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1.
This is an article translated from the original version published in the Journal of the Society of Powder Technology, Japan. A new method for evaluating powder flowability is developed using a constant-volume shear tester; this tester measures the upper and lower normal stresses and the shear stress acting on a powder bed. A single shear test provides a series of characteristics, such as the powder yield locus (PYL), consolidation yield locus (CYL), critical state line (CSL), shear cohesion, stress relaxation ratio, stress transmission ratio, and void fraction. The values of shear stress as a function of the normal stress and void fraction are visualized in three-dimensional diagrams. Furthermore, powder flowability is evaluated using a flow function obtained from the PYL.  相似文献   

2.
《Advanced Powder Technology》2020,31(3):1007-1012
Nanoparticles have advantageous small-size and surface effects that impart them with unique mechanical properties. To evaluate these properties, a constant-volume shear tester that can precisely measure stresses on the shear plane was used. Six samples, namely, hydrophilic and hydrophobic silica, alumina, and titania nanoparticles, were prepared for the shear tests. For each sample, a single shear test provided the void fraction, stress relaxation ratio, stress transmission ratio, powder yield locus, consolidation yield locus, critical state line, shear cohesion, and flow function. All the tests were conducted under ambient conditions using powder beds, in which the void fractions were in the range of 0.89–0.96. A series of analyses demonstrated that the hydrophilic nanoparticles have lower flowability than the hydrophobic nanoparticles, indicating that moisture on the surface increases the cohesion and inhibits the flow.  相似文献   

3.
Two types of high-performance shear test methods were employed to analyze the mechanical properties of powders. Both tests accurately measured the normal and shear stresses acting on the shear plane. Alumina powders with mass median diameters of 0.67, 4.0, 9.9, and 49 µm were used as samples. The effects of repeated shearing on the void fraction, stress relaxation ratio, stress transmission ratio, powder yield locus (PYL), consolidation yield locus (CYL), and critical state line (CSL) were determined using a constant-volume shear tester. The PYL and CSL were also measured using a constant-load shear tester, and the results obtained were compared. This comparison demonstrated a reasonable concurrence between the results obtained with the two testers. Furthermore, quasi-steady load shear tests were conducted using a constant-volume shear tester with feedback control, which demonstrated that the PYL could be obtained in a single shear test within a few minutes.  相似文献   

4.
The yield locus (YL) of powder bed can be used to determine many mechanical properties of a powder such as cohesion, unconfined yield stress, stress ratio, etc. Generally, the YL of powder beds is obtained by fitting the results of shear tests to linear approximations based on the Coulomb equation or to curved approximations based on the Warren–Spring equation. Meanwhile, the yielding characteristics of a powder bed are expressed by the Roscoe condition diagram. In this diagram, the YL appears orthogonal to the normal stress axis at both ends corresponding to tensile and compressive strength. However, the YL approximated by the Coulomb or Warren–Spring equations is not orthogonal to the normal stress axis at both ends, and is not the same shape as the YL shown in Roscoe condition diagrams. Thus, the abovementioned mechanical properties obtained from the YL of a powder bed are likely to be affected by the approximate expression for the YL. Despite this, no one has investigated how the mechanical properties of powder beds such as stress ratios are affected by the approximation method for the YL. In this paper, we propose a new approximation equation for the YL that conforms both to the shape of the YL in the Roscoe condition diagrams and experimental results. Then, these YL obtained by our equation, and by the Coulomb and Warren–Spring equations are used to determine the mechanical and flow properties of powder beds. These values are compared with each other in order to discuss the validity of our equation.  相似文献   

5.
The evaluation of the mechanical properties and the state of a powder bed are essential for industrial powder operations. We assume that the bed incipient yield is approximately the bed incipient fluidization, and the particle contact force, the bed voidage, the bed tensile stress and the bed-wall frictional stress can be determined by simple pressure drop monitoring when gradually increasing the superficial gas velocity from zero. A two-dimensional powder bed voidage-tensile stress state diagram at zero shear stress under anisotropic consolidation is initially prepared. For the sample powder bed, we show that the isotropic tensile stress estimated by the powder yield locus extrapolation, 340 Pa−770 Pa, from a shear tester is different from the anisotropic tensile stress evaluated, 120 Pa–180 Pa, by the pressure drop overshoot approximation.  相似文献   

