再论建筑学的未来─—迎接1999年国际建协(UIA)在北京召开第20次大会研讨“21世纪建筑学”

本文是继1996年建筑学报2、3期所刊本人“关于建筑学的未来几点思考”的系列论文之二，主旨为1999年国际建协在北京召开的“21世纪建筑学”大会的5个子议题“建筑与环境”、“建筑与城市”、“建筑与技术”、“建筑与文化”、“建筑教育”（不包括“建筑师的职业精神”）等方面的思潮作简要的回顾与前瞻，意在为我参与者提供背景材料。     

“新三届”建筑学人与当代中国建筑生态

文章着重在建筑生态语境中探讨“新三届”建筑学人的历史角色.作为中国当代建筑生态语境中一个极为特殊的复兴型知识群落,占据了优势“生态位”的“新三届”建筑学人承担了中国建筑“新启蒙”的时代使命,从建筑学的学科再造、建筑实践的疆域开拓及建筑界的系统组织三个方面,对当代中国建筑生态产生了不可替代的深远影响,其历史贡献极为突出,而发展局限亦十分明显.     

建筑杂志与建筑学

《城市建筑》已经出刊十年了,在我求学的时候,“老八校”已经桃李满天下,但还不是每个学校都有正式的学术刊物.对于一个建筑学人而言,建筑杂志的意义到底何在?今天这样的问题变得越来越重要了,答案也渐趋多样.因为建筑学本来就是一个具有“媒体”意义的专业——这里所说的媒体(media)并不仅仅限于“传播”的含义,而是指建筑学所具有的“中间性”.“中间性”一方面可以解释为“跨学科”,一方面由于建筑设计具有很强的实践性,在更多时候建筑学是一个思想交流和社会沟通的“过程”,而非简单的“目的”.     

“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”——建筑师的摇篮云工建筑学专业求学回顾

云南建筑教育自1983年云南工学院建筑学专业本科招生正式拉开序幕,在三十年的教学中,充分立足云南民族建筑类型丰富（特别是传统民居）,民族建筑文化底蕴深厚的特色,始终坚持“突出地域特色”“学术先行”“开放式办学”“注重建筑科学的实践性”的建筑学办学方针,为云南省培养了大批接“地气”的建筑专业人才,堪称云南建筑师摇篮。     

寻找的过程读《造一所不抗拒生活的房子》

赵扬,清华大学建筑学硕士.2010年获WA中国建筑奖优胜奖;同年赴哈佛大学设计研究生院学习,于2012年获哈佛大学建筑学硕士学位,并获选哈佛大学优秀毕业生.归国后,赵扬将工作室迁往云南大理,探索建筑实践在转型期的中国城镇和乡村的可能性,并在以“喜洲竹庵”“柴米多农场餐厅和生活市集”“大理古城既下山酒店”为代表的一系列公...     

逆水行舟30年：非常建筑2023位面观察

选取非常建筑2023年落成的3个作品,与其早期3个对应作品进行对比分析。由此展开对张永和在“本体建筑学”“通用建筑学”“叙事建筑学”3条脉络上思想与实践的批判性探察与解读。     

姜娓娓,建造“小元素”,塑多样城市环境

姜娓娓工作室主持建筑师,清华大学建筑学院设计导师,上海浦东新区乡村设计师,第十届青年建筑学会青年建筑师奖获得者,清华大学建筑学院建筑学学士、建筑学硕士、工学博士,国家一级注册建筑师,教授级高级工程师.2016年个人入选《中国当代青年建筑师》.2019年作品参加“北京设计周”建筑板块展览.     

当代建筑创作中的非现代主义化倾向(一)

“建筑学在十字路口”,“建筑领域爆炸了”,“建筑学往何处去”,“建筑……”说不清从哪一天开始,类似的字眼在建筑讨论会、讲坛、报刊杂志上出现,并越来越多。给人的感觉是建筑学正在一片混乱中,不见出路。情况确实有些特别,我们且回到七十年代中期看看。一、问题的提出 1975年秋,纽约现代美术馆举办了一次巴黎美术学院19世纪作品展览。这个展览具有极不寻常的意义。它表明在刚刚过去的一些年里,人们在价值观上发生了一些转变。从上个世纪末以来,     

