内燃机传热全仿真模拟研究进展综述

概述了内燃机传热研究的意义和发展;对内燃机传热研究的新领域－缸内气体的流动、燃烧、对流传热、辐射传热等模型与燃烧室部件整体导热模型耦合的计算机模拟,进行了全面综述,并指出了下一步应着重解决的问题。     

燃烧室部件耦合系统循环瞬态传热模型的研究

引言 内燃机传热全仿真模拟是由缸内燃气与燃烧室部件以及燃烧室部件之间的耦合传热这两大部分组成的。其中燃烧室部件整体耦合系统的传热研究相当困难,这是因为活塞组与气缸套间的相对运动,使得确定运动部分的边界条件成了系统耦合传热模拟的最大难点,而这边界条件恰恰是影响模拟精度的关键。为此,本文将主要研究活塞组与缸套相对运动边界上的传热过程,并建立循环瞬态耦合传热仿真数学模型。１活塞组一缸套耦合系统的传热模型假设 在由活塞组和缸套组成的耦合系统中,活塞组和缸套是互为边界的。本文采用迭代算法来解决这部分边界条件…     

内燃机燃烧室耦合零件系统过渡工况的传热模拟

内燃机的起动、停车或加载过程会引起燃烧室零件的急剧加热或冷却，从而导致零件温度场发生剧烈变化，在零件表面产生远远高于静态应力的动态热应力或准静态热应力，造成高温零件的疲劳失效。为了求解燃烧室耦合三维零件系统过渡工况的非稳态温度分布，建立了相应的耦合传热数学和物理模型，并在此基础上建立了复杂运动边界上单元的有限元离散理论，该理论是耦合三维零件系统过渡工况计算机数值分析的基础。     

计算机辅助工程(CAE)在内燃机中的应用

介绍了CAE的基本概念及其研究内容，说明了在内燃机设计中CAE技术对于减少设计错误，缩短设计周期，提高产品设计质量的重要意义。分别从工作过程、润滑、冷却、热机械强度、部件耦合、系统-部件耦合等几个方面讲述了CAE技术在内燃机产品设计中的应用，同时提出未来内燃机CAE的方向即内燃机全仿真模拟，并给出两种解决缸内工作过程与燃烧室部件耦合模拟的方法。     

燃烧室部件传热时间非均匀性对柴油机整体性能影响的研究

将所有燃烧室部件(气缸盖-气缸套-活塞组-润滑油膜)作为一个耦合体,在对耦合体进行瞬态传热数值模拟的基础上,利用分区求解、边界耦合法建立缸内工作过程与燃烧室部件的耦合传热计算模型,从而实现缸内工作过程与燃烧室部件的耦合仿真模拟,以此考察燃烧室部件传热时间非均匀性对发动机性能的影响.结果表明:燃烧室部件表面的非均匀温度分布对常规金属柴油机的动力性、经济性和排放性能的影响十分微小,对传热性能有一定影响,但幅度也小于1%.因此在常规柴油机整体性能的准维模拟预测中,可以忽略燃烧室部件传热时间非均匀性的影响.     

车用内燃机冷却系统动态传热模型

提出了一个基于集总参数法的车用内燃机冷却系统动态传热模型。考虑了内燃机燃烧室、散热器和水泵的传热和冷却系统的工作,建立了机体、散热器、水泵与冷却介质之间的热耦合计算公式。对一台单缸柴油机冷却系的稳态及动态温度进行了计算,结果证实该模型可用于内燃机冷却系统的动态传热特性研究。     

基于集总参数法的车用内燃机传热计算机仿真研究

针对车用内燃机某些部件不能直接应用集总参数法研究传热的问题，根据集总参数法的限制条件，提出了将集总参数法用于内燃机所有部件研究传热问题的方法。将车用内燃机的流动问题与传热问题耦合起来作为一个系统，建立了车用内燃机的流动与传热问题的综合模型，编制了计算程序。对某型坦克内燃机的传热进行了实例计算。计算结果表明，坦克内燃机传热不但与内燃机的工况有关，还与外界环境中的大气压力与大气温度有关，文中给出了坦克内燃机传热随外界环境中大气压力与大气温度的变化规律，并将计算结果与实验值作了比较，其结果吻合较好。     

自由活塞发动机结构传热特性

建立了系统动力学、缸内热力学与结构传热耦合仿真模型,并试验验证了仿真模型准确性.通过仿真对比了相同结构及工况下燃烧室各部件在自由活塞式发动机与曲轴式发动机两种形式运行时热负荷、传热损失及结构温度上的差异性.结果表明:自由活塞发动机燃烧室部件所受热负荷的峰值和作用时间小于曲轴式发动机,具有较小的传热损失与较高的能量转换效率;受活塞运动规律的影响,其缸内燃气与缸套对流传热量占结构总传热量的比例较高;各结构关键点的温度值与温度波动幅度低于曲轴式发动机,热负荷较小,性能有进一步提升的潜力.     

