岷江上游干旱河谷葡萄的气候生态适宜性分析

通过对岷江上游干旱河谷地区热量、水分、光照等气候条件的分析，认为该区域具有发展优质葡萄生产的气候生态条件，并对岷江上游干旱河谷进行了气候分区，同时针对区域资源优势和区位优势，提出发展葡萄生产，进行特色农业开发的思路。     

香格里拉干旱河谷区酿酒葡萄栽培管理措施的研究

香格里拉干旱河谷区是世界优秀优质酿酒葡萄产区和葡萄酒产区,目前对该区域的栽培管理措施研究较少。为促进和加强该区域酿酒葡萄栽培管理,本文从栽培模式的选择、生产干型和甜型葡萄酒的葡萄栽培管理、水肥管理和病害管理措施进行总结归纳,以期为香格里拉干旱河谷区发展提供参考。     

酿酒葡萄中芳香物质形成的影响因素及其研究进展

香气是衡量葡萄和葡萄酒品质的重要指标。葡萄果实中的芳香物质是其在成熟过程中形成的次生代谢产物,这些香气成分的组成、含量、感官阈值及各指标间的相互作用决定着葡萄酒的风味品质和典型性强弱。酿酒葡萄中芳香物质的种类及含量受品种、环境条件、栽培管理等内外多重因素的影响。详细阐述了酿酒葡萄中香气物质形成的影响因素及国内外研究进展,以期为优化葡萄栽培管理措施,改善酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒风味品质提供理论指导。     

影响新疆酿酒葡萄浆果体表菌群结构研究进展

酿酒葡萄体表微生物菌群对葡萄酒的品质起着重要作用,不同气候格局、栽培模式不仅影响着葡萄的品质,也影响着葡萄体表微生物菌群的多样性。该文综述了不同栽培气候、葡萄品种、杀菌剂对葡萄体表微生物菌群的影响,描述了新疆地区葡萄栽培的气候产区区划及栽培模式,阐明了对提高葡萄酒品质的意义,揭示新疆酿酒葡萄不同产区环境因子（无霜期、干燥度）和生物因子（葡萄品种、杀菌剂）与微生物菌群分布的相关性具有重要的意义。     

‘马瑟兰’葡萄研究进展及品种优势

‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒在中国表现出较高品质，被称为“中国葡萄酒的明日之星”。本文以葡萄酒生产链为线索，论述了‘马瑟兰’在育种和种苗培育、栽培管理、微生物风土、酿造工艺、质量安全与认证各环节的研究成果；并对比分析了‘马瑟兰’与其它酿酒葡萄品种的抗寒性、果实性状及品质、酿酒特性方面的差异，为其成为中国代表性酿酒葡萄品种提供数据支持；最后对未来研究方向进行展望，以期为中国‘马瑟兰’葡萄酒产业高质量发展提供参考。     

酿酒葡萄气候区划中积温的指标与单位

酿酒葡萄气候区划中积温的指标与单位李巍（天津中法合营王朝葡萄酿酒有限公司，３００４０２）张福庆（天津农业生物工程研究中心，３００１９２）八十年代中期以来，随着我国酿酒葡萄栽培科学研究与酿酒事业的发展，以及酿酒设备、工艺和酿酒品种的引进，葡萄酒生产企...     

蓬莱产区气候条件分析及其酿酒葡萄适应性评价

通过分析蓬莱产区近十年的气象资料,选用活动积温、有效积温、年均温、降水量、日照时数和水热系数等作为评价指标,分析蓬莱产区种植酿酒葡萄的气候适宜度,并对该产区主栽品种的物候期和果实品质进行了调查和分析。结果表明,蓬莱产区气候条件适宜酿酒葡萄的生长,符合优质葡萄酒产区的特点,产区各主栽品种的成熟期、果实品质与气候条件相适应,在此气候条件下中晚熟酿酒葡萄的果实品质优良,尤其是晚熟品种小芒森等具有良好的发展潜质,优势明显。     

