极的极化电阻减小,双电层电容增大,比表面积增大,耐极化性能有所提高.     

银/氯化银参比电极漏电流情况下的失效机理

采用热浸涂-电化学还原方法制备了Ag/AgCl参比电极,通过加速极化试验方法研究了电极失效过程及机理。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDX)和电化学阻抗(EIS)测试手段研究了电极失效过程中表面状态、形貌及性能的变化。结果表明,Ag/AgCl参比电极失效后电极电位出现大幅波动,电极表面呈疏松多孔结构,AgCl完全转化为银,Ag/AgCl参比电极在漏电流情况下失效的主要原因是电极中AgCl被还原为银所致。     

Ag/AgCl参比电极性能研究

电解法制备了Ag/AgCl参比电极,并用电子探针分析了其形貌及成分,跟踪了电极在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电位稳定性及长期极差变化,研究了电极对Cl-和温度的响应,并采用恒电流极化的方式测量了其抗极化性能.结果表明,所制备的Ag/AgCl参比电极在3.5%NaCl中稳定性、准确性良好,长期极差变化小,对Cl-响应性好,温度系数小,不易极化,可尝试作为高精度测量装置的敏感元件使用.     

压片法制备氯离子传感器的工作性能

采用压片法制备了以Ag/AgCl为工作电极,MnO2为参比电极的氯离子传感器。并且对传感器进行了长期稳定性试验、能斯特方程测试、温度试验、离子干扰试验和恒电流极化试验。结果表明,氯离子传感器稳定性良好,能斯特方程线性相关性强。温度对传感器工作性能影响不大,但是其他离子的存在对传感器电位值有一定影响。恒定流极化试验表明氯离子传感器抵抗极化能力较差。     

银/氯化银参比电极寿命评价

采用热浸涂-电化学还原方法制备了银/氯化银参比电极,通过极化容量方法预测了电极的寿命,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDX)和电化学阻抗(EIS)测试手段研究电极极化容量测试前后表面状态、形貌及性能的变化。结果表明所研制的银/氯化银参比电极达到了20年寿命所需极化容量值。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。