铝、钛和铌对GH35A合金力学性能和组织结构的影响

一、前言 GH35合金主要用作高温板材,具有较好的抗氧化性和塑性。但用它制作WJ5系列发动机涡轮外环等高温承力零部件,往往达不到技术条件所规定的强度和塑性指标,不是强度不够,就是塑性偏低。为此,以GH35合金为基础,系统研究了Al、Ti和Nb等元素对组织结构和力学性能的影响规律,以期发展一种新的变形高温合金—GH35A,满足WJ5系列发动机的使用要求。 二、实验方法 采用正交实验设计,变化Ti、Nb、Al等元素的含量,冶炼16炉10km的锭子,锻成φ18mm的棒材,切取各种试样坯料,经标准热处理即1080℃/2h,水冷+680℃/16h,空冷,然后加工成标准试样,测试室温瞬时性能及700℃/235MPa条件下的持久性能。 为了验证正交试验规律,并扩大Al含量的研究范围,又冶炼5炉同规格合金锭,同样测试相应力学性能。 试验合金的成分列于表1和表2。     

微量B元素对铸造Ti2AlNb合金组织与力学性能的影响

目的 研究微量B元素对铸造Ti2AlNb合金组织和力学性能的影响,优选出适合铸造工艺的Ti2AlNb合金成分,为推进铸造Ti2AlNb合金的应用提供理论和数据支撑。方法 以Ti–22Al–25Nb(原子数分数,下同)、Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.1B、Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.2B合金为研究对象,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜研究不同B含量合金铸态、热等静压态的宏、微观组织及析出相形态。采用XRD分析合金的物相组成,室温拉伸性能测试评价力学性能,通过扫描电镜观察拉伸断口,分析微量B元素对力学性能产生影响的原因。结果 添加微量B元素可以明显细化Ti–22Al–25Nb合金的晶粒尺寸,随着B元素原子数分数增加至0.2%,晶粒尺寸由958 μm减小至548 μm。B元素在合金中主要以固溶态、TiB和TiB2针片状析出相形式存在,随着B含量的增加,硼化物长度和厚度尺寸略微增加、体积分数由0.3%增加至0.8%。0.1B合金的室温屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率与原合金水平相当,0.2B合金的屈服强度提升,但其抗拉强度和伸长率均降低。断口分析显示,0.2B合金塑性降低是硼化物增多、集中分布引起脆性断裂所致。结论 综合B元素对流动性的改善效果,优选出适合铸造工艺的合金成分为Ti–22Al–24Nb–0.1B。     

热处理方式对TC25钛合金棒材组织和力学性能的影响

研究了试样坯热处理和整体热处理两种热处理方式对TC25钛合金棒材组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:经两种方式热处理后,棒材的显微组织为双态组织,即初生α相和β转变组织。试样坯热处理后的初生α相呈短棒状,而整体热处理后的α相呈椭球状。两种热处理方式对棒材的室温、高温拉伸性能影响较大。整体热处理的室温拉伸强度、高温拉伸强度比试样坯的低。     

γ′相对高钨镍基高温合金拉伸和持久变形行为的影响

对K416B高钨高温合金进行固溶和时效处理以调整其中γ?相的形貌使其具有两种尺寸,研究了铸态和热处理态合金的拉伸和持久变形行为。结果表明,铸态K416B合金中的γ?相在基体中分布均匀,其平均尺寸为200 nm,能有效阻碍位错在基体中运动从而使其屈服强度提高。在热处理态的K416B合金中析出了两种γ?相,其尺寸分别为1μm和100 nm。在热处理态K416B合金的室温拉伸过程中全位错剪切大尺寸初生γ?相和以Orowan机制绕过小尺寸二次γ?,使其屈服强度降低。在高温下二次γ?相更容易粗化而使γ基体的宽度增大,促进位错剪切γ?相而使持久应变速率提高。同时,在持久变形过程中纳米级W6C颗粒在γ-γ?相界面弥散析出消耗大量W元素降低γ-γ?两相的错配度,使合金的强化水平下降而导致其持久寿命大幅度降低。     

V元素对铁镍基变形高温合金GH4061组织和性能的影响

采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)和电化学萃取相分析等手段,研究了V元素对GH4061合金晶粒度、碳化物和γ?/γ"强化相等影响,测试了不同V含量试样的室温和750℃拉伸性能以及750℃/460 MPa持久性能,分析了V元素对合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：GH4061合金中添加V元素促进了MC型碳化物和γ?/γ"相析出,使晶粒尺寸小幅减小;V元素通过增大γ基体的晶格常数,降低γ基体与γ?相的错配度,抑制了γ?/γ"相在750℃的快速粗化;V元素添加对室温拉伸性能影响不大,但可显著提升750℃拉伸强度和持久寿命;当V含量为0.4%(质量分数)时,GH4061合金具有最佳的750℃持久性能。     