建筑学中的“大气”话语 1960年以来的环境批判性建筑研究

在气候变化日益严峻的背景当下,越来越多的实践和理论学者将“大气”引入建筑讨论中,这意味着一种越发全面的环境视野,是对建筑与环境之间的关系的重新探索。文章以建筑学中的“大气”话语为线索,追溯了1960年以来的环境批判性建筑理论与实践。建筑学中的大气话语经历了四个阶段的探讨,分别是大气作为建筑的环境、建筑的氛围、建筑的材料和建筑研究的媒介。文章从“物质技术与感官心理”和“材料实践与理论架构”这两组维度,对照性地梳理了以上四个阶段之间的理论演变,最后提出了回应生态危机的建筑研究新领域―“大气建筑学”。     

建筑杂志与建筑学

《城市建筑》已经出刊十年了,在我求学的时候,“老八校”已经桃李满天下,但还不是每个学校都有正式的学术刊物。对于一个建筑学人而言,建筑杂志的意义到底何在7今天这样的问题变得越来越重要了,答案也渐趋多样。因为建筑学本来就是一个具有”媒体”意义的专业——这里所说的媒体《media》并不仅仅限于“传播”的含义,而是指建筑学所具有的”中间性”。“中间性”一方面可以解释为”跨学科”,一方面由于建筑设计具有很强的实践性,在更多时候建筑学是一个思想交流和社会沟通的“过程”,而非简单的”目的”。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定电解铝灰中SiO2、Fe2O3、MgO、CaO、K2O、Na2O、MnO、TiO2、P2O5的含量

电解铝灰、铝渣是铝在电解过程中产生的一种浮渣,电解过程中漂浮在电解槽铝液的上方,主要成分为电解过程中未反应的冰晶石、氧化铝、金属铝等混合物,回收价值较高。对电解铝灰的成分分析,相对于化学滴定等分析方法,X射线荧光光谱法样品前处理更加简单方便,且可以同时对多组分进行分析。用粉末压片-X射线荧光光谱法测定电解铝灰中SiO₂、Fe₂O₃、MgO、CaO、K₂O、Na₂O、MnO、TiO₂、P₂O₅的含量。以成分含量相近的铝土矿国家标准物质样品绘制具有一定浓度梯度的标准曲线,通过理论α系数校正方法和经验校正法校正。所得结果表明:各元素含量在标准工作曲线中标准样品的含量范围内时,测定结果和常规分析方法测定结果相符。在方法的精密度实验中,含量较高的SiO₂的极差为0.2%,其他元素值也较为稳定,满足质量要求。     

Electronic and mechanical responses of two-dimensional HfS2, HfSe2, ZrS2, and ZrSe2 from first-principles

During the last decade, numerous high-quality two-dimensional (2D) materials with semiconducting electronic character have been synthesized. Recent experimental study (Sci. Adv. 2017;3: e1700481) nevertheless confirmed that 2D ZrSe₂ and HfSe₂ are among the best candidates to replace the silicon in nanoelectronics owing to their moderate band-gap. We accordingly conducted first-principles calculations to explore the mechanical and electronic responses of not only ZrSe₂ and HfSe₂, but also ZrS₂ and HfS₂ in their single-layer and free-standing form. We particularly studied the possibility of engineering of the electronic properties of these attractive 2D materials using the biaxial or uniaxial tensile loadings. The comprehensive insight provided concerning the intrinsic properties of HfS₂, HfSe₂, ZrS₂, and ZrSe₂ can be useful for their future applications in nanodevices.     

“白天和黑夜/白天/黑夜” 记东南大学建筑学院2010概念建筑

2010年的概念建筑教学是东南大学建筑学院葛明老师的概念建筑教学系列的一个小结,此次的主题是"从诗歌到制作",那么什么是"从诗歌到制作"?又如何"从诗歌到制作"?文章试图对此进行简要的解答,同时也是对大制作"白天和黑夜/白天/黑夜"的解读。     

Effects of thermal oxidative ageing on dynamic viscosity,TG/DTG,DTA and FTIR of SBS- and SBS/sulfur-modified asphalts

