SAGD系统输送过热蒸汽热力适应性分析

根据SAGD原理,注入蒸汽干度的高低直接影响开发效果和经济效益,因此将过热蒸汽应用于SAGD开发会带来显著经济效益。与高干度湿蒸汽相比,过热蒸汽携带热焓多、温度高,对地面管线、井筒管柱热应力、蒸汽腔发育等方面产生的影响也不同。通过输汽管线应力分析和保温设计校核,发现现有的地面注汽管线输送过热蒸汽后,虽然管线热损失增大了,但仍在国标许可范围内,因此无需更换保温层厚度。由于注过热蒸汽流动阻力大,部分工况下需更换管线,增大管径。开展过热蒸汽井筒流动传热规律研究及注入参数优化设计,建立井筒内过热蒸汽流动传热模型并模拟,得到井筒压力、温度、热损失分布规律,并对确保井底过热工况下井口所需的过热蒸汽过热度、压力等参数进行了优化计算,给出18组优化注汽参数组合,用以指导SAGD高效注汽生产。     

环空注氮气稠油热采井筒中的干度变化

蒸汽干度是影响注汽开采稠油工艺的主要参数,本文运用传热学、热力学及流体力学等学科知识,提出一种蒸汽干度的计算方法。首先分析了注汽井筒的传热过程,并在考虑压力变化的前提下建立了数学模型,计算得出井筒热损失量,最后确定井筒中任意处的蒸汽干度。以海底蒸汽井为例,分析井中干度随深度的变化情况,为热采注汽系统的现场工艺设计提供参考。     

稠油蒸汽吞吐生产过程节点能耗分析及对策

通过对稠油蒸汽吞吐生产过程中热能耗分类分析,找出能耗损失的敏感性因素是锅炉本体损失、注汽管网损失、注汽井筒损失,注入地层热能有效利用率仅为48%,吞吐生产油井产出时热能有效利用率只有43.5%。结合分析结果提出了提高热效率的七项措施。     

广西某电厂长输蒸汽管道的温降和压降模型分析

针对长输蒸汽管道投产后变参数运行过程，通过散热方程、压损方程、热平衡方程和焓值方程建立蒸汽管道温降和压降的数学分析模型。以广西某热电厂长输蒸汽管道为例，分别计算不同蒸汽流量、供汽压力、供汽温度和蒸汽输送距离情况下的温降和压降。结果表明：蒸汽流量、供汽压力降低时，温降增加；供汽温度降低时，温降降低；输送蒸汽管道长度增加时，温降和压降增加，但公里温降和压降数值降低；蒸汽流量对温降的影响较大，小流量运行时，应适当提高供汽温度。     

二氧化碳辅助蒸汽吞吐技术矿场试验

以曙一区杜84块兴隆台油层为例,经过18年的蒸汽吞吐开发,区块进入蒸汽吞吐开发末期,生产效果逐渐变差。其原因主要有地层压力低,压力由8MPa下降至3.0~3.5MPa;油藏动用不均,水平井水平段动用程度仅为58%;蒸汽热效率低,注入蒸汽中的40%为无效注汽量。针对超稠油油藏蒸汽吞吐开发中后期油藏"低压"导致吞吐效果变差的问题,提出了二氧化碳辅助蒸汽吞吐技术,通过向油藏内注入二氧化碳补充地层压力,提高水平段动用程度,提高原油流动能力,并利用理论计算、数值模拟等方法 ,对气体注入量、注入介质、井网选择等进行研究。该技术于2014年进行了先导试验,而后进入规模实施阶段,累计实施34井次,注汽压力由5.0MPa上升至6.2MPa,排水期由57天下降至16天,阶段产油由736t上升至1157t,油汽比由0.12上升至0.22。     

稠油地面蒸汽管线热力参数影响及保温厚度优化

提高蒸汽注汽品质和优化保温层厚度是改善地面蒸汽管线热力输运、实现稠油高效开采的关键。建立了油田地面蒸汽管线热力参数计算模型和保温层厚度经济性分析模型,基于分段微元方法求解沿程蒸汽干度、热损等特性参数,分析了锅炉出口蒸汽参数和注汽流量的影响规律,并结合经济厚度法的计算原理优化了保温层厚度。结果表明：提高锅炉出口蒸汽温度和压力,沿程蒸汽干度降低速度变快,沿程热损增加变快,与锅炉出口蒸汽温度313 oC,压力10.2 MPa相比,其热损最大增加11.15%;增加注汽流量,蒸汽干度提升且随管线沿程降幅缩小,等梯度注汽流量差下,高注汽流量时蒸汽干度降幅较小,其降幅为3.58%;经济厚度为0.33m时,其热损费用同比原有厚度可降低68.22%。     

