Corrosion behaviour of Al1.3CrFeNi chemically complex alloy

In this study, corrosion behaviour of double-phase Al_1.3CrFeNi chemically complex alloy was investigated, including hot corrosion and electrochemical corrosion. Hot corrosion behaviour of Al_1.3CrFeNi alloy was explored in molten 75 wt-% Na₂SO₄?+?25 wt-% NaCl salt. The result revealed that the corrosion kinetic curve of Al_1.3CrFeNi alloy followed the exponential rate rule through mass loss measurement. In addition, it prevented that the formed corrosion layer had obvious stratification including external granular Al₂O₃ and inner porous Cr₂O₃ when corrosion time was up to 100?h. Besides, it should be noted that the Al_1.3CrFeNi alloy was sensitive to the molten salt containing chlorine, which makes the alloy surface leave voids and bring about acceleration of corrosion. Meanwhile, electrochemical corrosion resistance of Al_1.3CrFeNi alloy in NaCl solution with different concentrations (0.6, 1.0 and 2.0?mol?L^?1) was investigated at room temperature. The results revealed that Al_1.3CrFeNi alloy showed superior corrosion resistance in NaCl solution due to the existence of Al and Cr which aid the formation of protective oxide layer.     

Corrosion of Co-Cr-W alloy in liquid zinc

The corrosion of Co-Cr-W alloy in the presence of both static and dynamic liquid zinc has been investigated at 465 °C. It was shown that the Co-Cr-W alloy is severely attacked by liquid zinc especially under dynamic condition. The corrosion rate of this alloy in the moving liquid zinc was about 1.5 times higher than in static liquid. Corrosion of the Co-Cr-W cast alloy in liquid zinc can be characterized as alloying (of Co-Zn and Fe-Zn) and dissolution (of Cr and W atoms from Co-base γ phase into liquid zinc). The static corrosion of Co-Cr-W alloy is characterized as preferential corrosion in eutectic groups and uniform corrosion of Co-base γ phase. The dynamic corrosion of this alloy is characterized as frequent break of the corroded surface layer and preferential corrosion in grain boundaries besides uniform corrosion. The Fe content of this alloy is another important factor affecting its corrosion rate in liquid zinc. Based on these results, it is suggested that the amount of eutectic groups and the elemental Fe content in the Co-Cr-W alloy should be limited in order to improve its corrosion resistance in liquid zinc. Moreover, the refinement of its grain structure will also be useful for the improvement of its corrosion resistance.     

Influence of Inclusion on Corrosion Behavior of E36 Grade Low-alloy Steel in Cargo Oil Tank Bottom Plate Environment

Corrosion behavior of low-alloy steel was investigated in simulated cargo oil tank （COT） bottom plate service environment （10% NaCl solution, pH = 0.85）. The corrosion behavior of inclusion was studied by in-situ scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）. It was found that pitting corrosion was inclined to occur around the place where inclusions exist. After initial corrosion, an area of 10-20μm in diameter was formed as a cireinate cathode around the edge of inclusion. MnS inclusion dissolved in the simulated COT corrosion solution before low-alloy steel matrix, and pitting was formed at the place where MnS dissolved. TiO2 inclusion dissolved in the simulated COT corrosion solution after low alloy steel matrix, and pitting was formed at the place where steel matrix dissolved. The corrosion tended to occur at the area where the curvature radius of inclusion is smaller. The size of round TiO2 inclusions had little influence on corrosion behavior in this certain environment.     

Influence of the microstructure on corrosion induced damage of WC-Co cemented carbides

ABSTRACT

The main goal of the present work is to study the influence of the microstructure on the corrosion behavior of cemented carbides WC-Co in two corrosive media. Corrosion kinetics were determined by immersion tests while the electrochemical evolution of the Surface was analyzed using impedance testing. Damage tolerance to corrosion was evaluated by assessing fracture strength on specimens previously subjected to corrosion. Results pointed out that for both grades the corrosion rate was higher in seawater, being more significant for the grade with a medium grain size. The corrosion phenomenon that took place in both media was caused by the oxidation reaction of cobalt. In seawater, the polarization resistance decreased for both grades whereas in mine water increased, due to the formation of a layer of corrosion products, which slowed down the cobalt dissolution process in Surface. In both media, a greater strength loss of the ultrafine grades was evidenced.     

