The Effects of Time Delay Spread on Portable Radio Communications Channels with Digital Modulation

Frequency-selective fading caused by multipath time delay spread degrades digital communication channels by causing intersymbol interference, thus resulting in an irreducible BER and imposing a upper limit on the data symbol rate. In this paper, a frequencyselective, slowly fading channel is studied by computer simulation. The unfiltered BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and MSK modulations are considered first to illustrate the physical insights and the error mechanisms. Two classes of modulation with spectral-shaping filtering are studied next to assess the tradeoff between spectral occupancy and the performance under the influence of time delay spread. The simulation is very flexible so that different channel parameters can be studied and optimized either individually or collectively. The irreducible BER averaged over fading samples with a given delay profile is used to compare different modulation/detection methods, while the cumulative distribution of short-term BER is employed to show allowable data symbol rates for given values of delay spread. It is found that both GMSK and QPSK with a raised-cosine Nyquist pulse are suitable for a TDM/TDMA digital portable communications channel.     

Analysis and optimization of DS-CDMA systems with time-limited partial response chip waveforms

Conventional direct sequence code division multiple access systems (DS-CDMA) using offset quadrature phase shift key (OQPSK) usually employ a strictly bandlimited partial response square-root raised cosine pulse as the chip waveform. They have the disadvantage of large envelope fluctuation that will incur performance degradation due to the intermodulation and bandwidth enlargement caused by post nonlinear processing. To improve the performance of DS-CDMA systems, the chip waveform and receiver should be properly selected. This paper presents a systematic performance analysis of a matched filter receiver and zero-forcing filter (ZF) receiver for DS-CDMA using a time-limited partial response chip waveform. Nevertheless the systematic performance analysis is applicable to bandlimited chip pulse as well. For the zero-forcing filters, we propose to select the frequency responses that satisfy the first Nyquist criterion. With this class of filters, we can choose the roll-off factor to minimize the total power of multiple access interference and noise power. The zero-forcing filter with proper choice of roll-off factor, referred to as optimum ZF, yields a performance better than the matched filter counterpart. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the optimum ZF with superposed quadrature amplitude modulation signal as the time pulse waveform is evaluated. It is shown that the optimum ZF provides better BER performance than conventional OQPSK and minimum shift keying, and its envelope uniformity is much better than that of OQPSK.     

Modulation techniques for on-board processing satellitecommunications

The uplink channel from a terminal to a regenerative satellite repeater is considered in which a digital transmultiplexer (TMUX) is used as a frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) to time-division-multiplexed (TDM) converter for group demodulation. Linear modulation techniques were considered to determine which would make the most efficient use of this on-board processing (OBP) satellite system. The modulation techniques examined were quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), π/4-QPSK, and offset QPSK (OQPSK), all with Nyquist pulse shaping, and minimum-phase keying (MSK). The search for the optimum linear modulation technique took into account the performance criteria of power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency, and especially the complexity of the TMUX algorithm for OBP     

Performance of Partial Response CPM in the Presence of Adjacent Channel Interference and Gaussian Noise

Partial response continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes have found wide acceptance because of their compact spectra and comparable performance with other traditional modulation schemes. Although optimum receivers are complex, simple suboptimum receivers are found to yield very good performance in special cases. Performance of such modulation schemes is of interest in a multiple user environment where adjacent channels are spaced closely to improve the system capacity. This paper presents the performance of partial response CPM in the presence of adjacent channel interference and Gaussian noise. The meansquare crosstalk in CPM systems employing MSK-type receivers is formulated. Based on this formulation, a number of modulation schemes employing different receiver filters are analyzed for their ACI rejection. Comparison of results proves that receiver filters, in addition to the spectral occupancy of the signal, play an important role in deciding the crosstalk. The error performance of various schemes evaluated using simulation technique is compared, and it is found that in the presence of adjacent channel interference, certain schemes perform better than minimum shift keying (MSK). The results of the simulation further prove the inadequacy of Gaussian assumption for the adjacent channel interference. It is seen that judicious choice of modulation scheme and receiver filter can result in better spectrum utilization.     

Quaternary Transmission Over Satellite Channels with Cascaded Nonlinear Elements and Adjacent Channel Interference

The performance of coherent QPSK, offset QPSK, and MSK modulation systems is investigated via computer simulation for TDMA transmission over satellite channels with cascaded nonlinear elements, up- and downlink fades, intersymbol interference, adjacent channel interference, and thermal noise. Three satellite transponder concepts are considered: TWTA transponders nominally operated at their saturation power under clear sky conditions, TWTA transponders nominally operated at input overdrive, and hard-limiting transponders. The performance of these modulation techniques in terms of bit error rate versus energy per information bit over thermal noise power densityE_{b}/N_{0}has been evaluated for the three system concepts as a function of various system parameters. For transponderBTproducts in the range of 1.5-2.0, modem filter characteristics and waveform shaping have been carefully and nearly "optimally" selected to combat adjacent channel interference, which is the major source of impairments, especially under uplink fades. It has been found that, for certain system environments, MSK and OQPSK outperform QPSK. As a byproduct of this investigation, various means to minimize the effects of adjacent channel are proposed.     

