放化分离-液闪测量联合分析核电厂废树脂中的^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni北大核心CSCD

建立了一种核电厂放射性废离子交换树脂中^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni的联合分析方法。将废树脂样品经芬顿氧化消解后,先用氢氧化钠沉淀法沉淀^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni,再用阴离子交换树脂联合丁二酮肟沉淀对杂质离子进行分离纯化,纯化后用液体闪烁计器测量。本方法对废树脂中^(60)Co、^(65)Zn、^(54)Mn等干扰核素的去污因子均大于10^(3)。本方法对^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni的平均化学回收率分别为86%和90%,对废树脂中^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni的检测限分别为5.7 Bq/g、6.8 Bq/g。用加标样品对分析方法进行验证,预期值和测量值的偏差小于±10%。实验测得某核电厂一组一回路实际废树脂样品中^(55)Fe和^(63)Ni的平均活度浓度分别为(76.2±1.4)kBq/g和(120.0±5.1)kBq/g。     

The cross section for the K(n,p)Ar reaction between 14.2 and 17.2 MeV

Activation techniques have been used to measure the cross section for the ⁴¹K(n,p)⁴¹Ar reaction between 14.2 and 17.2 MeV. Neutrons were produced by the ³H(d,n)⁴He reaction, and the mixed-power method was used to measure the neutron flux through the ²⁷Al(n,)²⁴Na reaction. The activated samples were counted for the 1294 keV, 1.827 h γ-activity of ⁴¹Ar and the 1369 keV, 15.03 h γ-activity of ²⁴Na using a 16% Ge(Li) detector and a 4096-channel analyzer. The cross sections for the ⁴¹K(n,p)⁴¹Ar reaction using the mixed-power method were found to be 53 ± 3 mbarn at 14.2 ± 0.2 MeV, 47 ± 3 mbarn at 15.2 ± 0.2 MeV, 41 ± 3 mbarn at 16.2 ± 0.2 MeV and 36 ± 4 mbarn at 17.2 ± 0.2 MeV. The associated-particle method was also used for measuring the neutron flux in order to check the mixed-powder result at 14.2 MeV. The average cross section for three associated-particle runs at 14.2 MeV was found to be 50 ± 3 mbarn which, within experimental error, agrees with the mixed-powder value.     

Radioactivity of neutron-irradiated cat’s-eye chrysoberyls

The recent report of marketing of radioactive chrysoberyl cat’s-eyes in South-East Asian markets has led us to use an indirect method to estimate the threat to health these color-enhanced gemstones may pose if worn close to skin. We determined the impurity content of several cat’s-eye chrysoberyls from Indian States of Orissa and Kerala using PIXE, and calculated the radioactivity that would be generated from these impurities and the constitutional elements if a chrysoberyl was irradiated by neutrons in a nuclear reactor for color enhancement. Of all the radioactive nuclides that could be created by neutron irradiation, only four (⁴⁶Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁵⁴Mn and ⁵⁹Fe) would not have cooled down within a month after irradiation to the internationally accepted level of specific residual radioactivity of 2 nCi/g. The radioactivity of ⁴⁶Sc, ⁵¹Cr and ⁵⁹Fe would only fall to this safe limit after 15 months and that of ⁵⁴Mn could remain above this limit for several years.     

Heavy ion linear energy transfer measurements during single eventupset testing of electronic devices

A heavy ion beam diagnostic system installed at the Brookhaven Single Event Upset Test Facility is described. Calibration of the system with the help of a-particles, essential for linear energy transfer (LET) measurements, is discussed. Measured LET values for 20 different ions, including ⁷Li, ⁹B, ¹²C, ¹⁶O, ¹⁹F, ²⁸Si, ³²S, ³⁵Cl, ⁴⁰Ca, ⁴⁵Sc, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁸Ni, ⁶³Cu, ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁹Br, ¹⁰⁷Ag, ¹²⁷I, ¹⁹⁷Au, and ²³⁵U, with energies between 0.5 and 8.5 MeV/AMU but not exceeding 400 MeV for the heaviest ions, are presented in both graphical and numerical forms. Results are compared to predictions of the TRIM-90 simulation program, with an average difference between the measured and calculated values of 2±6%     

Thin-layer activation of hip-joint prostheses for tribological tests

Thin-layer activation as a method of measuring wear has been applied in a tribological study of artificial hip joints made from CoCrMo forged alloy. The activation of CoCrMo alloy using protons, deuterons, ³He, and -particles has been studied systematically. Excitation functions are reported for the reactions ⁵⁹Co(d, p)⁶⁰Co and ¹⁰⁰Mo(, n)¹⁰³Ru.     