NiCuNbCr焊料Ti_3Al/GH4169合金氩弧焊接头的组织及性能

采用钨极氩弧焊方法,使用自行设计制备的NiCuNbCr合金作为焊料,实现Ti3Al基合金与GH4169高温合金异种材料之间的焊接。采用扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(XEDS)等方法对接头横截面的微观组织进行分析。结果表明:GH4169/焊缝界面以及焊缝均主要由Ni元素的固溶体组成,其中固溶了Cu,Fe,Cr,Nb几种元素;而焊缝/Ti3Al界面分为3层组织,其相组成从Ti3Al母材到焊缝方向依次为:固溶了Ni和Cu元素的Ti2AlNb相、Al(Ni,Cu)2Ti金属间化合物及(Nb,Ti,Mo)固溶体;(Ni,Nb,Cr)及Ni(Cu,Ti)固溶体;Ni的固溶体,固溶元素为Cu,Nb和Cr。接头的平均室温抗拉强度为140.7MPa。拉伸试样断裂于被焊Ti3Al母材表面的扩散反应层,它主要由固溶了Ni和Cu元素的Ti2AlNb相与Al(Ni,Cu)2Ti金属间化合物组成,该界面是Ti3Al/GH4169接头的薄弱环节。     

GH169合金中的γ''''、γ"及δ相

一、前言 GH169合金(Inconel 718)是一种时效硬化Ni-Cr-Fe基变形高温合金,在650℃下该合金具有很高的强度、韧性、疲劳性能及良好的综合性能。合金中主要有γ’、γ”、δ相以及各种夹杂相。 γ”相为亚稳相,是GH169合金的主要强化相;γ’相也是亚稳相,强化效果次于γ”相;δ相的组成虽与γ”相相同,但无明显的强化作用。γ’和γ”相的稳定性直接影响到合金的热稳定性。Wachtel和Rack总结有关Inconel718合金的研究,认为该合金中存在如下相反应: γ相→γ’相→γ”相→δ相 为提高合金的热稳定性,Pineau采用调整强化元素Nb、Ti、Al的比例和增加Mo元素来得到盘片状γ”相包覆立方形六面体γ’相的γ’相+γ”相包覆组织,但由于强化元素Nb含量的减少而导致合金强度下降。本文对不改变成分的GH169合金中γ’相和γ”相共格生长复合组织及δ相的一般特征进行研究。     

合金元素对CoCrFeNi基高熵合金相组成和力学性能影响的研究现状

基于多主元设计理念的高熵合金(又称多主元合金)虽然组成元素复杂,但能形成简单结构的固溶体,并具有优异的性能,已成为当前高性能金属材料的研究热点之一。目前的研究主要集中在固溶体形成条件、成分种类、含量、组织结构及不同退火温度对合金的组织和力学性能的影响等方面。学者们还界定了形成固溶体时合金混合焓、原子半径及价电子浓度(VEC)的范围。当前的研究以CoCrFeNi基合金最为广泛,主要研究目标包括提高BCC型合金的塑性或FCC型合金的强度,以及开发具有良好的可铸性、易适应大规模生产的共晶高熵合金。通过降低晶粒尺寸、热处理和引入新元素等方法,使高熵合金产生晶界强化以及析出细小、弥散的第二相,从而有效地强化FCC基体。通过一系列的合金设计,研究出一些低成本、高性能的合金,进而也可用于一些高性能要求的零件或制备成高性能涂层。本文综述了合金元素Al、Cu、Ti、Mn、Mo、Pd、Nb及两种元素协同作用对铸态CoCrFeNi基高熵合金的相组成和力学性能的影响。通过对比发现,不同元素由于其原子半径、电负性以及与其他元素的结合力不同对高熵合金的相形成产生不同的影响,从而影响其力学性能。Al、Ti和Mo等原子半径较大元素的添加会产生固溶强化,使得合金的硬度增大。同时,Al元素的添加会因形成有序的B2相而产生第二相强化;部分合金还能形成共晶高熵合金。Ti和Mo元素由于与其他元素的混合焓较小容易形成复杂的化合物使得合金变脆。而Cu与其他元素混合焓较大,易优先在枝晶间析出。铸态下Mn含量的变化不影响合金的晶体结构,合金为FCC相。经过时效处理后,Mn含量高的合金有少量σ相析出。添加Nb元素后,合金由于Laves相的出现强度增加且变脆。此外,还对添加Pb元素后合金的饱和磁化性能以及部分合金的耐腐蚀性等进行了综述。本文可为高熵合金的成分设计及研究提供参考。     

元素粉末锻造法制备Ti-43Al-5V-4Nb合金的组织与性能

以Ti、Al等元素粉末为原料,采用快速烧结方法和无包套锻造法制备尺寸为Ф50×10 mm的TiAl合金锻坯.快速烧结后,TiAl合金由TiAl、Ti3Al、B2、Ti和TiAl3相组成,并且该合金存在较多的孔隙,孔隙主要由偏扩散造成的;经过高温锻造后,其孔隙得到了有效的控制,相对密度达到93%;经过热处理后,该合金主要由TiAl和Ti3Al相组成,在室温下合金的屈服强度提高了110 MPa,达到480 MPa,室温延伸率到达0.83%;在700℃和750℃,其屈服强度分别为580 MPa和530 MPa,其延伸率分别为12%和27%.     

