工艺和组织对桥梁钢在模拟海洋飞溅区环境中腐蚀行为的影响

采用电化学测试和模拟飞溅区腐蚀试验研究了不同工艺制造的桥梁钢在模拟海水环境中的腐蚀行为,并与模拟全浸区的腐蚀速率进行了对比。结果表明,经回火处理后的桥梁钢,组织由粒状贝氏体非平衡组织向回火索氏体平衡组织转变,晶粒细化、组织更为均匀,因此在模拟海洋飞溅区环境中具有更好的耐腐蚀性能;模拟飞溅区的腐蚀速率约为模拟全浸区的6~10倍,模拟飞溅区腐蚀速率高的原因除了外在的环境因素外,具有还原作用的锈层与钢基体构成的局部电池形成开路以及腐蚀坑内外的电位差也是主要因素。     

桥梁耐候钢在含Cl~-离子环境中的腐蚀行为

选择3种Ni含量为3.5%的桥梁钢,采用干湿周浸加速腐蚀实验模拟海洋大气环境下桥梁钢的耐腐蚀性能变化,并利用金相显微镜、XRD和SEM等分析了不同Mn和Cu含量桥梁耐候钢组织以及其腐蚀不同时间的腐蚀形貌和锈层特征.结果表明:桥梁耐候钢的组织由准多边形铁素体、针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体组成;随着Mn含量的增加,钢的耐蚀性能增加;Ni和Mn在锈层中均匀分布,Cu在锈层的缝隙或孔洞等缺陷处富集.锈层主要由Fe_3O_4,γFeOOH和α-FeOOH组成,腐蚀不同时间后的试样锈层组成相有所不同;γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH与钢的腐蚀速率密切相关;增加Mn含量可以促进γ-FeOOH和α-FeOOH的生成,同时抑制γFeOOH和αFeOOH的晶粒长大.     

Q500qENH耐候桥梁钢在模拟工业大气环境中的腐蚀行为

通过周期浸润腐蚀试验对比研究了鞍钢生产的耐候桥梁钢Q500qENH和传统耐候钢09CuPCrNi在模拟工业大气环境中的腐蚀行为,并采用腐蚀形貌观察和电化学测试等手段对其腐蚀行为进行了分析。结果表明:显微组织和化学成分对钢基体的耐蚀性均具有一定影响,当保护性锈层形成后,耐蚀性主要取决于锈层的保护作用;周期浸润腐蚀试验结果和带锈试样的电化学阻抗谱、线性极化曲线分析表明Q500qENH钢耐工业大气腐蚀的能力优于09CuPCrNi钢的。     

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 通过周期性浸润腐蚀试验,研究了组织结构对贝氏体高强钢的耐腐蚀性能的影响。贝氏体高强钢和其退火试样的失重数据表明,贝氏体组织的耐腐蚀性能略优于铁素体和珠光体组织。运用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪等分析测试手段对耐蚀机制进行了研究,发现两种试样均存在较致密的内锈层和疏松外锈层。两种试样的锈层成分主要是稳定的α-FeOOH和少量的γ-FeOOH组成。贝氏体组织的高强钢的锈层晶体更细小,均匀的组织结构有利于增强钢的耐腐蚀性能。     

690 MPa级耐候桥梁钢在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为研究

采用周期浸润加速腐蚀实验和电化学方法,结合场发射扫描电镜 (FE-SEM)、X射线衍射 (XRD)、电子探针 (EPMA) 等表面测试技术研究了 690 MPa 高性能耐候桥梁钢在模拟工业大气环境中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,在腐蚀初期,以贝氏体为主的Q690qENH钢的耐蚀性优于含有铁素体和珠光体组织的Q235钢;在腐蚀后期,Q690qENH钢腐蚀速率逐渐减小且远低于Q235钢,Q690qENH钢锈层中Cu、Cr、Ni合金元素的富集提高了锈层的致密性和稳定性,对腐蚀性介质的抵抗作用更强,锈层保护性参数 α/γ*更大。电化学结果也表明,Q690qENH 钢的锈层电阻及线性极化电阻更大,保护作用更强,因此在模拟工业大气环境中耐蚀性明显优于Q235 钢。     

首钢Q420qENH高性能耐候桥梁钢板的开发

针对传统桥梁钢板强度低,冲击韧性、焊接性能、耐蚀性能差的问题,首钢公司采用低碳成分设计、添加Ni、Cr、Cu耐候元素以及Mo、Nb元素,并优化了轧制和水冷工艺,开发出具有强韧性匹配和良好耐候性的Q420qENH耐候桥梁钢板。对Q420q ENH钢板的显微组织、力学性能进行了检测,同时采用周期浸润加速腐蚀试验对Q420qENH耐候桥梁钢板和Q420qE普通桥梁钢板的腐蚀失重和腐蚀速率进行了对比分析,研究了Q420qENH钢板的锈层形貌及成分。结果表明:Q420qENH耐候桥梁钢板组织为细小的M-A岛粒状贝氏体、准多边形铁素体和针状铁素体的混合组织,具有高强度、低屈强比和良好的低温韧性;其表面生成结构致密的α-FeOOH锈层,能够阻止钢板被进一步腐蚀,因此相同条件下其耐大气腐蚀性能是Q420qE普通桥梁钢板的2倍以上。     