Thermal oxidative ageing as an inevitable process in the practical application of road asphalt has a great effect on the properties of polymer-modified asphalts (PMAs). In this article, the influences of short-term and long-term thermal oxidative ageing on the dynamic viscosity, thermal stabilities, and infrared spectra of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)- and storage-stable SBS/sulfur-modified asphalts were studied respectively. Although the addition of sulfur improved the dynamic viscosity and the thermal stability of SBS-modified asphalt significantly due to the formation of a chemically crosslinked polymer network structure, the improved properties declined evidently after ageing and the losses of properties became very severe with the ageing aggravated and the binder with sulfur showed a visible viscous behaviour compare with the corresponding binder without sulfur after ageing due to the severe degradation of vulcanized SBS, therefore SBS/sulfur-modified asphalt was more susceptible to ageing. Besides, the SBS structure also had a great effect on the properties of binders before and after ageing. In infrared spectra analysis, the structural evolutions of binder under different ageing modes were characterized by using right ageing index and the conclusions of thermal analysis and dynamic viscosity tests were confirmed further by the changes of butadiene and carbonyl indexes.     

Characteritization of, and health risks from, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans from incense burned in a temple

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) may cause adverse health effects. However, PCDD/F emissions from burning incense in temples have rarely been addressed. This study investigates PCDD/F emissions from burning incense in a temple. The mean total PCDD/F concentrations were 72.4-82.2 pg Nm^− 3 at two indoor sites; their corresponding mean total PCDD/Fs I-TEQ concentrations (0.24-0.27 pg I-TEQ Nm^− 3) were ~ 11 times that at a background location. In air samples collected from burning incense, OCDFs accounted for approximately 90% of total PCDD/Fs at the two indoor sites and an outdoor site near the temple, while the major PCDD/Fs in incense ash were PCDDs. The total PCDD/F content and toxic equivalent value of incense ash were 617 pg g^− 1 and 1.55 pg I-TEQ g^− 1, respectively. At the three sites inside/outside the temple, the air and ash samples contained the same four primary PCDD/Fs-OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD, OCDF and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. The Cl⁻ emission factor, which is related to the PCDD/F formation, from burning incense was 0.454 mg g^− 1. The resultant lifetime average daily dose and cancer risk for temple workers were 0.00964 pg I-TEQ day^− 1 kg^− 1 and 9.64 × 10^− 6, respectively, approximately 2 times that for residents near the temple (0.00489 pg I-TEQ day^− 1 kg^− 1 and 4.89 × 10^− 6, respectively). We suggest that the chlorine content in incense must be regulated, and the high risk of PCDD/F exposure from burning incense for temple workers and visitors should be of concern.     

承前启后,开拓进取同济大学建筑系“新三届”

同济大学建筑系“新三届”群体既是新旧教育体制转型的亲历者,又是同济大学建筑教育改革的参与者,也是中国建筑发展的推动者.文章聚焦同济大学“新三届”群体在中国建筑发展中的传承作用,并从教育、学术和实践等多个角度进行梳理,以期呈现同济大学“新三届”建筑学人在学界与业界的贡献与影响.     

Effects of manganese, copper and lead on Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella stigmatophora

Algal assays were conducted to observe the responses of Selenastrum capricornutum and Chlorella stigmatophora to the metals manganese, copper and lead, added singly or in combination to both artificial media and natural waters. A 50% reduction in the total algal cell volume of Selenastrum in standard algal assay medium (SAAM) occurred by the addition of either 3.1 mg manganese 1⁻¹ 85 μg copper 1⁻², or 140 μg lead 1⁻¹. For Chlorella grown in 28 ppt artificial seawater plus full SAAM nutrients, the corresponding numbers were 50mg manganese 1⁻¹, 70 μg copper 1⁻¹ or 700 μg lead 1⁻¹. Of the metals tested, only lead was found in higher concentrations in urban and agricultural runoff than at least one of these levels.Theoretical considerations show that a product model is a more reasonable reference for no-interaction than an additive model for experiments in which toxic metals are added in combination. Combination experiments, in which any combination of the three metals act at the same time, indicate (1) synergism between manganese and copper, (2) antagonism between manganese and lead, and (3) antagonism between copper and lead. As to the manganese-lead interaction, it is shown that the lead-induced inhibition of cell division is offset, partially for Selenastrum and completely for Chlorella by the addition of manganese.