凹凸棒黏土脱硫剂脱除3-甲基噻吩的实验研究

选用经分散剂六偏磷酸钠提纯、硝酸处理的凹凸棒黏土为载体,采用浸渍法负载Fe系和Ag系化合物,制备凹凸棒黏土脱硫剂,用于含3-甲基噻吩的模拟汽油的脱硫。通过正交实验进行脱硫剂制备条件的优化。结果表明,在Fe系化合物质量分数5%、Ag系化合物质量分数0.5%、400℃焙烧4.5 h的条件下制备的凹凸棒黏土脱硫剂,在常温常压条件下,使模拟汽油硫质量分数从500 μg/g降至约191 μg/g,脱硫率达到61.8%。     

微反产物中汽油馏分段硫化物类型分布的测定

采用气相色谱-原子发射光谱,结合多维色谱中的反吹技术,建立了以减压馏分油为原料的微反产物中汽油馏分段中各种硫化物类型分布的分析方法。考察了色谱条件对汽油馏分段各种硫化物分离的影响,定性分析了微反产物中汽油馏分段中的37种硫化物,计算了恒压模式程序升温下汽油馏分段中各种硫化物的保留指数,为不同实验室的定性分析提供了依据。微反产物中各主要组分峰面积重现性的相对标准偏差小于5％。该方法已被应用于微反催化剂评价硫化物的类型分布研究,并可推广到固定床、流化床工艺脱硫条件的选择。     

改性凹凸棒粘土脱硫剂在汽油脱硫中的应用

Attapulgite clay is a kind of special silicate mineral with high adsorption capacity thanks to its loose structure andporous surface. In this paper, the attapulgite clay was treated effectively with acid under microwave thermal activation andultrasonic vibration, respectively, and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, FT-IR and SEM. The desulfurization performanceof the modified attapulgite clay was then evaluated by using simulated gasoline as the feed. The test results showedthat the thiophene removal rate increased with an increasing dosage of hydrochloric acid during microwave modificationof attapulgite clay. When the concentration of hydrochloric acid reached 15%, the increase of desulfurization rate becameslower, and the desulfurization rate was about 69%.     

柴油加氢与微生物脱硫过程中硫化物类型变化规律研究

采用气相色谱-原子发射光谱联用(GC-AED)技术,研究了柴油馏分加氢前后各种硫化物的变化。在加氢脱硫过程中,二苯并噻吩类化合物中的硫最难脱除,催化剂的类型及各操作参数的选择应以柴油中二苯并噻吩类化合物含量来确定。研究了某加氢柴油进行微生物脱硫处理后各种硫化物的变化,并研究了硫含量不同的柴油馏分进行微生物脱硫处理后各种硫化物的分布。可选取在加氢脱硫过程中将柴油中的硫含量降到多大时,再进行生物脱硫技术处理的最佳方案。     

改性凹凸棒用于FCC汽油的吸附脱硫

采用改性凹凸棒黏土为载体,混合法制备了TiO2-凹凸棒黏土复合型脱硫剂(TiO2-GATB),用于FCC汽油吸附脱硫,考察了脱硫剂活性组分种类、活性组分含量、活化温度、活化时间,脱硫剂用量、脱硫温度、脱硫时间对脱硫率的影响;并利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、光电子能谱(XPS)等手段进行表征和分析。结果表明,采用600℃活化4h制备的负载5%(质量分数)TiO2的凹凸棒黏土脱硫剂(5%TiO2-GATB),在脱硫温度40℃、脱硫时间1h的条件下,40 mL FCC汽油加5 g脱硫剂的脱硫效果最佳;经二次脱硫,FCC汽油中的硫质量分数由1100 μg/g降至141 μg/g,脱硫率达87.18 %。在该复合材料中,TiO2 颗粒间不发生团聚,与凹凸棒黏土结合牢固。     

汽油馏分的硫化物形态分布研究

采用气相色谱和硫化学发光检测器（GC-SCD）技术，经过对色谱条件的优化，建立了汽油馏分硫化物形态分布的测定方法。用标准物质的保留时间辅以化学法脱除硫醇、硫醚的方法对107个硫化物进行了定性；标准硫化物保留时间重复测定结果的RSD≤0．25％。用内标法对主要的硫化物和总硫进行了定量，方法的加标回收率在96％-115％范围；同一样品重复测定5次，含硫大于7mg／kg的硫化物组分重复测定结果的RSD≤8．9％。将所建立的方法用于不同装置的汽油馏分的硫化物形态分布规律的研究。     

用CGC—AED法分析汽油中的硫化物

用ＣＧＣ－ＡＥＤ联用技术建立了汽油中硫化物含是分析方法,探索了优化分析条件并考查了烃类对硫化物定量的影响,对汽油中大部分硫化物作了定性以及定量精密度研究。     

催化裂化汽油中硫化物的吸附脱除研究

采用气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器（GC-SCD）分析研究催化裂化汽油中硫化物在S Zorb吸附剂上的吸附脱除情况。结果表明,催化裂化汽油中硫化物在S Zorb吸附剂上的脱除从难到易的顺序为：C3-和C4-噻吩相似文献   