6.
The flow characteristics of a powder system are known to be influenced by particle size distribution, particularly the content of fine particles, and interparticle forces. This paper reports an investigation that has identified and quantified links between physical properties, viz size distribution, bulk density and particle density, and cohesion in compacted beds of powder. An annular shear cell was used in the determination of the cohesion of cohesive and free-flowing milled lactose powders at low consolidation stresses in the range 0.31–4.85 kPa and under ambient conditions. Following consideration of the compaction and shearing processes, it was postulated and confirmed that cohesion could be expressed as a function of powder surface area per unit volume and dimensionless preconsolidation stress. It was shown that care is needed in the measurement of surface–volume mean diameter when applying correlations developed from the experimental data.  相似文献   

7.
An experimental study on incipient motion of gravel and coal beds under unidirectional steady-uniform flow is presented. Experiments were carried out in a flume with various sizes of gravel and coal samples. The critical bed shear stresses for the experimental runs determined using side-wall correction show considerable disagreement with the standard curves. The characteristic parameters affecting the incipient motion of particles in rough-turbulent regime, identified based on physical reasoning and dimensional analysis, are the Shields parameter, particle Froude number, non-dimensional particle diameter and non-dimensional flow depth. Equations of critical bed shear stress for the initial movement of gravel and coal beds were obtained using experimental data. The method of application of critical bed shear stress equations is also mentioned.  相似文献   

8.
The fundamentals of cohesive particulate solids' consolidation and flow properties using a reasonable combination of particle and continuum mechanics by means of micro/macrotransition of the "characteristic particle contact" are explained. The adhesion force models of Tomas (2001a) are used to derive the stationary, instantaneous T S1 time yield loci and consolidation loci. Next, the uniaxial compressive strength σ c ( σ 1 ), effective angle of internal friction } e ( σ 1 ), and bulk density 𝜌 b ( σ 1 ) are obtained as powder constitutive functions. The approach has been shown to be effective for the data evaluation of cohesive powder flow properties, like a very cohesive titania nanopowder (surface diameter d s = 200 nm, solid density 𝜌 s = 3870kg/m 3 ) with the fit r 2 xy > 0.95. Finally, these models in combination with accurate shear cell test results are used as constitutive functions for computer-aided silo design for reliable flow.  相似文献   

9.
杨强  陈新  周维垣 《工程力学》2005,22(6):15-20
将四个屈服准则:Tresca准则、Mises准则、Mohr-Coulomb准则以及Drucker-Prager准则归类为剪切屈服准则.Tresca准则和Mohr-Coulomb准则是关于最不利截面的剪切屈服准则,而Mises准则和Drucker-Prager准则是关于各方向截面的剪应力和正应力的某种综合度量的八面体剪应力和八面体正应力的剪切屈服准则.从方向函数(ODF)的概念入手,将各方向截面的剪应力和正应力综合度量直接取为所有方向截面上的剪应力和正应力的平均.对各向同性材料,提出了平均剪切屈服度准则:当平均剪应力和平均正应力的组合达到某一极限值时,材料开始屈服.研究表明,平均剪切屈服准则与Drucker-Prager准则具有相同的形式,当不考虑平均正应力对屈服的影响时,它与Mises准则具有相同的形式.针对由各向异性损伤导致的材料各向异性强度问题,定义截面上的有效正应力和有效剪应力则分别为截面上的法向力和切向力与有效承载面积之比,基于截面上的有效应力提出了各向异性材料的平均剪切屈服准则.各向异性损伤引起的截面上有效应力放大系数为方向函数,可以采用二阶组构张量来近似表示,在任意坐标系中,各向异性屈服准则为应力分量的二次齐次式,导出了其中的系数与二阶组构张量之间的显式关系式.在二阶组构张量的主轴坐标系内,各向异性屈服准则与殷有泉的拓展Hill准则形式完全相同,当不考虑正应力对屈服的影响时,它与Hill准则具有相同的形式.  相似文献   

10.
《Advanced Powder Technology》2014,25(4):1164-1170
The shear testing protocol developed by Jenike in 1964 is commonly used to characterize powder flow in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The protocol requires the measurement of consolidated bulk density and the stress required to shear a powder bed under a series of normal consolidation stresses. In this work, the influence of preconsolidation stress and surface–volume mean particle diameter on the bulk density of 13 milled lactose powders consolidated in an annular shear cell below 5 kPa is examined. Five empirical correlations that relate bulk density to preconsolidation stress are tested. Each correlation contains two fitting parameters and their values are determined by regression; the parameters are further correlated with particle diameter. A new correlation that simultaneously relates bulk density to preconsolidation stress and particle diameter is proposed. The correlation is valid for milled lactose powders of ∼29–223 μm and preconsolidated at 0.31–4.85 kPa, and can estimate bulk density to ±10% of the measured bulk density. It is a convenient tool for the estimation of the bulk density term in an earlier correlation that links the cohesion of milled lactose powders to particle surface area per unit volume and preconsolidation stress.  相似文献   