Range distribution of fluorine in F-implanted LiNbO3

Depth profiles of fluorine in ¹⁹F⁺implanted LiNbO³ have been accurately measured using the ₁₉F(p, γ)¹⁶O resonant nuclear reaction at E_R = 872.1 keV, with Γ = 4.2 keV. A proper convolution calculation method was used to extract the true distribution of fluorine from the experimental excitation yield curves. The experimental range distribution parameters, R_p and ΔR_p, were compared with those obtained by Monte Carlo simulation using a computer code developed recently in this group and with results obtained using the TRIM90 code. It shows that the experimental R_p values agree with the Monte Carlo simulation values very well, while the experimental ΔR_p values are larger than those obtained from the simulations. The simulation with our computer code improves the agreement between the experimental and calculated range straggling, ΔR_p.     

锰浴法绝对测量中子源发射率

锰浴法是目前绝对测量中子源发射率（中子源强度）最广泛、精度最高的方法之一。将已知活度的⁵⁶Mn溶液倒入锰池中,通过两路NaI(Tl)探测器测量锰液中⁵⁶Mn的γ计数,确定系统效率,然后通过锰液饱和活化计数得到中子源强度。利用锰浴法中子源强度标准装置绝对测量了标准²⁴¹Am-Be(α, n)中子源的强度。该中子源是国际电离辐射咨询委员会组织的国际比对CCRI(Ⅲ)-K9.AmBe的传递标准源。测量结果与比对平均值在不确定度范围内一致,验证了本标准装置的可靠性。     

秦山第二核电厂大修期间场所弱贯穿辐射调查

在秦山第二核电厂多次大修期间,对泵类设备、反应堆换料水池、蒸汽发生器、阀门类设备的辐射源项和弱贯穿辐射进行了监测。这些设备表面主要沉积的是⁵⁸Co、⁶⁰Co、⁵⁴Mn、⁵¹Cr、⁹⁵Nb、⁹⁵Zr、¹²⁴Sb、⁵⁹Fe、⁵⁷Co和^110mAg等放射性核素,发射的β射线能量主要在100 keV~500 keV范围内。给出了所监测设备表面的$\dot{H}$·^*(10)、$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)和$\dot{H}$·′(3)值,3种泵类设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.31±0.09,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为7.8±0.4;蒸汽发生器热端衬板和冷端衬板的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.40±0.20,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为15.1±3.2;4种阀门类设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.32±0.17,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)的平均值为14.6±3.5;堆芯水池和换料水池的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为1.29±0.10,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)平均值为8.5±1.1。所有弱贯穿调查设备的$\dot{H}$·′(3)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)总体平均值为1.32±0.12,$\dot{H}$·′(0.07)/$\dot{H}$·^*(10)总体平均值为11.4±4.1。结合测量结果,建议主泵、余排泵、蒸汽发生器检修人员和换料水池去污人员,开展眼晶体剂量和皮肤剂量监测。     

The Stuttgart positron beam, its performance and recent experiments

A monoenergetic MeV positron (e⁺) beam, with a flux at present of 6 × 10⁴ e⁺/s in the energy range of 0.5 to 6.5 MeV, has been installed at the Stuttgart Pelletron accelerator. The stabilization and the absolute calibration of the energy E is monitored by a Ge detector with real-time feedback; a relative energy stability of ΔE/E 10⁻⁴ is obtained. So far, e⁺e⁻ scattering and annihilation-in-flight experiments for investigating the low-energy e⁺e⁻ interaction as well as β⁺ γ positron lifetime measurements in condensed matter have been performed. The advantages of the β⁺ γ method compared to the conventional γγ coincidence technique have been demonstrated. Recently, triple-coincidence positron “age-momentum correlation” measurements have been carried out on fused quartz. A brief account is given on the development of a “positron clock” aiming at a substantial improvement of the time resolution of the β⁺ γ positron lifetime measurements.     

Nondestructive high-sensitivity measurement method for activation estimation in accelerator room concrete

This study established a method for easily and quickly estimating the specific activity produced in the concrete walls and floors of accelerator rooms during long-term operation of accelerator,for advanced zoning of activated/non-activated areas in planning the decommissioning of an accelerator.We propose a new,highly sensitive method for nondestructively estimating the specific activity in concrete that can be applied to activation zoning.In this method,instead of direct determination of the specific activities of important long-half-life radionuclides for decommissioning,such as ¹⁵²Eu and ⁶⁰Co,we determine the specific activities of short-half-life radionuclides,²⁴Na and ⁵⁶Mn,in situ to obtain neutron flux.The obtained neutron flux and accelerator operation history yield the specific activities of ¹⁵²Eu and ⁶⁰Co for the advance zoning of activated/non-activated concrete.This method is a powerful long-term prediction tool for concrete activation.     