气相色谱—脉冲火焰光度法测定催化裂化汽油中的硫化物

采用气相色谱-脉冲火焰光度检测器(GC-PFPD),对几种催化裂化汽油中的硫化物进行了定性和定量研究。在此基础上,考察了PFPD检测器硫响应与信号输出方式以及硫化物结构的关系。同时,确定了在开平方模式下,PFPD检测器与硫化物的硫浓度的线性方程。     

Ni/ZnO吸附剂脱除催化裂化汽油中的硫

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni质量分数为4%的Ni/ZnO吸附剂,以FCC汽油为原料,通过固定床吸附实验评价了Ni/ZnO吸附剂对催化裂化汽油的吸附脱硫性能以及吸附剂的再生性能。结果表明,较高的反应温度、压力和较低的体积空速有利于提高Ni/ZnO对FCC汽油的吸附脱硫效果,并且汽油辛烷值损失小。Ni/ZnO吸附剂脱硫的适宜操作条件为: 温度370～380℃,吸附压力2.0MPa,氢/油摩尔比1.5,体积空速4.0h^-1,此时吸附剂的穿透硫容 (硫质量分数达到30μg/g时,认为吸附剂穿透,测定吸附剂中的硫质量分数,即为吸附剂的穿透硫容。)为2.54%,汽油辛烷值损失1.1个单位。该吸附剂可以再生,多次循环使用后其脱硫性能基本保持不变。     

几种汽油脱硫工艺中含硫化合物类型变化规律

采用气相色谱-原子发射光谱联用(GC—AED)技术,研究了几种不同的脱硫工艺(加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫和抽提脱硫)中各种含硫化合物的变化。加氢脱硫工艺中含硫化合物的脱除效果最好,硫脱除率可达98％以上,硫醇、硫醚最易脱除,仅有少量的烷基取代噻吩不易被脱除,加氢脱硫条件的选择应以汽油中噻吩类化合物的含量而定;吸附脱硫工艺中,硫醇、硫醚、四氢噻吩类化合物最易脱除,受空间位阻的影响,取代噻吩比噻吩难脱除;在抽提脱硫工艺中,因苯并噻吩与所用抽提剂结构相近,最易被脱除,而空间位阻较大的三甲基噻吩和四甲基噻吩不能被脱除。采用GC—AED技术,可根据汽油馏分中含硫化合物的分布来选择合适的脱硫工艺。     

Preparation of the Modified Y Zeolite for Removal of Organic Sulfur Compounds from FCC Gasoline

Abstract

Ce(IV)-loaded modified NaY (NH₄Y) zeolite was prepared for selective adsorptive desulfurization from fluid catalytic cracked (FCC) gasoline. Ce(β)Y was obtained from NH₄Y using a liquid-phase ion-exchange method. Ce(IV)Y was obtained from calcining Ce(β)Y at 550°C. The structures of the Ce(IV)Y and NaY samples, selective adsorption of organic sulfur compounds on Ce(IV)Y and NaY zeolite, sulfur content of FCC gasoline, and mechanism for adsorption of thiophene on Ce(IV)Y and NaY zeolite were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), gas chromatography–sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC-SCD), sulfur analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), frequency response (FR), and intelligent gravimetric analysis (IGA). The selective adsorption desulfurization from FCC gasoline containing organic sulfur compounds (S = 135 μg/g) was investigated with Ce(IV)Y adsorbent for removal.

The sulfur content was reduced to 20.14 μg/g. The thiophene adsorption mechanism showed that Ce(IV)Y can adsorb thiophene via π electronic interaction directly, and thiophene and Ce(IV) can form a stable sulfur–metal bond (S-M bond) that enhances the adsorption capacity of Ce(IV)Y for thiophene. This method for the modification of NaY zeolite provides a promising selective desulfurization process to prepare clean fuels.     

