石墨含量对镁碳砖抗氧化性能的影响

以镁砂和鳞片石墨为主要原料,以树脂为结合剂制备了不同石墨含量的镁碳耐火材料。研究了石墨含量和氧化温度对镁碳耐火材料抗氧化性能的影响。并利用氧化模型计算了不同石墨含量镁碳砖的氧化率。结果表明:随着石墨含量的增加,镁碳砖试样的体积密度降低,显气孔率升高。经900℃碳化后,镁碳砖试样的体积密度较碳化前降低,显气孔率升高。在1 400℃氧化后的镁碳砖试样脱碳层厚度随着石墨含量的增加而减小;而在1 000℃氧化后,石墨含量对脱碳层厚度影响不大。氧化模型结果表明,随着石墨含量的增加,镁碳砖试样的氧化率逐渐降低,抗氧化性增加。     

ZrB2对低碳镁碳材料抗氧化性能的影响

在以大结晶镁砂、天然鳞片石墨为主原料的低碳MgO-C材料(C含量6%)中,分别加入2%的Al或2%、4%、6%的ZrB2,检测了试样在氧气中经950℃、1150℃和1350℃氧化30min后的质量损失和脱碳层厚度,研究了氧化试验后试样的显微结构和相组成。结果表明:适量的ZrB2可以显著提高低碳MgO-C材料的抗氧化性能。其机理是ZrB氧化后生成的BO与MgO反应生成液相包裹在石墨周围,阻止了石墨的氧化。     

B_4C对低碳MgO-C材料性能的影响

以电熔镁砂、鳞片石墨、金属铝粉、酚醛树脂为主要原料,研究了B4C外加量(w)为0、0.1%、0.2%和0.3%时对低碳镁碳材料物理性能和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明:添加少量B4C对试样的显气孔率、体积密度、常温抗折强度、常温耐压强度以及高温抗折强度的影响较小,B4C外加量对试样脱碳层厚度的影响显著:B4C的外加质量分数从0增加到0.1%时,脱碳层厚度减少了36%;当B4C外加质量分数进一步从0.1%增加到0.3%时,脱碳层厚度减少了26%。B4C氧化生成的B2O3等玻璃态物质存在于镁砂颗粒间,阻止了氧气向材料内部的传输。     

树脂及石墨含量对MgO-C砖密度及氧化性的影响

研究了树脂种类、含量及石墨含量对MgO-C耐火材料物理及力学性能的影响,如密度、气孔率及强度。加入不同量的石墨和树脂制备试样,在空气中,温度从900℃变化到1300℃,用热重仪等温研究了试样的氧化特性。结果表明:低粘度树脂改善了压缩性,并降低了强度。增加树脂含量有助于改善压缩性,但在600℃预加热后造成气孔率较高,结果表明,随着石墨含量增加,热处理后试样的气孔率及密度下降。在氧化过程中,开始失重率较高,随着脱碳层厚度增加,失重率逐渐降低。石墨含量较高增加了失重,但降低了氧化层厚度。     

Ti粉加入量对Al_2O_3-C材料强度与抗氧化性的影响

以白刚玉、鳞片石墨为主要原料,分别外加质量分数为0、2.5%、5%、7.5%、10%的Ti粉,经等静压成型,在流动氮气中于1350℃4 h烧成,制备了含Ti的Al2O3-C试样,测试了试样的常温耐压强度、常温抗折强度和1 400℃2 h下的抗氧化性,用XRD分析了试样及其脱碳层的相组成,并用SEM观察试样脱碳层的显微形貌。结果表明:1)在流动氮气中烧成,Ti粉易于转化为TiC1-xNx(其中0≤x≤1),增强了物相间的结合力,且TiC1-xNx钉扎在基体中,增大了基体间滑移的摩擦力,提高了Al2O3-C试样的强度,外加Ti粉质量分数为5%时最佳;2)加Ti粉的Al2O3-C试样在空气中氧化时,TiC1-xNx氧化后的体积膨胀弥补了石墨被氧化后留下的空隙,阻止了外部O2的扩散,同时在高温的作用下,脱碳层氧化物间形成的钛酸铝和莫来石能胶结基体形成致密层,有效地减缓了内层非氧化物的氧化,提高了Al2O3-C试样的抗氧化性能。     

膨胀石墨与鳞片石墨对VOD钢包渣线用低碳镁碳材料侵蚀机理的影响

以膨胀石墨与微米粒径鳞片石墨为主要碳源制得的两种低碳镁碳材料为对象,研究了其在VOD精炼钢包渣线部位工业试验的侵蚀机理。研究发现,含微米粒径鳞片石墨镁碳材料与渣层之间形成了MgO致密层和致密渗透层,而膨胀石墨由于氧化后在原位形成大尺寸孔隙不利于致密层的形成,使得后者与渣层之间未能形成MgO致密层。MgO致密层的形成抑制了高温、低压精炼环境下MgO-碳系统中MgO-碳间的氧化反应与碳的直接燃烧氧化反应,改善了材料的抗侵蚀性能。因此,含膨胀石墨低碳镁碳材料的平均侵蚀速率比含微米粒径鳞片石墨的低碳镁碳材料高45%。在此基础上,提出了工业试验条件下两种低碳镁碳材料的侵蚀机理。     