怀来产区气候条件对酿酒葡萄适应性的评估

通过怀来产区近十五年的气象资料,分析怀来产区种植酿酒葡萄的气候适宜度,并对该产区主栽品种的物候期和果实品质进行调查和分析。选用活动积温、有效积温、空气温度、降雨量、日照时数、土壤温度、水热系数等葡萄生育期气象指标作为评价标准;利用气候的平均值,采用数理统计与气候分析、水热系数等方法,对果实品质采用斐林试剂法、酸碱滴定法测定总糖、总酸。结果表明,怀来产区葡萄生育期光照时数为1878.7 h,光热系数为4.7,降水量427.5 mm,各项气候指标均适宜酿酒葡萄的生长,符合优质葡萄产区的特点,产区各主栽品种的成熟期、果实品质与气候条件相适应。在此气候条件下早熟和中晚熟酿酒葡萄的果实品质优良,中晚熟品种赤霞珠等具有良好的发展潜质,优势明显。     

云南高原冰葡萄酒生产可行性理论与实践

多因素综合分析表明，位于青藏高原南延，云南省德钦县境内的布村及其周围的小范围区域具有适合酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠等栽培和获得优质葡萄果实的物候条件，并具备冰葡萄酒原料生产所需的相应环境、地理因素。5年多的葡萄种植试验和酿酒工艺技术探索，已成功酿制成了首批品质优良，并独具特色的冰红葡萄酒。     

9种鲜食葡萄酿制葡萄酒的品质研究

选用我国南方主要栽培的9种鲜食葡萄为酿酒原料进行酿酒,并对所酿造葡萄酒的酿酒特性、理化性质及感官指标进行了检测分析。结果表明,9种葡萄酒中白罗莎里奥和爱神玫瑰总糖含量高于国家标准,其他基本指标均符合国标;由香妃酿造葡萄酒其发酵更为彻底,其次为夏黑无核、醉金香、巨玫瑰和摩尔多瓦。各葡萄酒的pH值在合理的范围内（3.71～4.17）。感官评分方面,以夏黑无核、摩尔多瓦和巨玫瑰所酿葡萄酒的品质较好,其感官评分分别为85.0分、82.5分和82.0分。根据酿酒工艺特性、理化性质及感官评价的结果,综合判定9种鲜食葡萄品种中,夏黑无核、巨玫瑰和摩尔多瓦在葡萄酒加工中具有较优的加工潜力。     

Effect of Esca disease on the phenolic and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes,musts and wines

Background and Aims: The impact of Esca, a cryptogamic disease affecting woody tissues of grapevines (trunk, branches and shoots), was investigated on phenolic and sensory qualities of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes, derived musts and wines. Methods and Results: Global phenolic analyses revealed no major difference between healthy and affected grapes whereas high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses showed decreases in the skin concentrations of catechin and epicatechin and of anthocyanins for the two vintages assessed. Proanthocyanidin characteristics, and particularly mean degree of polymerisation, were strongly decreased in skin proanthocyanidin polymeric fractions. Chemical analyses of wines made with different percentages of fruit from Esca infected grapevines confirmed the moderate impact of Esca on phenolic composition. Nevertheless, sensory analyses revealed a loss of wine sensory quality perceptible with as little as 5% of affected fruit in wines. Conclusions: Phenolic variations in grapes and in derived wines may be related to changes to grapevine physiology caused by Esca fungi that impact on flavonoid metabolism. The chemical and sensory variations between wines can also be related to the delayed ripening delay of fruit from Esca infected grapevines. Significance of the Study: Esca moderately affected the phenolic composition of grapes and decreased the sensory quality of wines, suggesting a dramatic increase in the economic importance of Esca if no control methods are found.     

葡萄百香果酒的酿造工艺研究

以葡萄和百香果为原料,复合发酵开发一款风味独特的果酒。通过单因素试验和二次通用旋转组合试验优化复合果酒酿造工艺,并对产品质量进行评定。结果表明,葡萄百香果酒的最佳工艺参数为酵母添加量（葡萄酒活性干酵母∶耐高温活性干酵母=1∶1）0.4%、葡萄汁:百香果汁1∶4（V/V）,初始糖度24 °Bx、发酵温度23 ℃、发酵时间7 d,在此优化条件下,得到的葡萄百香果酒果味浓郁、色泽金黄、酸甜适中、口感清爽,感官评分为84.35分,其酒精度为（12.3±1.3）%vol,糖含量（3.08±0.38）g/L,总酸含量为（6.65±0.29）g/L,符合国家标准要求,是一款品质较佳的风味果酒。     