燃气轮机隔热板GH22合金的组织和力学性能

采用真空感应熔炼的方法制备GH22母合金,然后真空感应重熔浇注成等轴晶成形试棒,测试其室温拉伸、高温拉伸和持久性能.利用熔模失蜡精密铸造技术生产了重型燃机GH22隔热板铸件,对隔热板不同部位进行了宏观晶粒度、光学金相、扫描电镜及能谱分析.从国产、进口隔热板底板分别取样加工成力学性能试样,进行了室温拉伸、高温拉伸和高温持久性能测试.结果表明:国产GH22母合金的成分和性能满足要求.国产铸件取样试样的宏观晶粒度、室温拉伸、高温拉伸性能与国外铸件相当.国产铸件具有更高的高温持久强度,这主要是由于国产GH22母合金中碳含量更高,合金组织中在枝晶间和晶界处析出更多的碳化物相.     

A method of assessing the strength of metal surface using film samples on titanium alloy Ti‐1023

The fatigue life of aerospace components depends greatly on the mechanical properties of the finished surface layer. However, no independent strength test of this layer has been reported because of the lack of suitable samples. Therefore, a direct method of assessing the surface tensile strength using film samples with thicknesses of approximately 40 μm is proposed in this paper. The immediate objective of this research is to demonstrate the fundamentals of surface strength testing and prove the feasibility of preparing films by tracking the evolution of the surface integrity. The test results show that layer‐by‐layer grinding and polishing is a feasible method for preparing film samples with sufficient area, controllable thickness, and well‐maintained surface integrity. During the preparation of the film samples, the roughness and micro‐hardness of the test side (the side kept unprepared for testing) are protected, and those of the processed side (the side that is ground and polished) are controlled. The residual stress on both sides is released to zero. The film specimens exhibit regular fracture behaviour in the tensile tests, and their stress–strain curves can be explained as weighted averages of the stress–strain functions of multiple layers.     

Effects of repeated loading on the fracture behavior of notched TiAl specimens

Notched specimens of a fully lamellar TiAl alloy and a duplex TiAl alloy were in situ tensile tested with repeated loading-unloading-reloading processes in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The step-by-step processes of initiation and extension of the main crack were captured by SEM. The fracture surfaces were observed and one-sector-to-one-sector related to the crack extension. Effects of loading-unloading damage on the fracture behavior were evaluated by combining the pictures of propagating crack configurations, corresponding fracture surfaces and the load locus. The results revealed the following events: (1) at the elastic regime, the loading-unloading process had negligible effect on the fracture behavior produced by subsequent reloading; (2) at the plastic regime, even at a value much lower than that of the preload, the reload extended further the existing main crack; (3) after a heavy loading-unloading process, the main crack extended and resulted in final fracture at a value of the reload, which was lower than that of the preload and (4) microcracks produced in the loading-unloading process had minor effects on the fracture behavior.     

镁合金单轴拉伸微蠕变测量系统

为了准确测出镁合金抗微蠕变性能,采用单轴拉伸法对镁合金进行室温蠕变试验,开发了镁合金微蠕变测量系统,解决了测量微蠕变关键技术问题,提出采用高精度位移传感器、恒温箱、测量放大器以及设计专用蠕变变形测量装置,构成镁合金微蠕变测试系统。试验结果表明,该系统精度高、性能稳定,可精确测试镁合金室温蠕变稳态速率和应变量,镁合金ZM6室温（35℃）下的蠕变应变为0．02％,最小稳态蠕变应变速率为10^-10。S^-1。     

Investigation of fracture mechanism of 6063 aluminum alloy under different stress states

Fracture mechanisms in a 6063 aluminum alloy were investigated and analyzed carefully by in-situ tensile tests in SEM with a vacuum chamber. Specimens used were designed to produce different stress states. Studies indicated that with stress triaxiality (σ _m/σ _e) decreasing, the fracture modes changed from normal fracture to shear fracture and the fracture surfaces changed from the dimples and intragranular dominated fracture mode to the shear dominated fracture mode. The grain boundaries of the 6063 aluminum alloy were the weakest positions. In the case of high stress triaxiality, the grain boundary cracks were produced by normal stress or by the incompatibility of deformation between neighboring grains, and the normal stress dominated the crack propagation. In the case of low stress triaxiality, the boundary cracks were produced by the relative slipping of grains against neighboring grains, and the shear stress dominated the crack propagation. The final fracture of the specimens occurred by connections of cracks through transgranular cracking of the ligaments among these cracks.     