不同热处理工艺对大厚度桥梁钢组织和性能的影响

研究了不同热处理工艺对C-Mn-Nb-V成分体系大厚度耐候桥梁钢组织特征的影响。利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEU)和背散射电子衍射(EBSD)研究了TMCP、TMCP+回火和TMCP+调质3种不同工艺下钢板的组织演变特征。结果表明，采用TMCP工艺处理后，钢板组织为粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体以及M/A岛组成的复相组织；采用TMCP+回火工艺处理后，回复和再结晶程度高，M/A岛消失，组织细小均匀，最终组织为粒状贝氏体和多边形铁素体；采用TMCP+调质工艺处理后，得到了粒状贝氏体、多边形铁素体和少量的M/A岛的混合组织，晶粒在再结晶后略有长大。因此，TMCP+回火工艺后，钢板的显微组织最为优良，综合力学性能最好。     

建筑用耐候钢在含Cl-环境中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了桥梁建筑用耐候钢在含Cl-环境下表面锈层的腐蚀行为。结果表明,耐候钢组织由粒状贝氏体、针状铁素体以及准多边形铁素体组成。材料中的微量合金元素Mn可以降低腐蚀后期晶粒尺寸,促进α-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH相形成,提高材料表面锈层致密度。而Cu主要富集在锈层孔洞和缝隙处,能够改善表面锈层质量,提高耐候钢的抗腐蚀性。     

建筑用耐候钢在含Cl-环境中的腐蚀行为研究

研究了桥梁建筑用耐候钢在含Cl-环境下表面锈层的腐蚀行为。结果表明,耐候钢组织由粒状贝氏体、针状铁素体以及准多边形铁素体组成。材料中的微量合金元素Mn可以降低腐蚀后期晶粒尺寸,促进α-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH相形成,提高材料表面锈层致密度。而Cu主要富集在锈层孔洞和缝隙处,能够改善表面锈层质量,提高耐候钢的抗腐蚀性。     

B+级铸钢中粒状贝氏体的形成原因分析

用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针及硬度测量等研究了B+钢正火后产生异常组织的原因。结果表明:B+钢正火后的异常组织为粒状贝氏体,造成粒状贝氏体形成的原因主要是由于炼钢过程中微量Mo元素的掺入以及正火后钢中Mn元素的偏析;采用正火后施加一次高温回火处理可以改善粒状贝氏体组织;炼钢时控制Mo元素的掺入,可以预防粒状贝氏体的形成。     

Long term corrosion characteristics of metallic materials in marine environments

Abstract

Long term corrosion test data in marine environments are essential data to guide the design and application of marine engineering. Corrosion test results, over a 16 year period from October 1986 to October 2002, using eight kinds of metallic materials are reported in this paper. Materials were exposed in the splash zone, tidal zone, and full immersion zone of four corrosion test stations located in Qingdao, Zhoushan, Xiamen and Yulin respectively, and therefore the corrosion behaviour of various ferrous and non-ferrous materials in these marine environments has been obtained. The corrosion of carbon steel in the seawater fits the following general relationship: D=A+K(t–1). The variation in the general corrosion rates for the different carbon steels in seawater is relatively small and consistent. However, the pitting corrosion rates for the different carbon steels are all significantly different. The marine splash zone is about 0–2˙4 m above the mean high water level of the seawater. The corrosion peak was located about 0˙6 to 1˙2 m above the mean high water level. The order of the corrosion potential of stainless steels with the corrosion resistance of stainless steels is consistent in seawater. The corrosion of copper was found to be serious in the full immersion zone of the Yulin sea area. The effective lifetime of the cathodic protection for a wrapped aluminising layer of the hard and ultrahard aluminium may be 16 years.     

Corrosion Behavior of Low-C Medium-Mn Steel in Simulated Marine Immersion and Splash Zone Environment

The corrosion behavior of low-C medium-Mn steel in simulated marine immersion and splash zone environment was studied by static immersion corrosion experiment and wet-dry cyclic corrosion experiment, respectively. Corrosion rate, corrosion products, surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, elemental distribution, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectra were used to elucidate the corrosion behavior of low-C medium-Mn steel. The results show that corrosion rate in immersion zone is much less than that in splash zone owing to its relatively mild environment. Manganese compounds are detected in the corrosion products and only appeared in splash zone environment, which can deteriorate the protective effect of rust layer. With the extension of exposure time, corrosion products are gradually transformed into dense and thick corrosion rust from the loose and porous one in these two environments. But in splash zone environment, alloying elements of Mn appear significant enrichment in the rust layer, which decrease the corrosion resistance of the steel.     