地面管线蒸汽干度计算模型及影响因素分析

为实现稠油热采地面管线蒸汽干度准确预测,分析其对采油效率的影响,建立了湿蒸汽在地面管线内流动的热损失和压降耦合模型,采用微元法获得地面管线蒸汽干度拟合方程,研究了不同因素对水平管线沿程蒸汽干度的影响,结果表明:湿蒸汽计算值与拟合值相对误差均在10~(-6)～10~(-5)数量级,线性拟合方程可进行地面管线任意截面蒸汽干度预测;降低注汽锅炉出口温度和压力,增加注汽流量,提高初始蒸汽干度,可有效提高地面管线末端注汽井口的蒸汽干度。为稠油热采地面管线注汽系统的评价与优化提供理论参考。     

烟道气辅助SAGD技术研究与现场试验

烟道气辅助SAGD是将以N_2、CO_2为主要成分的烟道气注入SAGD蒸汽腔内,以实现SAGD汽腔调控,相比辽河油田比较普遍的以N_2、CO_2非烃类气体为注入介质的气体辅助技术,该技术在成本、气源、效果等方面具有较大优势。在前期调研的基础上,结合氮气辅助SAGD开发实践,利用物理模拟、数值模拟等技术,明确了烟道气辅助SAGD可以减小蒸汽热损失、维持汽腔压力、扩大蒸汽波及体积、提高原油流动能力。对烟道气辅助SAGD主要操作参数进行优化,设计采用段塞式注气方式,段塞尺寸为6个月,气汽比为0.02,注蒸汽量降低10%,注烟道气体总量为0.1PV。在辽河油田4个SAGD井组开展烟道气辅助SAGD先导试验,实施后井组产油量保持稳定,油汽比由0.16提高至0.21,蒸汽腔顶部温度明显降低,阶段节约注汽3.5×10~4t,增油0.4×10~4t,创效914万元。     

扶余油田蒸汽驱技术应用与评价

扶余油田扶北地区油品性质属于弱稠油,长期采用注水开发方式,效果差,资源没有得到充分动用。2007年,用热采方式成功动用探40区块的稠油资源,从第一阶段的蒸汽吞吐看,热采投产井的日产油量是常规投产井的2～3倍,效果较好。经过2～3个吞吐周期后,进入到蒸汽驱阶段试验,前期应用数值模拟技术,确定符合油藏特点的汽驱参数和注入方式:注汽压力8～11MPa,原则上注汽压力要求小于油层破裂压力;注汽速度50t/d;井底注汽干度大于40%;油藏压力1～3MPa。试验效果认识到,好的储层物性、合理的注汽参数、高的采注比和不发生汽窜,是取得蒸汽驱开发效果的关键因素。建议选择储层条件好,特别是油层的物性参数要好的区块,进一步扩大蒸汽驱试验范围,为扶余油田大规模蒸汽驱开发提供技术储备。并且,要具备完善的试验监测和评价手段。     

三元复合吞吐和水平井组合式注汽技术在超稠油开采中的应用

介绍了三元复合吞吐技术的增油机理,并通过试验确定了CO2注入量和表面活性剂注入量工艺参数,分别为蒸汽注入量的2%和0.12%(表面活性剂浓度为0.5%)。2003～2007年,辽河油田特种油开发公司利用该技术改善超稠油开采,累计增油111997.4t。同时,利用水平井组合式注汽技术对4个井组进行了整体注汽。目前,兴H304-309组已见到增油效果,井组增油7979t,油汽比提高0.14。     

Geothermal power production from abandoned oil wells

A simulation for the determination of geothermal power production from abandoned oil wells by injecting and retrieving a secondary fluid was performed. The analysis takes into consideration local geothermal gradients and typical well depths and pipe diameters. Isobutane is chosen as the secondary fluid, which is injected in the well at moderate pressures and allowed to heat up and produce vapor. The computational model that was developed takes into account mass, energy, and momentum conservation equations for the well flow, and the simulation helps determine the state of the fluid from injection to retrieval. It is observed that the operation of such systems attains a maximum power that depends on the temperature of the well bottom and the injection pressure. In general, 2–3 MW of electric power may be produced from wells that are typical in the South Texas region.     