A comparative EPR study of ion implantation induced damage in Si, Si1−xGex (x ≠ 0) and SiC

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) measurements have been made to investigate the build up of damage in silicon in relaxed crystalline Si_1−xGe_x (x = 0.04, 0.13, 0.24, 0.36) and in 6H-SiC as a result of increasing the ion dose from low levels (10¹² cm⁻²) up to values (10¹⁵ cm⁻²) sufficient to produce an amorphous layer. Si, Si_1−xGe_x (x ≠ 0) and SiC were implanted at room temperature with 1.5 MeV Si, 2 MeV Si and 0.2 MeV Ge ions respectively. A comparison is made between the ways in which the type and population of paramagnetic defects depend on ion dose for each material.     

基于反宇宙射线γ谱仪的水样品测量

本文基于本底水平较低的反宇宙射线γ谱仪,对其在水样品测量上的应用进行了探讨。文中使用水标准源对反宇宙射线γ谱仪进行效率刻度,比较不同形状水样品探测效率差异,对采集的某水样品经蒸发浓缩后测量,比较反宇宙γ谱仪与其他γ谱仪测量水样品的探测限。结果γ射线能量E＜130 keV时,反宇宙γ谱仪对马林杯($\phi$17 cm×17 cm)水样品的探测效率低于圆柱体($\phi$7.5 cm×7.0 cm)水样品,而E＞130 keV时,马林杯水样品的探测效率明显大于圆柱体样品。反宇宙γ谱仪测量马林杯水样品的探测限比圆柱体水样品探测限低一个数量级。反宇宙γ谱仪对同一水样品的探测限比常规高纯锗谱仪低一个数量级,该反宇宙γ谱仪直接测量未经前处理马林杯水样品中核素¹⁴⁴Ce、¹³⁷Cs和⁶⁰Co的探测限分别为3.07×10^-2 Bq/L、3.67×10^-3 Bq/L、3.70×10^-3 Bq/L。结论是反宇宙射线γ谱仪可用于低水平放射性水样品测量,其优势在于减少前处理时间,缩短样品测量周期,大大降低探测限,提高测量精确度。     

Determination of sulphur and copper depth distribution in patina layers using nuclear reaction techniques

A method for Cu and S profiling in patina layers was developed by applying a combination of nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The copper profiling was performed by using the 1327 keV γ-ray deexciting the third excited state to the ground state of ⁶³Cu produced by the reaction ⁶³Cu(p,p^′γ)⁶³Cu. For the determination of sulphur the 2230 keV γ-ray was used deexciting the first excited state to the ground state of ³²S formed through the reaction ³²S(p,p^′γ)³²S, which exhibits three sharp resonances at projectile energies 3.094, 3.195 and 3.379 MeV. The relevant cross-sections were measured in the energy range between 3.0 and 3.7 MeV in steps of 20 keV at 125° to the incident proton beam direction. The technique was tested using artificially produced and natural copper patina layers. Supporting information on the depth distribution of the constituent elements of the patina samples was obtained by p-RBS (E_p: 1.5 MeV, θ: 160°).     

Measurement of the cross sections for the reactions Cr(n,2n)Cr, Zn(n,2n)Zn, Y(n,2n)Y and Zr(n,2n)Zr from 13.5 to 14.8 MeV

Cross section measurements for the reactions ⁵²Cr(n,2n)⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁶Zn(n,2n)⁶⁵Zn, ⁸⁹Y(n,2n)⁸⁸Y and ⁹⁶Zr(n,2n)⁹⁵Zr were carried out in the neutron energy range 13.47–14.79 MeV applying the activation technique. Neutrons were produced via the T(d,n)⁴He reaction, making use of the variation of neutron energy with the emission angle. The neutron fluences incident on the samples were determined relative to the well-evaluated cross section for the reaction ⁹³Nb(n,2n)^92mNb.

The induced γ-ray activities of the irradiated Zn, Zr and Y₂O₃ samples and their monitor foils were measured by means of a calibrated Ge(Li) γ-ray detector at the KFI, Debrecen. At the IRK, Vienna, relative γ-ray measurements using a high-purity Ge detector were combined with integral γ-ray counting by means of a NaI(TI) well-type detector on the Cr, Zn and Zr foils of highest activity and on some Nb monitor foils; integral γ-ray counting only was applied in the case of the Y₂O₃ samples. All necessary corrections were taken into account.

The results are compared to the corresponding results of cross section measurements published in the literature. The uncertainties obtained in this work are considerably smaller in most cases than the uncertainties given by other authors.     