A Review of the Authentication of Wine Origin by Molecular Markers

Viniculture is one of the oldest agricultural activities of humans. The selection of grape varieties is of primary concern for factors such as wine quality and is dependent on the grapevine variety employed. Under today's conditions, and the sanctions imposed by world markets in the competitive wine sector, wine producers have been compelled to use different analysis methods in order to prove quality. However, some of these methodologies can be very time‐consuming. Recently, highly polymorphic molecular markers have been applied to the characterisation and differentiation of grapes in must and wine. With DNA profiles, the determination of origin and the use of this information on the label can act as a powerful quality control tool in the wine sector. In this review, the advantages of molecular markers and the applications of the markers in determining the origin in must and wine, are discussed with the aim of bringing together the limited number of studies (studies conducted with DNA markers) related to the determination of the grape variety in must and wine.     

多主蔓扇形不同结果部位葡萄酒多酚物质含量变化的研究

以新疆玛纳斯县酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、梅鹿特(Merlot)、霞多丽(Chardonnay)和贵人香(Italian Riesling)为试材,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒的花色素苷、单宁和总酚等质量指标.结果表明:(1)不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒中多酚物质含量存在明显差异.(2)赤霞珠与梅鹿特干红葡萄酒中的总花色素含量均随果实结果部位的提高而呈增加趋势.(3)供试四个品种葡萄酒中总酚与单宁含量均随果实结果部位高度的提高而增加.结论:为了保证树体不同结果部位葡萄酒的质量,建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,并适当提高结果部位.     

Impact of agronomic practices on grape aroma composition: a review

Aroma compounds are secondary metabolites that play a key role in grape quality for enological purposes. Terpenes, C₁₃-norisoprenoids, phenols, and non-terpenic alcohols are the most important aroma compounds in grapes and they can be found as free volatiles or glycoconjugated (bound) molecules. The non-volatile glycosylated group is the largest, and it is present in all varieties of Vitis vinifera (L.), the most widely used species for wine production. These aroma precursors represent the reserve of aroma molecules that can be released during winemaking. Their relative and absolute concentrations at fruit ripening determine the organoleptic value of the final product. A large range of biotic and abiotic factors can influence their biosynthesis in several ways. Agronomic practices such as irrigation, training systems, leaf removal, and bunch thinning can have an effect at plant level. The spraying of stimulatory compounds on fruit at different developmental stages has also been shown to modify metabolic pathways at fruit level with some impact on the aroma composition of the grapevine fruit. Viticulturists could act to promote aroma precursors to improve the aromatic profile of grapes and the wine ultimately produced. However, agronomic practices do not always have uniform results. The metabolic and physiological changes resulting from agronomic practices are unknown because there has not been sufficient research to date. This review presents the state of the art regarding the influences of vineyard agronomic management on the biosynthesis of grape aroma compounds. Although literature regarding the topic is abundant there are still many unknown biological mechanisms involved and/or that have been insufficiently studied. The aim of this work is therefore to find the gaps in scientific literature so that future investigations can focus on them. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同采收期对爱格丽葡萄酒及蒸馏酒香气成分的影响

目的：通过比较杨凌地区爱格丽葡萄不同采收期葡萄酒与蒸馏酒的香气成分,以期探索该地区爱格丽葡萄酿造蒸馏酒的最适采收期。方法：分别对8月18日、8月28日和9月5日采收的爱格丽葡萄进行酿酒、蒸馏实验,测定相关理化指标和香气成分。结果：8月28日采收的葡萄还原糖质量浓度最高,为（193.56±0.36）g/L,且葡萄酒中各多酚含量均最高;9月5日的葡萄酒中香气成分总量最高,且种类较丰富;8月18日的葡萄蒸馏酒中香气成分总量最高,种类较丰富。结论：3?个采收期中,9月5日的葡萄酒香气质量更优;而8月18日的蒸馏酒香气质量更优。     