提高湿蒸汽发生器燃油热效率

孤东采油厂注汽锅炉热效率测试分析显示,在平均注汽干度70％情况下,平均吨汽耗油量达68kg,比胜利石油管理局下发的湿蒸汽发生器标准(Q/SL0128-88)中规定的65kg高出3kg,但平均热效率只有84.5％,造成注汽成本偏高.对两台锅炉的排烟温度、过剩空气系数等进行测试表明,锅炉排烟温度高、过剩空气系数大,雾化参数不匹配,是影响热效率低,进而导致吨汽耗油高的主要因素.采取以下方法提高燃油热效率:强制停炉清灰,安装给水预热器,定期更换对流段腐蚀和结垢严重的翅片管,有效降低排烟温度;优化风门开度、油阀开度、燃油压力,确定合理的过剩空气系数;确定合理油温、合理雾化压力、合理油压,从而确定合理的雾化压力参数.上述措施实施后,在平均注汽干度70％情况下,吨汽耗油量为64.2kg,平均热效率为86.68％,节省燃油382.8t,产生直接经济效益114.8万元.     

Simulation of Steam Injection Process for Horizontal Well with Heavy Oil Recovery

Horizontal well technology is widely used in the production of heavy oil. Steady-state model is used as main research method and assume constant wet steam parameters in wellbore, ignoring the impact of heat and mass transfers of steam from wellbore to the reservoir. Numerical calculation is used to analyze steam-water-oil three-phase on flow and heat transfer rule in reservoir and wellbore in startup phase. The influence rule on diffusion process of vapor and water hindered by oil stockpile in wellbore was analyzed, as well as vapor and water parameters change rule along the well. Result indicated that wet steam moving forward was hindered by oil stockpile in wellbore, which lead reservoir suction steam to be not uniform; dryness and temperature of steam gradually reduce, resulting in high temperature at the heel and low temperature at the toe of reservoir; reservoir suction steam effect was improved and reservoir heated range was expanded gradually with the increasing of steam injection volume and dryness; variation of reservoir porosity and permeability have a similar effect on reservoir suction steam, comparing with steam injection volume and dryness. When porosity and permeability were enlarged, reservoir suction steam effect and reservoir heated range would become better.     

两相流超音速流动_激波及其应用研究

从两相流体的音速特点出发 ,研究两相超音速流动 ,分析超音速流动导致的激波状况 ,并利用两相激波加速凝结和增压的特点 ,设计了增压换热器。两相流的音速受其压缩性的影响而呈现出与单相流不同的特点 ,其较小的音速值使得两相超音速流动更易实现。两相流激波与波前马赫数密切相关 ,波后汽相凝结、压力升高 ,利用该特点设计的汽水直接接触式换热器 ,具有高效换热和增压的特点     

Measurement and correlation of frictional two-phase pressure drop of R410A/POE oil mixture flow boiling in a 7 mm straight micro-fin tube

Two-phase frictional pressure drop characteristics of R410A/POE oil mixture flow boiling inside a straight micro-fin tube with the outside diameter of 7.0 mm were investigated experimentally. Experimental parameters include the evaporation temperature of 5 °C, the mass flux from 200 to 400 kg/(m² s), the heat flux from 7.56 to 15.12 kW/m², the inlet vapor quality from 0.2 to 0.7, and nominal oil concentration from 0% to 5%. The test results show that frictional pressure drop of R410A/POE oil mixture increases with the mass flux, the presence of oil enhances two-phase frictional pressure drop, and the effect of oil on frictional pressure drop is more evident at higher vapor qualities where the local oil concentrations are higher. New correlations to predict the local frictional pressure drop of R410A/POE oil mixture flow boiling inside the straight micro-fin tube are developed based on local properties of refrigerant–oil mixture, and the measured local frictional pressure drop is well correlated with the empirical correlations proposed by the authors.     