11.
This article presents a simulation study of tapered-in and tapered-out fluidized bed reactors to investigate the influences of apex angle on the fractional conversion and the pressure drop of the fluidized beds in the presence of two types of chemical reaction with gas volume increase and reduction. The 2D behavior of tapered-in and -out fluidized beds was also compared with a columnar one from fractional conversion and bed pressure drop point of views. To validate the simulation results, the numerical predictions for the expansion ratio and the pressure drop of a tapered fluidized bed were compared with experimental data and good agreement was observed. The obtained simulation results clearly indicate that an apt apex angle exists in tapered-in reactors in which the fractional conversion reaches a maximum value; while the variations of the apex angle slightly affect the fractional conversion in tapered-out fluidized beds. Increasing the residence time of the gas phase in the upper section of tapered-in beds has positive influences on the fractional conversion, while a further decrease in the gas phase velocity in the tapered-in reactors has a negative effect on the fractional conversion. Moreover, higher bed pressure drop was observed in tapered-in reactors than that in the columnar and tapered-out ones.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

The effect of fluidised bed parameters on quenching efficiency was examined on two steels for various section sizes. Heat transfer coefficients were determined and the microstructure of some sections was examined. It was found that the heat removal rate by the fluidised bed lies between those of air and oil quenching and a martensitic structure was observed in quenched sections. The fluidising velocity affects greatly the heat transfer coefficient h between the bed and the cooled section. The value of h increases with the velocity to a maximum and then decreases. Higher values of h are obtained in beds of fine particles and wide particle size distribution. The bed/cooled section diameter ratio has an important effect on the heat removal rate. The treated section should be immersed well below the bed surface.

MST/658  相似文献   

13.
The applicability of the hydrodynamic similarity criteria (scaling law) introduced by Glicksman (1988) was investigated using fully coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) simulations for single-spout fluidized beds. Four test cases were performed to investigate the scaling law in a pseudo-2D spouted-fluidized bed. In addition, the applicability of Glicksman’s scaling law for simulating 3D fluidized beds was studied. In all simulations, characteristic dimensionless groups, i.e. the Reynolds number (Re), Froude number (Fr), particle-to-fluid density, bed initial height to particle diameter and bed width to particle diameter were kept constant for the both base and scaled cases. Comparing the time averaged particle velocities, gas velocities and volume fractions between the base and scaled cases indicated a very good overall hydrodynamic similarity for all test cases. A minor discrepancy observed between the simulation results of the base and scaled cases was explained by a force analysis.An advantage of the scaling approach, i.e., reducing computational time, was also presented in the last four test cases, including a large-scale simulation, showing that this approach can be considered as a promising way to simulate large-scale spouted-fluidized beds.  相似文献   

14.
S. Imai  T. Nakagawa 《Acta Mechanica》1995,111(3-4):141-150
Summary This paper is concerned with longitudinal and transverse variations of the sear stress on the wetted perimeter of a sloped rectangular open channel in a hydraulic jump. It is found that the locus of the maximum bed shear stress upstream and downstream of the hydraulic jump indicates a clear meandering tendency. That is, the meandering locus of the maximum bed shear stress appears whether the flow is supercritical or subcritical. In the jump region, the locus almost follows the central axis of the channel, and the amplitude and wave-length are very small. However, downstream of the jump region the locus of the maximum bed shear stress starts meandering, and the amplitude and wave-length vary in an irregular manner.  相似文献   

15.
武芳文  冯彦鹏  戴君  王广倩  张景峰 《工程力学》2022,45(2):222-234, 243
为深入研究栓钉在超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)和普通混凝土(normal concrete,NC)中的力学特性及破坏形态,对8个栓钉剪力键试件进行了推出试验,详细探讨了混凝土类型、栓钉直径及长度对栓钉剪力键极限抗剪承载力的影响规律;基于有限元模型,进一步分析栓钉的极限抗拉强度、直径、长径比及混凝土强度对抗剪性能的影响,并详细研究栓钉直径、长度及混凝土强度对栓钉剪应力有效分布长度的影响。结果表明:栓钉根部附近的剪切断裂是主要的破坏形式;与NC试件相比,UHPC试件的抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度更高,但延性较低;栓钉剪应力在根部出现峰值,并沿钉帽方向迅速衰减;栓钉直径对剪应力有效分布长度影响显著。最后,根据试验结果提出了栓钉剪断破坏模式下的荷载-滑移曲线及抗剪承载力计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,可为工程设计提供一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