Analysis of Cu and O in high-Tc superconductors by 7–9 MeV protons

The use of proton-induced γ-ray emission for the simultaneous analysis of Cu and O in high-T_c superconductors is demonstrated. Utilizing 7–9 MeV protons, the ratio of O relative to Cu can be determined reliably to a few percent accuracy in homogeneous bulk samples and films thicker than 130 μm using standard bulk samples of O and Cu. Results of the present method are compared with those of the analysis of YBa₂Cu₃O_7xdone by the Rutherford scattering of particles and the non-Rutherford scattering through the ¹⁶O(p,p₀)¹⁶O reaction.     

2 MeV Si ion implantation damage in relaxed Si1−xGex

The damage produced by implanting, at room temperature, 3 μm thick relaxed Si_1−xGe_x layers with 2 MeV Si⁺ ions has been measured as a function of Ge content (x = 0.04, 0.13, 0.24 or 0.36) and Si dose in the dose range 10¹⁰–10¹⁵ cm⁻². The accumulation of damage with increasing dose has been studied as a function of Ge content by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry, Optical Reflectivity Depth Profiling and Transmission Electron Microscopy and an increased damage efficiency in Si_1−xGe_x with increasing x is observed. The characteristics of implantation-induced defects have been investigated by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance. The results are discussed in the context of a model of the damage process in SiGe.     

壳聚糖修饰碳纳米管对含铁放射性废水的处理

采用稳定性同位素⁵⁶Fe的硫酸亚铁溶液模拟核医学放射性废水中的⁵⁵Fe、⁵⁹Fe、⁵²Fe,研究经壳聚糖修饰的多壁碳纳米管CS-MWNTs对亚铁离子的吸附效果。并研究不同pH值、温度、时间、平衡离子浓度对吸附量的影响。结果表明,在相同条件下,CS-MWNTs相比原始多壁碳纳米管MWNTs吸附量有较大提升。CS-MWNTs与MWNTs在中性条件下的吸附效果均较酸性条件下的好,而在偏碱性条件下,溶液会发生沉淀,吸附不再是主要作用。CS-MWNTs与MWNTs对亚铁离子的吸附作用约在3 h达到平衡,且均为吸热反应。在室温25 ℃、pH＝5条件下,CS-MWNTs和MWNTs对亚铁离子的饱和吸附量分别为51 mg/g和27 mg/g。两种吸附材料的吸附过程均符合Freundlich方程。     

Characterization of silicon oxynitride films using ion beam analysis techniques

Heavy-ion elastic recoil detection analysis (HIERDA) is the ideal technique for quantitative analysis of silicon oxynitride films on silicon because of its unique ability to measure simultaneously all elements of interest (i.e., H, C, N, O and Si), thereby permitting key parameters such as the O/N-ratio to be determined in a single measurement. However, high-energy accelerators suitable for such HIERDA measurements are becoming much less readily available. Hence, the present paper investigates and calibrates an alternative IBA technique for simultaneous O, N and C analysis – namely, the use of (d,p) and (d,) nuclear reactions. Under optimum analysis conditions (850 keV deuterons and 150° detector angle), the Si background level sets a lower detection limit of 1×10¹⁶ nitrogen atoms/cm² and 3×10¹⁵ oxygen atoms/cm². H analysis is carried out separately, using low-energy ERDA and a 2 MeV ⁴He beam. Absolute cross-sections have been obtained for each of the (d,p) and (d,) groups. Comparison with data in the recent Handbook of Modern Ion Beam Materials Analysis shows reasonable agreement (10–15%) for the (d,p) reactions on oxygen and carbon. However, in the case of nitrogen, the measured cross-section values are 70% larger than the Handbook data. Several silicon oxynitride samples have been analyzed, first at UWO using 850 keV deuterons, and subsequently at ANU using HIERDA and a 200 MeV Au beam. The resulting O/N-ratios agree to within 10%. The relative importance of radiation damage effects is briefly discussed.     

用于测量高能γ射线的三晶电子对谱仪的研制

为解决高能γ射线的准确测量问题,本文基于自主研发的闪烁晶体探测器研制了一套三晶电子对谱仪,测量了⁵⁶Co放射源1.5 MeV以上γ射线的双逃逸峰能谱。与使用单个LaBr3探测器所测能谱相比,三晶电子对谱仪有效降低了峰与连续本底的比值。本文研究结果为准确测量加速器共振核反应(p,γ)及激光康普顿散射(LCS)产生的高能γ射线奠定了技术基础。     

~(56)Fe(n,xnγ)截面的符合测量方法研究

为降低瞬发γ射线法在测量重裂变核(n,xnγ)截面中的康普顿坪和本底水平,尝试采用符合方法来分析数据。在中国原子能科学研究院600kV高压倍加器上用两个Clover探测器直接测量56Fe(n,xnγ)5个能点的反应截面,然后采用符合技术分析数据,计算1 238.3keVγ射线截面。此结果与直接方法计算的截面结果基本一致,从而验证了符合测量方法的有效性。