Investigation into the corrosion rate and features of the samples made of nanostructured aluminum alloy in the H<Subscript>2</Subscript>S-containing medium

The corrosion rate was determined and corrosion damage features of the samples made of AK4-1 aluminum alloy were investigated in the NACE solution containing hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). The alloy was investigated in the ultra-fine-grain state compared with the coarse-grain state formed after standard treatment T6 (quenching + ageing). The alloy was nanostructured by equichannel angular pressing (ECAP). It is shown that the alloy corrosion rate after ECAP is higher than after T6 treatment by a factor of 1.9. Herewith, the total corrosion takes place in alloy after ECAP, while pitting corrosion is also observed after T6 treatment in addition to the total corrosion. The corrosion effect strongly affects surface-roughness parameters of the samples made of AK4-1 alloy after ECAP compared with the samples after T6 treatment.     

Rusting Evolution of MnCuP Weathering Steel Submitted to Simulated Industrial Atmospheric Corrosion

The rusting evolution of MnCuP weathering steel in a simulated industrial atmosphere as a function of corrosion duration was investigated by corrosion weight gain, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical methods. The results indicate that the corrosion kinetics is related closely to the rust composition and electrochemical properties. The corrosion rate is higher during the first corrosion stage, and it is lower during the second corrosion stage. During the first corrosion stage, the rust layer is in low density, discontinuous, and loose, with a lower relative abundance of α-FeOOH. During the second corrosion stage, a compact and protective inner rust layer forms with a higher relative abundance of α-FeOOH, contributing to enhanced rust layer resistance. The rust initially enhances and then stabilizes the cathodic process, but the anodic process tends to be inhibited by the protective rust layer. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests indicate that it is more scientific to evaluate the rust layer protective ability by charge transfer resistance.     

Corrosion Behavior of Rusted 550 MPa Grade Offshore Platform Steel

 The corrosion behavior of a rusted 550 MPa grade offshore platform steel in Cl- containing environment was investigated. The results revealed that the corrosion process can be divided into initial stage in which corrosion rate increased with accumulation of corrosion products and later stage in which homogeneous and compact rust layer started to protect steel substrate out of corrosion mediums. On the contrary, structural analysis of rust layers by X-ray diffraction showed that α-FeOOH increased from 1. 3% to 3. 6% and the Fe3O4 increased from 1. 0% to 1. 5% while γ-FeOOH reduced slightly according to corrosion time increased from 30 cycles to 73 cycles. The results of electron probe microanalysis indicated that Cr concentrated mainly in the inner region of the rust, inner/outer interface especially, whereas Ni and Cu were uniformly distributed all over the rust after 73 corrosion cycles. According to electrochemical measurements, it was found that the corrosion rate of rusted steel reduced from 0. 61 mm/a after 45 cycles to 0. 34 mm/a after 85 cycles, 44. 3% reduction approximately, and Rrust values increased with increment of corrosion time. Therefore, formation of compact inner rust layer and enrichment of Cr are important to improve corrosion resistance of offshore platform steel.     

Studies on the corrosion and the behavior of inert anodes in aluminum electrolysis

The corrosion rates of inert anodes based on tin oxide and nickel ferrite cermet materials were studied as a function of some operating parameters. To reach a better understanding of the corrosion mechanism, the behavior of the anodes was observed under some specific conditions, such as in pure cryolite, at high current densities, at different potentials, and at varying cathode surface areas. It was confirmed that low alumina concentrations led to catastrophic corrosion of the anodes and that high current densities and high as well as low NaF/AlF₃ molar ratios were also detrimental. The corrosion rate of tin oxide based anodes showed a minimum (so-called “normal corrosion”) at anodic potentials of 2.2 to 2.4 V with respect to aluminum. The normal corrosion is due to chemical dissolution of the anode material and reduction of the corrosion products into the cathode metal. The corrosion rate increased with increasing cathode surface area. At potentials higher than ～2.5 V, the anodes showed catastrophic corrosion. Catastrophic corrosion can be ascribed to decomposition of the anode material by depletion of alumina at the anode surface provoked by low bulk concentration of alumina and/or high current density.     

High voltage metallography of stress corrosion failure in a Ni-16.5 At. Pct Au alloy

The same portion of a stress corrosion crack in a Ni-16.5 at. pct Au alloy was examined by light microscopy and in the electron microscope at 800 and 100 kv. It was observed that the fracture propagates through a mechanically weak corrosion sponge which nucleates at slip steps created during exposure to the stress corrosion environment. The sponge is composed of a high density of branching corrosion tunnels with an average diameter of 70 to 90Å and containing small particles of gold. A mechanism is proposed to account for the stability of corrosion tunnels in alloys whose components dissolve at different rates and it is predicted that under certain conditions corrosion crevices may become stable. No cracks were observed to propagate beyond the corrosion sponge into the unattacked alloy.     