16.
An electrically conducting powder was produced by mixing bronze spheres with a small amount of carbon black powder. The potential difference across beds of this powder was measured under static conditions and vibration. The system was very sensitive and monitored changes during vibration cycles at rapid rates. Horizontal and vertical conductances were measured. Above a minimum vertical stress, the ratio of the two was constant. The conductance was related to vertical stress by a linear relationship with hysteresis, for both static conditions and vibration at small accelerations. A simple model has been proposed to describe this system. At high accelerations (< 10 m/s2) changes were much larger. There were permanent changes in conductance and the system was non-linear. The data demonstrate that the internal structure of a particle bed displays great sensitivity, hysteresis and a dependence upon stress history.  相似文献   

17.
An integrated MD simulation of scratching and shearing with one specimen is conducted to analyze the nanomachining mechanism and mechanics properties of nanostructures. Simulation results indicate that during scratching the onset and propagation of dislocations depend on the scratch depths; during shearing, the yielding stress of a small-size nanostructure is more sensitive to nanomachining imperfection and residual defects. Dislocations nucleate first near the burr in a scratched specimen. In an ideal nanostructure or a nanostructure with shallow scratched groove, the distribution of stress is generally lower and flatter. As the depth of groove increases, high stresses transit from the corner to either end of groove, especially near the burr or around the location of tool withdraw. During the deformation of nanostructures, shear stress plays a leading role in the elastic stage, and both normal stress gradients and shear stress determine the onset and evolvement of defects in the plastic stage. When the ratio of the depth of groove to the height of specimen is up to one third, the scratched groove determines the breakpoint of a nanostructure. The fluctuation of shear stress during the plastic deformation of specimen is caused by the competition between atoms which form new atomic planes and slip on different slip planes.  相似文献   

18.
An analytical model for bedload layer thickness   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
A theoretical study has been carried out to determine the thickness of the bedload layer in an open channel turbulent flow with non-cohesive sediment, which is very crucial in sediment transport problems as this is treated as saltation height of a sediment particle and the reference level in suspension studies. A new expression of viscous shear stress is proposed, which is a function of effective viscosity of sediment–fluid mixture, velocity gradient and volumetric concentration of sediment particles. During particle collisions, impact shear stress is generated, which is another important parameter near the sediment bed. By including both the shear stresses, an expression for the thickness of the bedload layer is developed. The predicted bedload layer thickness is a function of viscous coefficient, impact coefficient, particle diameter, relative mass density of sediment particle, maximum bed concentration and non-dimensional shear stress. It agrees reasonably well when compared with a wide class of experimental data under different hydraulic conditions.  相似文献   

19.
The yield behaviour of an amorphous glassy polymer has been investigated under a system of combined stress in an attempt to define a criterion for yield. Sheets of polymethylmethacrylate were compressed in plane strain and the compressive yield stress was determined as a function of the tension applied in the plane of the sheet. The compressive yield stress was found to decrease with applied tension more rapidly than would be expected if the shear yield stress of the material were independent of pressure. The results have been analysed in terms of a Coulomb yield criterion where the shear yield stress is expressed as a constant plus a friction term proportional to the pressure on the shear plane. Birefringent shear zones were observed in the deformed region after the load was removed and these zones were inclined at 52.9° to the plane of the sheet. It was found that if the stresses at yield were expressed as nominal stresses then the inclination of the shear planes predicted by the yield stress data coincided with the observed inclination. It also appears that it may be possible to define a fracture criterion in terms of the applied stress system.  相似文献   

20.
武芳文  冯彦鹏  戴君  王广倩  张景峰 《工程力学》2022,39(2):222-234+243
为深入研究栓钉在超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)和普通混凝土(normal concrete,NC)中的力学特性及破坏形态,对8个栓钉剪力键试件进行了推出试验,详细探讨了混凝土类型、栓钉直径及长度对栓钉剪力键极限抗剪承载力的影响规律;基于有限元模型,进一步分析栓钉的极限抗拉强度、直径、长径比及混凝土强度对抗剪性能的影响,并详细研究栓钉直径、长度及混凝土强度对栓钉剪应力有效分布长度的影响。结果表明:栓钉根部附近的剪切断裂是主要的破坏形式;与NC试件相比,UHPC试件的抗剪承载力和抗剪刚度更高,但延性较低;栓钉剪应力在根部出现峰值,并沿钉帽方向迅速衰减;栓钉直径对剪应力有效分布长度影响显著。最后,根据试验结果提出了栓钉剪断破坏模式下的荷载-滑移曲线及抗剪承载力计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,可为工程设计提供一定的参考价值。  相似文献   

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