基于集总参数法的坦克发动机热性能模型

发展了一个基于集总参数法的坦克发动机热性能模型，考虑了发动机燃烧室的传热、发动机主要部件的传热、冷却系统和润滑系统的工作及坦克动力舱内的空气流动，建立了燃烧气体与发动机部件、各部件之间、部件与冷却液、部件与润滑油、部件与动力舱空气之间的热耦合计算公式．对一台坦克涡轮增压柴油机的热性能进行了实例计算，结果证实这个模型可以用于坦克发动机热性能的研究．     

燃气轮机燃烧室与透平交互作用研究进展

当代高性能燃气轮机高温部件燃烧室和透平存在着复杂的流动传热现象.随着燃机透平进口温度不断提高,部件交互作用愈发突出,直接影响到燃烧筒和叶片材料的温度水平.总结了国内外燃机中燃烧室/透平交互作用的研究进展,包括热斑、湍流度、辐射、旋流、尾迹管理等因素,归纳了典型的理论研究、实验研究、数值模拟成果.燃烧室与透平交互作用的机理研究已取得较大进展,在真机工况下的验证与应用仍需开拓.高温部件的实验平台与计算开发是支撑设计体系建设的重要基础.     

内燃机冷却系统中应用纳米流体强化传热研究综述

内燃机工作时依赖冷却系统将多余热量及时带走以保证燃烧室核心部件及润滑油膜的正常工作温度。常规内燃机冷却介质导热系数偏低,而新一代强化传热工质纳米流体具有明显提升的传热性能,应用于内燃机冷却系统有利于强化内燃机传热及提高热管理性能。且由于纳米流体的传热性能受纳米粒子的种类、大小、浓度、形状等因素影响,可以通过改变这些因素控制内燃机冷却水腔的传热量。综述了国内外研究者针对纳米流体导热系数与对流换热性能开展的试验测试、理论分析和计算机模拟研究工作,以及纳米流体应用于内燃机冷却系统中强化传热的进展,最后指出当前研究工作的不足及未来工作方向。     

Study of the steady and transient temperature field and heat flow in the combustion chamber components of a medium speed diesel engine using finite element analyses

The present work describes the development of a model for the calculation of the temperature field and heat flow in the combustion chamber components of internal combustion piston engines, which occur both under steady and transient engine operating conditions. Two and three-dimensional finite-element analyses were implemented for the representation of the complex geometry metal components (piston, liner and cylinder head). The model is applied for the piston and liner of a medium speed diesel engine, for which relevant experimental data exist in the literature. Special care is given for accurately specifying the thermal boundary conditions (temperatures and heat transfer coefficients). Gas side boundary conditions are calculated using a thermodynamic cycle simulation code, including spatial variation of the gas side heat transfer coefficient. Coolant sides (water on the external liner surface and oil on the piston undercrown surface) boundary conditions are calculated using correlations pertaining to real engine conditions. Also an effort is made to model the piston-ring belt-liner complex thermal paths using equivalent thermal circuits. A satisfactory degree of agreement is found between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements, revealing that the finite-element methods presented are successful in formulating this kind of problem, giving accurate results with reasonable computational cost. The utilization of the model reveals very clearly the essential role of engine operating transients (sudden changes in speed and/or load) in the generation of sharp temperature excursions in the metal components until a new steady state is reached. The phenomenon should be taken into account for correct engine design and safe operation (i.e. the avoidance of high local stresses).     

Theory and performance analysis of a new heat engine for concentrating solar power

The objectives of this paper are to introduce a new heat engine and evaluate its performance. The new heat engine uses a gas, such as air, nitrogen, or argon, as the working fluid and extracts thermal energy from a heat source as the energy input. The new heat engine may find extensive applications in renewable energy industries, such as concentrating solar power (CSP). Additionally, the heat engine may be employed to recover energy from exhaust streams of internal combustion engines, gas turbine engines, and various industrial processes. It may also work as a thermal‐to‐mechanical conversion system in a nuclear power plant and function as an external combustion engine in which the heat source is the combustion gas from an external combustion chamber. The heat engine is to mimic the performance of an air‐standard Otto cycle. This is achieved by drastically increasing the time duration of heat acquisition from the heat source in conjunction with the timing of the heat acquisition and a large heat transfer surface area. Performance simulations show that the new heat engine can potentially attain a thermal efficiency above 50% and a power output above 100 kW under open‐cycle operation. Additionally, the heat engine could significantly reduce CSP costs and operate in open cycles, effectively removing the difficulties of dry cooling requirement for CSP applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experiments on the influence of intake conditions on local instantaneous heat flux in reciprocating internal combustion engines