Effect of Co and W on the corrosion behaviour of 1% Cr steel in flowing synthetic seawater

The aqueous corrosion characteristics of 1% Cr‐steel alloyed with small amounts of Co and W in synthetic seawater was studied by using immersion weight‐loss tests, electrochemical corrosion tests (potentiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements) and analytical techniques. 1% Cr steels containing Co or W from 0.2 to 0.4 wt.% showed higher corrosion resistance than the 1% Cr steel in the immersion and potentiodynamic tests. EIS measurements showed that the Nyquist plot presented one time constant. Furthermore, the Co‐ and W‐bearing steels present higher R_p values than the 1% Cr steel through all the test period. The better corrosion resistance of the Co‐and W‐bearing steels is attributed to the protectiveness of the surface layer. The corrosion products were examined using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of EPMA indicated that Cr was concentrated in the inner region of the rust layer, while Co and W were distributed all over the rust layer. XPS results showed that Co existed as a trivalent oxide in the rust layer and W in the rust appeared in the form of a WO₄ compound. These compounds act as a factor for corrosion resistance in aqueous solutions.     

低碳钢在模拟海洋潮差区的腐蚀行为的电化学研究

利用自主设计的腐蚀实验槽模拟实海潮差,并借助恒电位仅、电化学工作站对Q235B低碳钢在潮差区不同位置以及全浸区的腐蚀过程进行原位监测.结果表明,试样处在潮差区的不同位置时的腐蚀规律不同,低碳钢在中潮区和低潮区的腐蚀速率高于最高潮区及全浸区的腐蚀速率;在一个潮差涨落周期内,低碳钢开路电位的变化与表面经历的干、湿状态及所发生的阴、阳极反应有关;在长期潮差腐蚀进程中,低碳钢开路电位的变化规律与锈层的厚、薄状态有关.     

低碳钢在模拟海洋潮差区的腐蚀行为的电化学研究

利用自主设计的腐蚀实验槽模拟实海潮差,并借助恒电位仪、电化学工作站对Q235B低碳钢在潮差区不同位置以及全浸区的腐蚀过程进行原位监测.结果表明,试样处在潮差区的不同位置时的腐蚀规律不同,低碳钢在中潮区和低潮区的腐蚀速率高于最高潮区及全浸区的腐蚀速率;在一个潮差涨落周期内,低碳钢开路电位的变化与表面经历的干、湿状态及所发生的阴、阳极反应有关;在长期潮差腐蚀进程中,低碳钢开路电位的变化规律与锈层的厚、薄状态有关.     

铬、钼对耐候钢熔敷金属耐蚀性能和力学性能的影响

通过周浸加速腐蚀试验、锈层微观分析、电化学等方法,研究了铬和钼对耐候钢熔敷金属耐蚀性能和力学性能的影响.结果表明,熔敷金属中铬、钼含量增加,其耐蚀性能提高.钼对耐蚀性的提升优于铬.铬、钼分别以Cr₂O₃,Fe_xCr_3-xO₄,MnFe_xCr_2-xO₄,Mn_1-xFe_xCr₂O₄,NiFe_xCr_2-xO₄和MoO₃形式富集于锈层中,提高锈层致密性,抑制阳极溶解,增强锈层对基体的保护作用,从而提高熔敷金属的耐蚀性能.铬、钼含量增加,熔敷金属强度上升,冲击韧性明显下降.同时,熔敷金属中M-A组元和粒状贝氏体含量增加,针状铁素体含量降低.组织差异是造成熔敷金属强度升高、韧性降低的主要原因.     

低合金耐海水腐蚀钢在模拟腐蚀环境下的耐蚀性能研究

以普碳钢为对比样,采用模拟海水全浸和间浸、盐雾、湿热等加速腐蚀实验并结合电化学测试技术研究了Cu-Cr-Mo系低合金耐海水腐蚀钢Q345C-NHY3的耐蚀性能.结果表明：在各种模拟环境条件下与碳钢相比Q345C-NHY3钢都具有较好的耐蚀性能.     

Das Verhalten von Großbaustählen in Meerwasser

Behaviour of construction steels in seawater The chemical composition of steel has a considerable bearing on their corrosion in seawater. Systematic laboratory studies have shown that addition of Si, Cr and Cu, but also Al and P yields considerable improvements of the sea water resistance of construction steels. Long term tests in natural seawater (in harbours, bays and straits) close to the surface and at depth up to 90 m have revealed that the seawater resistance of steels containing about 1% Si, 3% Cr and 1% Cu may be 3 to 6 times (depending on exposure conditions) the resistance of unalloyed construction steel. This behaviour may be attributed to the fact that by forming sulfates Si and Cr inhibit the growth of bacteria which would enhance corrosion, and to the fact that Si, Cr and Cu give rise to the formation of a dense rust layer which slows down the exchange phenomena between seawater and corrosion products. The use of such steels may constitute an alternative to the use of unalloyed steels with an appropriate corrosion protection system.