Performance of coded OQPSK and MIL-STD SOQPSK with iterative decoding

We show that military standard (MIL-STD) shaped-offset quadrature phase-shift keying (SOQPSK), a highly bandwidth-efficient constant-envelope modulation, can be represented in the form of a cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation. Similarly, we show that offset QPSK (OQPSK) can be decomposed into a "degraded" trellis encoder and a memoryless mapper. Based on the representations of OQPSK and MIL-STD SOQPSK as trellis-coded modulations (TCMs), we investigate the potential coding gains achievable from the application of simple outer codes to form a concatenated coding structure with iterative decoding. For MIL-STD SOQPSK, we describe the optimum receiver corresponding to its TCM form and then propose a simplified receiver. The bit-error rate (BER) performances of both receivers for uncoded and coded MIL-STD SOQPSK are simulated and compared with that of OQPSK and Feher-patented QPSK (FQPSK). The asymptotic BER performance of MIL-STD SOQPSK is also analyzed and compared with that of OQPSK and FQPSK. Simulation results show that, compared with their uncoded systems, there are significant coding gains for both OQPSK and MIL-STD SOQPSK, obtained by applying iterative decoding to either the parallel concatenated coding scheme or the serial one, even when very simple outer codes are used.     

Performance of Maximum-Likelihood Receiver in the Nonlinear Satellite Channel

A computer-simulation algorithm is described for calculating the performance of a maximum-likelihood (ML) receiver in the nonlinear satellite communications channel. It is assumed that performance is dominated by isolated single errors and that the channel can be approximated by one of finite memory,M leq 10bits. The algorithm employs the brute force method of comparing the wave forms of all sequence pairs of length2M - 1bits that differ in theirM'th bit, and in spite of the large number of sequences involved requires only modest computer time. Examples for a rudimentary channel employing a traveling wave tube at saturation with modulation formats QPSK, O-QPSK, and MSK are computed and ML performance is compared to that of suboptimum receivers using bit-by-bit decision or discrete ML sequence estimation. Results indicate that the inherent channel degradation that cannot be corrected by appropriate receiver design is not great even for transmission at the Nyquist rate limit as defined relative to the 3 dB bandwidth of a link employing 6-pole Butterworth filters.     

Average bit-error-rate performance of band-limited DS/SSMA communications

Direct-sequence spread-spectrum multiple-access (DS/SSMA) communications, strictly band-limited transmitter chip waveforms with excess bandwidth in the interval between zero and one, pseudo-random spreading sequences, an additive white Gaussian noise channel, and matched filter receivers are considered. First, a new expression for the average bit error rate (BER) is derived for systems with quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) spreading, the conventional matched filter receiver, a coherent detector for binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) data symbols, and chip waveforms that result in no interchip interference. The expression consists of a well known BER expression based on the standard Gaussian approximation to multiple-access interference and a few correction terms. It enables accurate BER evaluations without any numerical integration for various choices of system parameters of interest. The accuracy of the expression is guaranteed as long as the conditional Gaussian approximation to the cross-correlation coefficients between the desired user's spreading sequence and the interfering users' spreading sequences is valid. The expression well reflects the effect of filtering on the system performance. Extensions of the expression are discussed for systems with QPSK spreading and different detection schemes, systems with BPSK spreading, and systems with different transmit and receive filters. Monte Carlo simulation results are also provided to verify the accuracy.     

Four novel quadrature overlapping modulations and their spectral efficiency analysis over band-limited non-linear channels

The power spectral density (PSD) analysis considering non-linearity is important in studying spectral efficiency of a digital modem for satellite systems. A general closed formula for numerical PSD calculation of quadrature overlapping modulations is derived in this paper. Four new quadrature overlapping modulation schemes are proposed because they have better spectral characteristics than those of conventional modulations, such as offset QPSK, MSK and staggered QORC, in both linear and nonlinear channels. The four new schemes are; overlapped minimum shift keying (OMSK), minimum shift keying triangular cosine (MSKTC), raised cosine triangular cosine (RCTC) and sinusoidal quadrature overlapped triangular cosine (SQOTC). The results show that for these new modulations, PSD side lobe regeneration caused by the channel non-linearity, is much less than that for the OQPSK, MSK and staggered QORC, a desirable feature enabling even tighter frequency band allocation in satellite communication systems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高速数据抗干扰传输的设计与仿真