纳米炭黑分散方法和含量对低碳镁碳材料力学性能的影响

采用加KH-550偶联剂和高速搅拌的方法,将不同量的纳米炭黑N220均匀分散在酚醛树脂中,制成纳米炭黑-酚醛树脂复合结合剂,研究了纳米炭黑含量对复合结合剂黏度及其经1500℃炭化后碳结构的影响,并采用这些复合结合剂制备了w(C)=3%的低碳镁碳试样。研究了纳米炭黑含量(相对于酚醛树脂的质量分别为0、2.5%、5%、10%和15%)对低碳镁碳试样力学性能的影响,同时还与将纳米炭黑以预混合粉方式加入的低碳镁碳试样的力学性能进行了对比。结果发现:1)随着纳米炭黑含量的增加,复合结合剂的黏度迅速增大;2)纳米炭黑-酚醛树脂复合物经1500℃炭化后的碳结构呈光学同向性,但其微气孔数量减少,微气孔尺寸减小,碳结构的石墨化程度提高;3)随着纳米炭黑加入量的增加,低碳镁碳试样的常温抗折强度、高温抗折强度和常温耐压强度逐渐增大;4)将纳米炭黑直接分散在细粉中加入时,试样的常温抗折强度、高温抗折强度和常温耐压强度均比以纳米炭黑-酚醛树脂方式加入时差。     

配料组成对镁碳材料热膨胀性能的影响

由于低碳钢、超低碳钢和不锈钢的冶炼等的需要,低碳镁碳砖得到了较快的发展。低碳镁碳砖的抗剥落性较差,而热膨胀性能是影响镁碳砖抗剥落性的主要因素之一。本工作研究了添加剂种类(铝粉和硅粉)和加入量、石墨加入量、结合剂种类和加入量及电熔镁砂档次对镁碳材料的热膨胀曲线、烧后线变化率和脱碳层厚度等的影响。1试验1.1原料及试样试验用主要原料有:电熔镁砂(w(MgO)=98%)、-198石墨、金属铝粉和硅粉等。按表1的配比配料(其中,5#配方中粒度>1mm的镁砂是用1.3%的树脂涂覆且固化过的,其表面有一层树脂炭化层),在液压机上以250MPa的压力分…     

ZrB2加入量对ZrO2-C材料抗氧化性的影响

以ZrO2、鳞片石墨、ZrB2、Al粉、Si粉为主要原料,以热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,制成石墨、Al粉和Si粉的质量分数分别固定为17%、3%和3%,硼化锆的加入量(质量分数)分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和30%,尺寸为40 mm×4 mm×4 mm的ZrO2-C-ZrB2复合材料样坯,先在180℃处理24 h,再在还原气氛中于1 200℃保温6 h煅烧,最后在空气气氛中进行恒温氧化试验,氧化温度分别为800、900、1 000、1 100和1 200 ℃保温30min,测量试样氧化后的质量变化率和氧化层厚度,采用SEM分析氧化后试样断面及氧化层的显微结构.结果表明:1)随着ZrB2加入量从0增加到30%,在800～1 200℃氧化后试样的氧化层厚度逐渐减小;2)ZrB2氧化生成的B2O3在试样表面形成低熔点相的保护膜,抑制了石墨的氧化,提高了ZrO2-C-ZrB2材料的抗氧化性.     

石墨种类对尖晶石碳材料性能与结构的影响

以质量分数分别为88%的镁铝尖晶石、8%的石墨、1%的B4C、3%的铝硅合金粉为原料,外加7%的酚醛树脂和2. 5%的酒精制备了尖晶石碳材料,研究了石墨种类(鳞片石墨(+199和-199)、超细鳞片石墨SG、膨胀石墨EG)对该材料性能与结构的影响。结果表明:1)石墨含量至8%(w)时,石墨在基质中的分布不连续。鳞片石墨(+199和-199)对试样抗热震性和常温强度影响不大。加入3%(w)的超细鳞片石墨对试样的抗热震性较佳; 2)热震后试样的残余强度随膨胀石墨含量的增加稍有提高,而强度保持率最高试样的常温抗折强度则较低,综合考虑加入1%(w)的膨胀石墨较为适宜; 3)尖晶石碳棒头材料中石墨组成为鳞片石墨(+199和-199)和膨胀石墨,制备了多支塞棒进行了工业试验,结果表明该塞棒棒头不开裂,抗冲刷性能较好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。