Experiments on the influence of intake conditions on local instantaneous heat flux in reciprocating internal combustion engines

The present study tries to be a contribution for the development of more precise theoretical models for predicting the dissipation of heat through the combustion chamber walls of reciprocating (internal combustion) IC engines. A fast response thermocouple was embedded in the combustion chamber of a single cylinder engine to measure instantaneous wall temperatures. The heat flux was obtained by solving the one-dimensional transient energy equation with transient boundary conditions using the Fast Fourier Transform. The engine was tested under different operating conditions to evaluate the sensitivity of the measurement procedure to variations of three relevant combustion parameters: injection pressure, air temperature and oxygen concentration at the intake. The local heat flux obtained was compared with other relevant parameters that characterize the thermal behaviour of engines, showing, in most of the cases, correlation among them. The results showed that the instantaneous heat flux through the walls and hence the local wall temperatures are strongly affected by the ignition delay and the start of combustion.     

芳烃联合装置蒸汽系统节能分析与优化

洛阳石化公司芳烃联合装置由芳烃抽提和对二甲苯装置组成,2012年装置综合能耗为310.39kg标油/t,其中蒸汽能耗为124.44kg标油/t,占总能耗的40.09%。蒸汽能耗高主要与减温减压器的用损、闪蒸汽的不合理利用和浪费,以及装置蒸汽网络能级不匹配等因素有关。采用能量平衡和用分析的方法,对芳烃联合装置蒸汽用能现状进行分析,提出以蒸汽喷射式热泵替代减温减压器和蒸汽网络优化方案。蒸汽喷射式热泵能有效回收闪蒸蒸汽,并能提供介于高、低压蒸汽压力间各种压力等级的蒸汽,实现不同压力等级的蒸汽综合利用。以蒸汽喷射式热泵替代减温减压器,是优化蒸汽网络、提高能源综合利用效率的有效途径。装置经蒸汽网络优化后,蒸汽管网用效率可从84.53%提高至90.77%,蒸汽能级匹配更为合理,年节约标煤3657t,年创经济效益366×104元,投资回报期不超过一年。     

Effects of subcooling degree and injection super‐heating degree on performance of an air source heat pump with subcooler

For a heat pump, three injection styles including liquid, two‐phase, and vapor injection are used to improve its performance. But there is no quantitative index to define the injection styles. They are distinguished from the injection configurations. The subcooler refrigerant injection (SCRI) is generally considered as the vapor injection. In this study, the injection super‐heating degree (ΔT_inj) is introduced as a technical parameter to define the injection style. The ΔT_inj is affected by the subcooling degree (ΔT_sc). These two parameters are used to study their effects on the heat pump performance. Experimental and theoretical analysis reveals that three injection styles can be selectively achieved in the SCRI configuration by the suitable control of the main and subcooling electronic expansion valves. Additionally, for liquid and two‐phase injection, it can improve heating capacity (Q_h) by heightening the ΔT_sc to increase the heat exchange amount in the evaporator. For vapor injection, in addition to increase of the ΔT_sc, the Q_h can be enhanced by raising the ΔT_inj to lift the compression power of the compressor. The two‐phase injection is more beneficial to enhance the heat pump performance than the liquid injection and two‐phase injection. The largest Q_h and corresponding increase amplitude (δQ_h) were, respectively, obtained with two‐phase injection to be 13 577 W and 13.5%, and the corresponding COP and increase amplitude (δCOP) were, respectively, 2.36 and 16.8%.     

26MPa超临界油田注汽锅炉的开发与应用

阐述了油田注汽锅炉技术现状和开发超临界注汽锅炉的必要性;依据热力学、流体力学等理论,对超临界注汽锅炉研制所涉及的工艺参数、指标,辐射段受热管的流量脉动、传热恶化及受热管中积盐等问题进行论证探讨,并提出了相应的措施和解决办法。介绍了新研制的超临界注汽锅炉现场试验应用情况。     

含氧类导热油的探索

导热油作为间接加热的热载体于工业生产,已有几十年的历史了。利用载体间接另热的优越性,早在利用水、蒸汽、熔盐和液态金属的初期就已经显现出来了。因此们们一直致力于适合各种温度的热载体的研制、生产、通过对含氧类有机化合物作为导热油的研究发现,含氧类导热与烷基、芳在导热油相比较,在使用上有其独到之处。