1.2 Mt/a S Zorb装置生产超低硫清洁汽油运行概况

介绍了中国石化北京燕山分公司S Zorb装置生产满足京Ⅴ标准的汽油的运行情况。通过对装置加工负荷、原料硫含量进行控制,对吸附剂的反应-再生循环参数进行优化,可以连续稳定地生产硫质量分数低于8 μg/g的满足京Ⅴ排放标准要求的汽油调合组分。同时也对影响装置稳定生产的主要因素进行了分析,提出了相应的对策。     

汽油馏分中硫含量及硫形态分布方法的研究

采用气相色谱和硫化学发光检测器（GC—SCD），建立了汽油馏分中各种硫化物类型分布的分析方法。考察了色谱条件对汽油馏分中各种硫化物分离的影响，定性了汽油馏分中的107个硫化物，测定出当硫化物中的硫含量在0．2—200ng／ul时，其峰面积与质量浓度呈较好的线性关系，相关系数达0．999，响应与硫化物的类型无关。汽油中几种主要硫化物（噻吩、正丁硫醇、2-甲基噻吩、3-甲基噻吩、2，4-二甲基噻吩）浓度测定值重现性的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于5．0％。当信噪比（S／N）为3时，测得2一甲基噻吩的检测限为0．1ng／ul。本研究所建立的方法可用于分析不同装置的汽油馏分的硫化物形态分布规律。     

Imidazolium-based Alkylsulfate Ionic Liquids and Removal of Sulfur Content From Model of Gasoline

Two ionic liquids, butyl-methyl-imidazolium octylsulfate, [BMIM][OCSO₄], and ethyl-methyl-imidazolium ethylsulfate, [EMIM][EtSO₄], were demonstrated to be effective for the removal of aromatic sulfur compounds such as benzothiophene and thiophene from model of gasoline. Organic compounds with higher aromatic π-electron density were favorably adsorbed by using ionic liquids. It was shown that the extractive ability of the alkylsulfate IL_s was dominated by the structure and size of cation and anion. The cation and anion structure and size of ionic liquids are important factors affecting the absorption capacity for aromatic compounds. It is found that [BMIM][OCSO₄] has the best effect on the selective removal of sulfur compounds from gasoline. Sulfur extractive selectivity for specified IL followed the order BT>T>3-MT>2-MT.     

低硫汽油中含硫化合物的形态分析

建立了低硫汽油中含硫化合物类型分布的气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器(GC-SCD)的分析方法。优化了色谱条件,提高了方法对硫化物的分析灵敏度,对汽油中硫的检出限达到0.05 mg/L。考察了重复性,对于硫含量分别为1,5,10 mg/L的汽油样品重复测定5次,重现性良好,相对标准偏差小于1%。在此基础上,分析了选择性加氢脱硫(RSDS)工艺和吸附脱硫(S Zorb)工艺产品汽油中含硫化合物的类型分布,并探讨了不同硫含量中汽油硫类型的分布规律。该方法可应用于不同来源的低硫汽油中各种硫化物类型分布的研究。     

Study on Modified Y Zeolites and Their Behaviors in Selective Adsorptive Desulfurization of FCC Gasoline(Ⅰ)

Na Y zeolite was modified through dealumination with oxalic acid,and the HY zeolite was obtained by calcination of the modified NaY zeolite.The zeolite molding process was carried out at ambient temperature(25℃),and the influence of solid/fuel mass ratio and adsorptive desulfurization time on the HY zeolite were investigated through tests on static selective adsorptive desulfurization of FCC gasoline containing organic sulfur compounds(with a S content=135 ppm).The sulfur content and sulphide types in the FCC gasoline were analyzed by a GC 2010 sulfur analyzer and a GC-SCD chromatograph.The test results showed that the molded HY zeolite was better than the unmolded HY zeolite.At a static adsorptive desulfurization time on the molded HY zeolite equating to 6 hours,a solid/fuel mass ratio of 1:3,the sulfur content of FCC gasoline was decreased to 30 ppm,and the desulfurization rate was equal to 78%.When the breakthrough point of the molded HY was equal to 50 ppm,the molded HY zeolite was capable of adsorbing 4.86 mg of sulfur per gram of adsorbent.And the regeneration rate of molded HY zeolite was equal to 98%.     

FCC汽油硫化物的形成和转化机理分析

介绍了汽油硫化物在FCC过程中的生成和转化机理,重点对噻吩类硫化物的几种转化途径进行了分析,指出在催化剂酸性中心上噻吩类硫化物主要发生的反应;介绍了FCC汽油硫化物转化和生成反应网络,指出烷基化、环化脱氢反应可以使噻吩、烷基噻吩变成更大分子的硫化物,氢转移反应可以促进硫化物向H2S的转化,同时H2S和烯烃反应生成硫化物;在此基础上,提出了降低汽油硫含量要考虑的几个方面,为新型降硫催化剂的开发提供理论基础。     

WGS湿法脱硫技术在3.5 Mt/a催化裂化装置的工业应用

为满足《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》要求,实现达标排放,中国石油广西石化公司采用美国ExxonMobil公司开发的喷射文丘里湿气洗涤技术对3.5Mt/a催化裂化装置通过在线改造增设湿法烟气脱硫装置,标定结果表明：催化外排烟气二氧化硫、颗粒物指标明显优于排放标准要求,外排污水达到设计要求,污泥可直接填埋;物料平衡数据合理,关键操作参数满足设计要求,能耗、物耗略低于设计值,对催化裂化装置操作无影响,操作简单,可实现长周期运行。