CNx薄膜的制备和光电性能

以单晶硅片(100)和镀Pt硅片为衬底,用电化学沉积方法在阴极制备出CNx薄膜(x接近于1),薄膜的表面平滑,颗粒均匀.热处理后得到了β-C3N4和α-C3N4多晶结构薄膜.热处理温度的提高使薄膜中的C≡N键逐渐减少而消失,氮元素的流失使薄膜中非晶碳的成分增多,但是薄膜中碳氮逐渐以sp3C-N为主.薄膜的能带在1.1～1.8 eV之间,氮含量对能带大小影响较大.热处理使薄膜的电阻率(高于108Ω@cm)变化不大.氮含量影响PL谱中3.0和3.5 eV处发射峰的峰强,不影响峰位.     

磁控溅射TiN薄膜的工艺及电学性能研究

采用反应直流磁控溅射法,在Si基底上制备TiN薄膜.研究了溅射沉积过程中溅射气压和Ar/N2气体流量比对TiN薄膜结构及其电学性能的影响,并对试验结果进行了分析.研究发现,在Ar/N2气体流量比为15:1时,TiN薄膜的表面均方根粗糙度和电阻率都为最小.当溅射气压增大时,薄膜厚度减小.当溅射气压为0.3～0.5Pa时,薄膜表面较光滑,电阻率较小.     

氮化碳薄膜的电化学沉积及其电阻率研究

在ITO导电玻璃基底上,采用二氰二胺分散在DMF(N,N-二甲基甲酰胺)中形成的溶液做沉积液,阴极电化学沉积了CNx薄膜。X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)的分析结果表明,沉积的CNx薄膜的N/C比为0.7左右,碳和氮主要以C-N、C=N的形式成键,有少量的碳和氮以C≡N的形式成键。拉曼光谱测试发现其存在多个吸收峰,对其进行分析的结果表明薄膜样品中含有α-C3N4和β-C3N4相的成分。电阻率测试表明,氮化碳薄膜的电阻率值达到1012～1013Ω·cm。     

电化学制备CNx薄膜及其结构表征

在甲醇-尿素有机溶液中,采用电化学沉积方法,在单晶硅表面沉积得到掺氮的类金刚石薄膜.利用原子力显微镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱、傅立叶分光红外光度计、X射线衍射仪研究了其表面形貌和微观结构.结果表明:电化学沉积得到的薄膜表面致密,但粗糙度较大;Raman光谱中出现明显的D峰和G峰,说明薄膜中存在无定形结构的碳基质;薄膜的化学元素组成主要为C,还有少量的N,C、N之间主要以单键和双键形式相连;薄膜中存在着一定数量的β-C3N4晶相.     

氮化碳薄膜的光电特性研究

以高纯石墨为靶材,Ar、N_2为溅射和反应气体,采用直流磁控溅射法,制备了一系列不同N掺杂量的氮化碳薄膜。利用XRD、SEM、分光光度计、高阻抗率计等检测手段对薄膜的成分、形貌、透过率、电阻率等进行表征。结果表明:CN薄膜已初具晶型;随着溅射腔室中N_2含量的增加,薄膜中N含量先增加后减少最后趋于稳定状态,薄膜的电阻率维持在(10~(-5)～10~(15))Ω·cm范围内变动;透过率基本维持在85%～91%之间。N的掺入对薄膜中的sp3杂化C起到了稳定的作用。     

掺氮类金刚石薄膜的显微结构和光谱学研究

本文利用射频磁控溅射法,以高纯N2、Ar混合气体为溅射气体,用高纯石墨靶在Si（100）基片上制备出掺氮的类金刚石薄膜（DIE：N）。拉曼光谱（Raman）测试表明该薄膜仍然是类金刚石结构,对其进行拟合后得两个特征峰,分别是在1342．9cm^-1的D峰和1555．3cm^-1的G峰,ID／IG=0．45;X射线光电子能谱（XPS）表明薄膜含氮量为24％,XPS光谱的C1s和N1s的芯能级证实了薄膜中的碳氮进行了化合,形成了C-N、C=N、C≡N,说明薄膜中形成了非晶碳氮结构;傅里叶变换红外透射光谱（FTIR）也表明了薄膜中碳氮进行了化合;扫描电子显微镜（SEM）结果表明,实验所制备的薄膜表面均匀、致密、光滑,从横截面图像观察,薄膜与衬底结合紧密,薄膜的厚度大约为150nm。     

掺氮类金刚石薄膜的制备及其结构表征

采用射频磁控反应溅射法,Ar气为溅射气体,N2气为反应气体,用高纯石墨靶在Si（100）片上制备了掺氮类金刚石薄膜,采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）,表征了掺氮类金刚石薄膜的微观结构、表面及截面形貌。Raman光谱结果表明,制备的掺氮类金刚石薄膜中含有特征峰D峰和G峰,分别位于1339．2cm^-1、1554．6cm^-1均向低波数段频移,具有典型的类金刚石结构特征;XPS光谱的C1s和N1s的芯能级证实了薄膜中的碳氮进行了化合,形成了C-N、C=N、C=N,说明薄膜中形成了非晶碳氮结构;同时SEM结果表明实验所制备的薄膜表面均匀、致密、光滑,从截面照片观察,薄膜与衬底结合紧密,薄膜的厚度大约为150nm。     

双离子束溅射法制备铁氮薄膜

使用双离子束溅射法制得了铁氮薄膜,随着基片温度的变化,薄膜的成分是ε－Fe2-3N,γ′－Fe4N或是二相的混合物,薄膜的晶粒尺寸随基片温度的升高而增大。以振动样品磁强计（VSM）测定了薄膜的磁性能。另外,研究了在基片温度为160℃时,改变主源中通入N2／Ar的比例对薄膜成分的影响。     

溅射工艺参数对Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3薄膜沉积速率和介电性能的影响

铁电/介电BST(BaxSr1-xTiO3)薄膜在微电子学、集成光学和光电子学等新技术领域有广泛的应用前景.用射频磁控溅射方法制备了厚约700 nm的Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3薄膜,采用Al/BST/ITO结构研究了溅射功率、溅射气压、O2/(Ar O2)比和基片温度对上述BST薄膜沉积速率和介电性能的影响,并根据这些结果分析了较优的工艺条件,同时用XRD、XPS和SEM研究了薄膜的晶相、组成和显微结构.     

高频溅射法氮碳膜的生长及结构

本文用扫描电镜、红外吸收光谱、X射线光电子能谱和X射线衍射技术对高频溅射沉积法制备的氮化碳膜的生长过程进行了研究．改变溅射条件,研究了氮化碳膜的形貌和结构与其性质之间的关系,通过溅射条件的优化,可使氮化碳膜中的氮含量增加,薄膜的结构接近β-C₃N₄相．     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...