新疆主要白葡萄酒品种适宜采收期

葡萄的适时采收是获得高品质葡萄酒的关键。以不同采收时段的新疆焉耆盆地3种白色酿酒葡萄果实和酿造的葡萄酒为研究对象,通过测定果实品质和葡萄酒理化指标,分析不同指标和葡萄最佳采收期之间的关系。结果表明不同采收期下,葡萄果实硬度及单果重存在显著差异(p < 0.05);葡萄果实的pH、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和糖酸比依次增大,且各指标差异显著(p < 0.05);葡萄酒中挥发酸、总硫、可滴定酸及总糖含量均符合国家标准;主成分分析表明在新疆焉耆盆地地区霞多丽的最佳采收期在花后86 d,雷司令和灰雷司令的最佳采收期在花后89 d。     

Effect of Colletotrichum acutatum ripe rot on the composition and sensory attributes of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine

Background and Aim:  The impacts of the fungal bunch rot pathogen Colletotrichum acutatum (ripe rot) on grape growing are documented; however, little is known about how the disease affects the resulting wine. This work aimed to investigate how ripe rot affects wine composition and sensory properties.
Methods and Results:  Wine was made using Cabernet Sauvignon grapes grown in the Hastings Valley (NSW). Berries with ripe rot tended to shrivel and acquired a distinctive off flavour and bitterness, described as hessian sack and musty. Wine made from the infected fruit had a higher pH and a higher level of residual sugar, but lower titratable acidity. Volatile acidity in wine made from uninfected fruit was 0.57 g/L, but increased to 0.83 and 1.06 g/L with 1.5 and 3% infection, respectively. Wine made from infected fruit had higher levels of both glycerol and gluconic acid indicative of fungal contamination. Alcohol concentration was also higher in wine made from infected fruit. Sensory analysis indicated that wine made from as low as 3% infected fruit had a similar colour density to control fruit, but a distinctive off-flavour, and browner colour hue.
Conclusions:  As far as we are aware of, this is the first report of a correlation between the level of grape infection by C. acutatum and wine composition in Australia.
Significance of the Study:  These results underline the problems of red grapes infected with C. acutatum . It provides viticulturists and winemakers with information to be considered when assessing grape quality and winemaking process for red wines.     

Pulsed Light Effect in Red Grape Quality and Fermentation

Vitis vinifera (variety Tempranillo) grapes were processed by pulsed light (PL) at several treatment conditions before fermentation. The effect on grape external structure, wild microbial populations, phenol extraction and wine composition was monitored. PL treatments decreased significantly microbial loads in grapes. After treatment, the grapes were inoculated and fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae following fermentation during 2 weeks with skins and seeds. Temperature was set at 22 °C. PL treatments control wild microorganisms, especially yeasts, facilitating the growth and development of the yeast starter affecting wine quality. PL treatments of grapes can help to increase the shelf-life in postharvest technology but also improve fermentative purity and wine quality. PL is cheaper and easier to scale-up at winery than high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields or e-beam irradiation.     

Fungi and mycotoxins in vineyards and grape products

Many fungi may occur on grapes during growth in the vineyard, but the main concern from the viewpoint of mycotoxin contamination is the black Aspergilli, Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger. These fungi are capable of producing ochratoxin A (OA) which may contaminate grapes and grape products such as wine, grape juice and dried vine fruit. Understanding the ecology and physiology of the black Aspergilli can provide tools for management of OA at all stages of grape production and processing. In the vineyard, careful management of cultivation, irrigation and pruning can assist in minimising the levels of black Aspergilli in the soil, which in turn, can minimise contamination of grapes by these fungi. Minimising damage to grapes on the vine by the use of open vine canopies, grape varieties with resistance to rain damage and by the management of insect pests and fungal diseases (e.g., mildew, Botrytis bunch rot) can reduce the incidence of Aspergillus rot in mature berries. The risk of OA in table grapes can be minimised by careful visual inspection to avoid damaged and discoloured berries. In wine, harvesting grapes with minimal damage, rapid processing and good sanitation practices in the winery assist in minimising OA. During vinification, pressing of grapes, and clarification steps which remove grape solids, grape proteins and spent yeast can also remove a significant proportion of OA. For dried vine fruit production, avoiding berry damage, rapid drying, and final cleaning and sorting to remove dark berries can reduce overall OA levels in finished products.