A novel constitutive model for Ti–6Al–4V alloy based on dislocation pile-up theory

The mechanical properties of the titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V, which vary with the specimen size under different temperatures, are studied through the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test and the quasi-static tensile test to determine the parameters for the classical Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model. Based on the dislocation pile-up theory, the classical JC constitutive model is modified by adding a grain strain term Δσ to consider the influence of grain size. The SHPB and tensile tests are analysed using a finite element method simulation. Compared with the experimental results, the simulation results based on the modified JC model exhibit a much higher calculation accuracy than that of the classical JC model.     

高强钢-铝合金材料的流动应力模型研究及应用

目的 研究常温下无铆连接中高强钢与铝合金材料的应力-应变关系以及本构模型的预测效果.方法 通过拉伸试验初步研究材料性能,主要包括屈服强度、拉伸强度和伸长率等;然后采用4种流动应力模型描述塑性段,即本构模型,分别对两种材料的应力-应变关系进行表述.随后采用相关系数R值和平均绝对相对误差EAARE值评价4种模型预测应力的效...     

线间距对SLM成形钛合金Ti–6Al–4V力学性能的影响研究

目的 探究选区激光熔化技术工艺参数线间距对钛合金Ti–6Al–4V增材试件力学性能的影响。方法 通过SLM成形技术,以钛合金粉末为原材料、以线间距为变量制备增材成形试件,通过拉伸试验、断口形貌分析以及表面硬度测量获取不同线间距工艺参数条件下钛合金成形试件力学性能表现较好的较优解。结果不同线间距条件下成形试件拉伸曲线差异较大,线间距为0.05mm和0.10mm时,成形试件拉伸曲线表现较好,成形试件断口组织撕裂均具有连续性,韧窝结构明显,具有一定塑性。试件成形过程受氧化影响,其拉伸性能与硬度性能表现不一致。结论 试验最终工艺参数如下：曝光时间为80μs、点间距为40μm、线间距为0.05mm,SLM成形试件获得了较高的表面硬度,试件断口组织撕裂连续性较为明显,韧窝结构较大,断口界面缺陷较少,力学性能较优。     

GB/T228.1-2010中的拉伸试验速率及其控制

阐述了在拉伸试验中,试验速率对材料屈服性能表现出规律性的影响。我国历次拉伸试验标准(GB/T 228)有关试验速率的理论规定都是以应变速率为标准,但在实际操作中又都是以等效的应力速率为标准;而在新标准GB/T 228.1-2010中,则从理论规定到实际操作均实现了以应变速率为标准的方法。另外还讨论了拉伸试验速率的控制方法,以及试验速率控制与试验设备的关系。     

热处理参数对铝合金塑性成形性能分析

目的 研究温度升高对铝合金塑性成形性能的影响,分析高温条件下铝合金塑性成形性能.方法 搭建铝合金试样试验装置并控制相应温度,对铝合金进行单向拉伸试验和金相试验,记录铝合金的变形温度,分析其塑性成形性能.采集铝合金试验数据后,引用Zener–Hollomon参数模型,设置试验流程以及参数,设置不同数值的高温条件.结果 当...     

Comparative study on mechanical behavior of low temperature application materials for ships and offshore structures: Part I—Experimental investigations

Austenitic stainless steels (ASSs), aluminum alloys, and nickel alloys are potential candidate materials for cryogenic applications owing to their superior mechanical properties under low temperatures. In the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry, these materials are widely used in the construction of thermal barriers for the insulation systems of storage tanks and LNG equipment. Among the typical material nonlinearities of ASSs, phase transformation induced plasticity (TRIP)-related nonlinear hardening characteristics have been experimentally and numerically reported in a number of detailed studies [1] and [2]; however, to the best of our knowledge, quantitative studies on aluminum and nickel alloys are not available for reference. Moreover, although these materials are used under various temperatures and strain rates, their temperature- and strain rate-dependent properties have not been determined thus far.In this study, a series of tensile tests is carried out under various temperatures (110-293 K) and strain rate (0.00016-0.01 s⁻¹) ranges as a preliminary step in the overall process for understanding the material characteristics of ASSs, aluminum alloys, and nickel alloys. On the basis of the experimental results, the essential mechanical properties are summarized in a quantitative manner in terms of the temperature and strain rate. The strain-hardening rate and strain sensitivity, which can be used to describe cryogenic temperature dependent material nonlinearities, are also proposed for the selected materials.