Corrosion behavior of super 13Cr stainless steel in a H_2S and CO_2 environment

The corrosion behavior of 95 ksi grade super 13 Cr stainless steel in an environment consisting of H_2S and CO_2 was investigated.The results reveal that for both loading methods(constant load and four-point bending),local corrosion occurred on the surface of the samples tested at ambient temperature but was absent from the samples tested at high temperatures.The local corrosion was caused by the formation of pits at nonmetal inclusions; the pits were formed under the action of stress in an acidic environment, which was due to an acid solution.Subsequently, the corrosion extended along the direction of stress.The sensitivity of stress corrosion cracking increased because of the local corrosion.     

Effect of solid-solution treatment on corrosion and electrochemical behaviors of Mg-15Y alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution

The effect of solid-solution treatment on corrosion and electrochemical mechanisms of Mg-15Y alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was investigated by electrochemical testing,immersion testing and SEM observation.The results indicated that the corrosion resistance of Mg-15Y sample gradually deteriorated with immersion time increasing,which was consistent with the observation of corrosion morphologies.The solid-solution treatment decreased the amounts of second phase Mg24Y5.The Ecorr and corrosion rate of as-cast samples were both lower than those of solid solution-treated samples,and both increased with increment of solid solution-treated time.The corrosion mechanism was proposed for the galvanic,pitting and filiform corrosion which varied with the immersion time and solid-solution treatment.     

Hot corrosion behavior of Cr-modified NiAl coatings on 310 stainless steel produced by a gas tungsten arc cladding process

The microstructure and hot corrosion behavior of Ni/Al–Cr composite claddings produced by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on a 310 stainless steel substrate were studied. The phase analyses and the microstructure of the cladding layers were evaluated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of Cr addition (0, 5, 10 at% Cr) on the microstructure and hot corrosion behavior of the NiAl coatings was assessed. The cyclic hot corrosion behavior of the base metal and different claddings was investigated at 900°C and in static air, with a 2–3?mg/cm² Na₂SO₄–10%NaCl (wt%). It was found that a dendritic microstructure was formed on the clad surfaces. The results of the XRD analyses indicated that a NiAl phase was synthesized in situ during GTAW cladding and the presence of Cr reduced the intensity of diffraction peaks of NiAl. Hot corrosion experiments also revealed that the addition of Cr had a crucial influence on the hot corrosion behavior of NiAl coatings. It was found that the larger the amount of Cr, the superior the resistance of the coatings to hot corrosion. This improvement was attributed to the formation of Al₂O₃ as a protective oxide layer, as evidenced by XRD patterns. However, the iron containing phases produced as a result of interactions with the substrate were found to be a detrimental factor influencing the corrosion properties of different cladded layers.     

Cu-Ni合金腐蚀行为的宏观电化学研究进展

综述了Cu-Ni合金腐蚀行为的宏观电化学的国内外研究进展.介绍了合金成分、外界环境、腐蚀产物膜及初始表面膜等因素对Cu-Ni合金耐蚀性能的影响,详细介绍了合金元素通过影响腐蚀产物膜的组织结构从而影响腐蚀过程的各种理论,针对目前Cu-Ni合金腐蚀行为的研究不足作出了适当的分析并指出了今后的研究方向.      

Improving the Corrosion Resistance of the Nickel–Tungsten Alloy by Optimization of the Electroplating Conditions

Nickel–tungsten (Ni–W) alloy coating was electrodeposited on the copper substrate by direct current voltammetry. The optimization of a free-ammonium bath for electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy coating was investigated. Experiments were focused on elucidating the effect of W concentration and operating conditions on the corrosion performance of the obtained Ni–W alloy coating. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization (Tafel) test. Experimental data such as corrosion current density, corrosion rate and polarization resistance indicated that the operating conditions used during the electroplating had significant effects on the corrosion parameters of the Ni–W alloy coating. The results showed that the highest corrosion resistance was obtained for the coating with 56.7 wt% tungsten (Ni/W ratio of 1:2.5) which was prepared at the current density of 3.8 A dm^?2. The increase in the corrosion resistance at the optimum current density was attributed to the lower interferences of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the electrodeposited Ni–W alloy with the best anti-corrosion parameters.

     

MCrAlY高温第二类热盐腐蚀行为研究

本文针对五种MCrAlY材料进行了700℃的热盐腐蚀试验,通过对材料表面、腐蚀产物、腐蚀截面、腐蚀失重等方面进行分析,研究Co、Cr、Al等MCrAlY的基本元素对700℃下含硫热腐蚀的影响。结果表明,700℃下,腐蚀产物以氧化铬、氧化铝为主,伴随少量尖晶石生成。腐蚀以网状氧化铝形貌向深处蔓延,网状氧化铝的附近往往伴随硫化铬的生成。Co、Cr为抗热盐腐蚀的有益元素,其中,Cr对抗700℃热盐腐蚀的提升作用优于Co元素。     

Kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of laboratory hot briquetted iron

While considerable work has been reported in the literature on the corrosion behavior and products of direct reduced iron and sponge iron, very little has been published on hot briquetted iron (HBI). The present article reports the kinetics and mechanism of HBI corrosion. As corrosion is an electrochemical process, measurements using electrochemical techniques have been made and these are compared to data gained by measuring mass changes in the briquettes over time. Similar trends were seen in data from both techniques, and the corrosion extent predicted by electrochemical measurements in saline solution was very close to the mass gain result obtained. Kinetic analysis of the data from mass gain over time trials was conducted. The activation energy for corrosion at temperatures between 25 °C and 80 °C has been calculated. The values of activation energy obtained indicate that corrosion was predominantly controlled by diffusion of oxygen in the liquid state. The internal structure of the briquettes was observed by microscopy both before and after corrosion in distilled water.     

稀土对碳素钢在模拟工业性大气腐蚀环境下耐蚀性的影响

 利用浸泡、电化学方法研究了Ce/La混和稀土对碳素钢在腐蚀介质中的缓蚀作用,采用相分析、周浸、锈层分析等方法研究了稀土对碳素钢耐工业性大气腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：在模拟工业性大气腐蚀环境的酸性NaHSO3溶液中,稀土丝分解后生成的稀土离子是一种混合型缓蚀剂;在对碳素钢的缓蚀过程中,Ce/La离子沉积于同一区域;随钢中稀土含量增加,钢中相界固溶稀土和稀土/铁金属间化合物总量增加,钢的耐蚀性得到大幅度提高。另外,还对稀土减缓钢铁腐蚀过程进行了讨论,提出了稀土对碳素钢的缓蚀机理。     

Synergistic effects of wear and corrosion for Al2O3 particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composites

Wear corrosion of alumina particulate-reinforced 6061 aluminum matrix composites in a 3.5 wt pct NaCl solution with a revised block-on-ring wear tester has been investigated. The studies involved the effects of applied load, rotational speed, and environments (dry air and 3.5 pct NaCl solution) on the wear rates of materials. Also various specimens with Al₂O₃ volume fractions of 0, 10, 15, and 20 pct were employed in this work. Electrochemical measurements and electron micrographic observations were conducted to clarify the micromechanisms of wear corrosion in such metal matrix composites. Experimental results indicated that the wear rate of monolithic 6061 Al in either dry wear or wear corrosion was reduced by adding alumina reinforcements. However, the effect of volume fraction on wear rate is only minor in dry wear, while it is significant in the case of wear corrosion. Wear-corrosion tests also showed that the corrosion potential shifted to the active side and the current density for an applied potential increased with the decrease of Al₂O₃ volume fraction in the materials and the increase in applied load and rotational speed. Although the incorporation of reinforcement in these aluminum matrix composites was deterimental to their corrosion resistance, the influence on wear corrosion was favorable.     

盐雾对喷锡和化金印制电路板腐蚀行为的影响

采用交流阻抗谱研究热风整平无铅喷锡处理印制电路板（PCB-HASL）和无电镀镍金电路板（PCB-ENIG）在盐雾环境下的电化学腐蚀行为,并结合体式学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线能谱等手段分析两种不同表面处理工艺电路板的腐蚀产物形貌、组成和镀层失效机制.结果表明:盐雾环境下,PCB-HASL和PCB-ENIG均发生严重腐蚀;镀Sn层开始发生局部腐蚀,随后几乎整个表面都发生腐蚀,出现类似均匀腐蚀的现象,镀金板主要发生微孔腐蚀.在PCB-HASL腐蚀过程中,Cl-的侵蚀作用促进Sn层的腐蚀,后来由于逐渐形成大量的覆盖在镀层表面的腐蚀产物,使得腐蚀速率降低;而在PCB-ENIG腐蚀过程中,微孔处形成含Cl-电解质薄液层,Ni与Au构成腐蚀电偶,从而加速Ni的腐蚀,最终使Cu基底裸露,造成电路板失效.      

Corrosion Behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Lead-Free Solder in Potassium Hydroxide Electrolyte

The corrosion behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305) solder alloy in 6?M potassium hydroxide electrolyte was investigated using polarization analysis. The results revealed that SAC305 is susceptible to corrosion because of the dissolution of the Sn phase. The corrosion potential (E _corr) and corrosion current density (i _corr) obtained from the sample was ?C1.108?V vs Hg/HgO and 1.795?×?10^?4?A cm^?2, respectively. In addition, microstructural and elemental characterization revealed the presence of tin oxide, Cu, and/or Ag-containing corrosion product on the surface of the corroded sample. The morphology of the samples was also observed to contain several pits, cracks, and pore-like structures.