The present study tries to be a contribution for the development of more precise theoretical models for predicting the dissipation of heat through the combustion chamber walls of reciprocating (internal combustion) IC engines. A fast response thermocouple was embedded in the combustion chamber of a single cylinder engine to measure instantaneous wall temperatures. The heat flux was obtained by solving the one-dimensional transient energy equation with transient boundary conditions using the Fast Fourier Transform. The engine was tested under different operating conditions to evaluate the sensitivity of the measurement procedure to variations of three relevant combustion parameters: injection pressure, air temperature and oxygen concentration at the intake. The local heat flux obtained was compared with other relevant parameters that characterize the thermal behaviour of engines, showing, in most of the cases, correlation among them. The results showed that the instantaneous heat flux through the walls and hence the local wall temperatures are strongly affected by the ignition delay and the start of combustion.     

多孔介质发动机工作过程单区模型模拟

采用单区燃烧模型模拟多孔介质（PM）发动机的压缩、燃烧和膨胀过程。以热力学第一定律为基础,引入多孔介质换热模型,建立了多孔介质发动机的能量方程。计算了多种工况参数下PM发动机缸内温度、压强变化规律,分别讨论了压缩比、过量空气系数、多孔介质温度、多孔介质体换热系数等参数对多孔介质发动机燃烧过程的影响。将PM发动机与传统发动机加以比较,结果表明PM使缸内温度和压强的变化趋于平缓,这有利于混合气着火并可降低NO,排放。     

内燃机缸内零件系统传热的计算机模拟进展

本文综合介绍了内燃机缸内零件系统传热计算机模拟的国际和国内现状，并介绍了作者目前正在进行的缸内耦合三维零件系统传热的研究情况。由于缸内零件传热的计算机模拟是未来内燃机虚拟设计的关键技术，因而有必要对缸内零件的分析历史和现状进行综合探讨。     

Development and test of combustion chamber for Stirling engine heated by natural gas

The combustion chamber is an important component for the Stifling engine heated by natural gas. In the paper, we develop a combustion chamber for the Stifling engine which aims to generate 3-5 kWe electric power. The combustion chamber includes three main components： combustion module, heat exchange cavity and thermal head. Its feature is that the structure can divide ＂combustion＂ process and ＂heat transfer＂ process into two appar- ent individual steps and make them happen one by one. Since natural gas can mix with air fully before burning, the combustion process can be easily completed without the second wind. The flame can avoid contacting the thermal head of Stifling engine, and the temperature fields can be easily controlled. The designed combustion chamber is manufactured and its performance is tested by an experiment which includes two steps. The experi- mental result of the first step proves that the mixture of air and natural gas can be easily ignited and the flame burns stably. In the second step of experiment, the combustion heat flux can reach 20 kW, and the energy utiliza- tion efficiency of thermal head has exceeded 0.5. These test results show that the thermal performance of com- bustion chamber has reached the design goal, The designed combustion chamber can be applied to a real Stifling engine heated by natural gas which is to generate 3-5 kWe electric power.     

Effect of heat transfer space non-uniformity of combustion chamber components on in-cylinder heat transfer in diesel engine

Combustion chamber components (cylinder head-cylinder liner-piston assembly-oil film) were treated as a coupled body. Based on the three-dimensional numerical simulation of the heat transfer of the coupled body, a coupled three-dimensional calculation model for the in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components was built with domain decomposition and boundary coupling method, which adopts the coupled three-dimensional simulation of in-cylinder working process and the combustion chamber components. The model was applied in the investigation of the influence of space non-uniformity in heat transfer among combustion chamber components on in-cylinder heat transfer. The results show that the effect of wall temperature space non-uniform distribution of combustion chamber components on heat transfer happens mainly at the end of the compression stroke and expansion stroke. Therefore, it can be concluded that wall temperature space non-uniform distribution of combustion chamber components would influence heat transfer during the intake and exhaust stroke obviously.     

Estimation of instantaneous local heat transfer coefficient in spark-ignition engines

Optimizing heat transfer for internal combustion engines requires application of advanced development tools. In addition to experimental method, numerical 3D-CFD calculations are needed in order to obtain an insight into the complex phenomenas in-cylinder processes. In this context, fluid flow and heat transfer inside a four-valve engine cylinder is modeled and effects of changing engine speed on dimensionless parameters, instantaneous local Nusselt number and Reynolds number near the surface of combustion chamber are studied. Based on the numerical simulation new correlations for instantaneous local heat transfer on the combustion chamber of SI engines are derived. Results for several engine speeds are compared for total heat transfer coefficient of the cylinder engine with available correlation proposed by experimental measurements and a close agreement is observed. It is found that the local value of heat transfer coefficient varies considerably in different parts of the cylinder, but it has equivalent trend with crank angle position.