文章提出了一种采用正交循环码的M—ary扩频多载波传输方案（M—ary／OFDM）,给出了方案的系统模型、信号格式及关键部分的设计。在发端,每个用户采用正交循环码实现M—ary扩频后经OFDM调制,在收端,经OFDM解凋后利用两个数字匹配滤波器来完成M元扩频信号的解扩,实现了高速数据的抗干扰传输。仿真结果表明,在无人机信道中该方案与传统M—ary／QPSK方案相比,具有较强的抗多径干扰及多普勒频移的能力。     

QPSK, Staggered QPSK, and MSK--A Comparative Evaluation

Bandwidth- and power-efficient quadrature carrier modulation techniques are identified, evaluated, and compared. The modulation techniques include quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), staggered QPSK (SQPSK), and minimum (frequency) shift keying (MSK). High quality QPSK, SQPSK, and MSK transmitters and receivers were used in the evaluation, along with a computer simulation program which modeled the hardware. Both linear and nonlinear channels were included in the comparative investigation. The agreement between simulated and measured results is shown to be excellent. In the comparison of modulation techniques, the effects of channel filtering (band limiting), nonlinearities, detection techniques, and phase equalization are addressed. The application-oriented results are intended to be an aid in selecting modulation and detection implementations, and in predicting the performance of linear and nonlinear communication systems. For systems with imperfections, data are presented for determination of passive detection filters which can outperform "matched" integrate and dump (I&D) filters.     

Direct sequence spread spectrum Walsh-QPSK modulation

We present Walsh-quadrature phase-shift keying (Walsh-QPSK) pseudonoise (PN) modulation schemes for both coherent and noncoherent direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems, wherein the PN spreading sequences for in-phase and quadrature data in a conventional QPSK PN modulation scheme are coded by Walsh sequences indexed by a special rule to reduce the envelope variation of the transmitted signal. The signal characteristics of the two schemes are analyzed when a rectangular-shaped PN chip pulse is used, and it is shown that the proposed coherent DS-CDMA system has a constant envelope even in the presence of a transmitted phase reference. We simulate the signals to obtain the envelope variations when a spectrally efficient shaped PN chip pulse is used, and compare the results with those of conventional QPSK and orthogonal QPSK (OQPSK) PN modulation schemes. The results show that both the noncoherent and coherent Walsh-QPSK schemes have smaller envelope variations than the conventional noncoherent QPSK and OQPSK PN modulation schemes, even though in the coherent Walsh-QPSK scheme the pilot channel is added to the signal channel     

A comparison of multipath distortion characteristics among digital modulation techniques

In a digital mobile radio transmission, long-delayed multi-path propagation causes frequency selective fading, resulting in signal waveform distortion and hence bit error rate (BER) degradation. Comparison of multipath distortion among various digital modulation techniques (binary, quaternary, offset quaternary, and minimum phase shift keying (BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK and MSK)) is made using a two-ray propagation model, which is a fundamental model to evaluate multipath tolerant capability. The analysis clarified the multipath conditions causing severe distortions and also the mechanisms of eye pattern degradation, showing the superiority of BPSK in multipath tolerance.     

Simple Expression for Interchannel and Intersymbol Interference Degradation in MSK Systems with Application to Systems with Gaussian Filters

In this paper, we derive a simple expression for the degradation in signal-to-noise ratio caused by intersymbol and adjacent channel interference in MSK systems for which the total response is nonnegative and the response is such that only two intersymbol and one adjacent channel terms are dominant. An MSK system with Gaussian filters in transmitter and receiver satisfy this condition. The resulting expression is simple because we simultaneously maximize the signal value from the main channel (by selecting the sampling time) and the degradation caused by the signals in the interfering channels. For such systems we derive the relation between the optimal filter bandwidth and channel frequency separation. Numerical results are presented for the case of Gaussian filters in both transmitter and receiver or receiver only and either one or two adjacent interfering channels.     

Quadrature Overlapped Raised-Cosine Modulation

A variation of an old but neglected pulse shaping technique, raised-cosine, is investigated. By overlapping raised-cosine pulses in each of two data streams and then by quadrature combining them, a simple QPSK/MSK type modulation results. This quadrature overlapped raised-cosine (QORC) modulation exhibits a hybrid structure of QPSK and MSK modulations. The power spectral density of QORC is shown to take on the form of the product of the power spectral densities of MSK and QPSK. The obvious consequences are that the power spectral density main lobe retains the width of the spectral density main lobe of QPSK, but the sidelobes drop off much faster(1/f^{6}). A simple QORC modulator can be implemented similar to an MSK modulator. Several correlation type receivers are investigated and their performances calculated. Computer simulation results are used to compare end-to-end system performance of QORC and staggered QORC (SQORC) with MSK, QPSK, and staggered QPSK (SQPSK) for both linear and nonlinear satellite channels. The performance of QORC and SQORC compares very favorably with QPSK, SQPSK, and MSK. QORC performs particularly well in the presence of a nonlinear channel. The effect of phase equalization of the channel filter was investigated with outstanding performance improvement. The simulation results show that sidelobe regeneration caused by the channel nonlinearity is much less for SQORC than it is for the other modulation formats considered.     

A Practical Optimization Approach for QPSK/TDMA Satellite Channel Filtering

This paper reports the results of computer and laboratory hardware simulation studies concerning optimum pulseshaping filter characteristics and configurations to be employed with conventional QPSK signaling in a nonlinear channel. An understanding of the factors and issues contributing to transmission impairments was obtained through an initial hardware simulation which was confirmed and extended with computer simulation. Based on this understanding, the critical characteristics of the channel pulseshaping transmit and receive filters were determined, promising filter candidates were implemented, and a complete system laboratory hardware simulation study was configured to evaluate the candidate filters using an INTELSAT IV satellite. This study emphasizes the performance tradeoff between the nonlinear channel-induced bit-error-rate impairment and the adjacent channel interference levels caused by HPA spectrum regeneration of filtered QPSK as a function of filter configuration. The results show that a more gentle rolloff Nyquist or wider bandwidth non-Nyquist transmit filter produces similar significantly improved performance compared to a conventional sharp rolloff Nyquist transmit filter in nonlinear satellite channels. For the wider non-Nyquist filter case, employing a Nyquist filter at the demodulation also benefits performance.     

A general time-discrete equivalent to a time-continuous Gaussian channel (Corresp.)

Transmission of a time-discrete message over a time-continuous channel is considered. The channel is assumed to be stationary and Gaussian. The following results are shown. 1) An optimum receiver will always contain a matched matrix filter followed by a sampling unit. 2) Jointly optimized transmitting and receiving filters will always be strictly band limited to a set of Nyquist domains. It is shown that both these results are true for any kind of message and under any measure of performance. On the basis of these results a general time-discrete matrix channel equivalent to the original time-continuous scalar channel is derived. The significance of the results is that any optimization of transmitter and receiver is reduced from a time-continuous problem to a time-discrete one.     

Required Transmit Filter Bandwidths in Digital Radio Systems

Widely used digital radio modulations such as quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), minimum shift keying (MSK), and sinusoidal frequency shift keying (SFSK) usually require some form of transmit filtering to ensure compliance with spectrum emission rules. Typically, radio transmit filters are of a specified type, such as fourthorder Butterworth, where the bandwidth parameter(beta)is a design variable. We specify β to be optimal for a particular filter when it has the largest value for which the transmitted signal satisfies the emission rules, and we present numerical solutions for β over a wide range of conditions. These data can be used in design studies that compare contending modulation/transmit filter combinations. The solutions given are for systems subject to the spectral limits of FCC Docket 19311. The types of modulation considered are generalizations of those cited above; the types of transmit filters considered are Butterworth and Chebyshev filters of various orders; and β is tabulated as a function of channel width-to-symbol rate ratio for numerous modulation/filter combinations. While computed specifically, for the 6 GHz common carrier band, the results are also valid, to within a few percent, for the 4 and 11 GHz bands.     

一种基于相位信息的MSK软件解调方法

首先介绍了数字调制信号(包括PSK，FSK，QPSK，OQPSK和MSK等)的演化背景，然后重点介绍了MSK的调制解调原理，提出了一种基于瞬时相位信息的MSK解调方法，并进行了仿真实验，实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent DPSK and CPMtransmitted over Rayleigh flat-fading channels

In this paper, a new data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent differentially encoded phase-shift keying (DPSK) and coherent continuous phase modulation (CPM) over Rayleigh flat-fading channels is presented, This receiver uses the previously detected symbols to estimate the carrier-phase reference and predict the channel gain continuously and therefore makes the optimal coherent detection of DPSK and CPM. The receiver has a simple structure and can be implemented easily. This is due partly to the fact that the linear predictors used for channel estimation do not depend on the autocorrelation function of the fading process. Simulation results on the bit error performance of QDPSK and minimum-shift keying (MSK) with the new receiver are given for both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the Rayleigh flat-fading channels. The results show that the proposed receiver provides almost the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the ideal coherent receiver in an AWGN channel, is very robust against large carrier frequency offset between transmitter and receiver, and can provide a reasonably good BER performance in a fast Rayleigh fading channel. Finally, a multisample receiver is discussed and its error rate performance is evaluated by means of computer simulations. The results show that the multisample receiver provides good BER performance for higher fading rate