PM2.5 chemical composition in Hong Kong: urban and regional variations

Chemically speciated PM2.5 measurements were made at roadside, urban, and rural background sites in Hong Kong for 1 year during 2000/2001 to determine the spatial and temporal variations of PM2.5 mass and chemical composition in this highly populated region. Annual average PM2.5 concentrations at the urban and rural sites were 34.1 and 23.7 microg m(-3), respectively, approximately 50-100% higher than the United States' annual average National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 15 microg m(-3). Daily PM2.5 concentrations exceeded the U.S. 24-h NAAQS of 65 microg m(-3) on 19 days, reaching 131+/-8 microg m(-3) at the roadside site on 02/28/2001. Carbonaceous aerosol is the largest contributor to PM2.5 mass (explaining 52-75% of PM2.5 mass at the two urban sites and 32% at the background site), followed by ammonium sulfate (ranging from 23% to 37% at the two urban sites and 51% at the background site). Ammonium sulfate and crustal concentrations showed more uniform spatial distributions, while the largest urban-rural contrasts found in carbonaceous aerosol (likely due to emissions from on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles). Marine influences accounted for 7% of the mass at the background site (more than twice as much as at the two urban sites). Ternary diagrams are utilized to illustrate the different spatial patterns.     

Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics

The urban environment quality is of vital importance as the majority of people now live in cities. Due to the continuous urbanisation and industrialisation in many parts of the world, metals are continuously emitted into the terrestrial environment and pose a great threat on human health. An extensive survey was conducted in the highly urbanised and commercialised Hong Kong Island area (80.3 km2) of Hong Kong using a systematic sampling strategy of five soil samples per km2 in urban areas and two samples per km2 in the suburban and country park sites (0-15 cm). The analytical results indicated that the surface soils in urban and suburban areas are enriched with metals, such as Cu, Pb, and Zn. The Pb concentration in the urban soils was found to exceed the Dutch target value. The statistical analyses using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) showed distinctly different associations among trace metals and the major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn) in the urban, suburban, and country park soils. Soil pollution maps of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface soils were produced based on geographical information system (GIS) technology. The hot-spot areas of metal contamination were mainly concentrated in the northern and western parts of Hong Kong Island, and closely related to high traffic conditions. The Pb isotopic composition of the urban, suburban, and country park soils showed that vehicular emissions were the major anthropogenic sources for Pb. The 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios in soils decreased as Pb concentrations increased in a polynomial line (degree=2).     

香港的城市规划体系

由于土地资源匮乏 ,加上历史和政治原因 ,香港是一个与众不同的城市地区。从历史回顾、规划法规体系、行政体系和运作体系等方面评述了香港的城市规划体系。     

高密度城市中心区的交通策略——以香港城市中心区为例

香港是土地资源少、人口密度大的代表城市,面对城市中心区高密度的发展环境,香港采取一系列措施以解决交通问题,并取得了成效。     

Aggregates in Hong Kong

In Sweden, studded tyres cause considerable wear on road surfacings. The properties of aggregates are known to be of importance, but lack of experience with road conditions has prevented relevant specifications. The performance of nine aggregates—in a single surface dressing—has been studied by means of small test surfacings in road E4. The flakiness of two of the aggregates was varied, too. The change of the texture depth was determined with the aid of a laser profilometer and sand-patch measurements. The former is considered to give more reliable results. After two years in service, the test surfaces have been rated by an expert panel and aggregate samples have been removed from the road after heating the binder. The changes in grading and flakiness have been analyzed. The macrosurface depths after two years and the changes of that property, not considering the first summers change, because of particle orientation and embedment going on, correlates well with the Swedish aggregate abrasion value. Also, the flakiness of the worn aggregates and reduction of that property in the road, due to traffic wear, correlate. The aggregate impact value does not correlate. However, a fair relationship exists with the aggregate crushing in the road. Obviously, most of these particles, that have been crushed by traffic stresses, can go on functioning in the surface dressing. The condition is, however, that a proper aggregate-binder adhesion exists. The aggregate flakiness is also of importance mainly as it determines the “particle layer height” of the road surfacing. A lack in the abrasion property of an aggregate can partly be compensated by improving the flakiness.     

香港基建新体验-香港规划及基建展览馆

位于中环爱丁堡广场三号,香港规划及基建展览馆尝试以崭新的方法传递迅息及营造多媒体经验。     

Management contracting in Hong Kong

Despite technological advancement in building techniques, new construction tools, equipment, and plant, and a greater variety and better quality of construction materials, the construction industry is generally regarded as one making slow progress in productivity. Here the potential of management contracting as a contracting method is considered in depth. Analysis includes assessment of its fundamental features, cost-benefit analysis and practical applications. The feasibility of its adoption in Hong Kong is evaluated.     

香港DJS缀饰店

“琢面”之美“缀饰”为中艺（香港）有限公司旗下新的钻石、翡翠品牌。“缀饰”的品牌塑造以本地市场中产阶层的顾客为对象,期望为他们缔造全新购物体验。     

Customization of GBTool in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, there has been increasing public demand for developers to pay greater attention to the development of sustainable buildings. A creditable assessment scheme that provides targets and methods and recognition of the efforts that are made in this direction is considered to be an effective way to achieve the goal of construction sustainability. GBTool is by far the most comprehensive building environmental assessment framework and has been developed over the past 6 years through the efforts of 21 national teams. This study aims to address the customization of GBTool as a scheme to assist in the development of more sustainable buildings in Hong Kong. The general principle of triangulation is adopted in the customization process and the initiatives of the Hong Kong government and of voluntary bodies are reviewed. The gaps between the Hong Kong situation and the philosophy of GBTool are identified and a questionnaire survey and a series of in-depth interviews to elicit the attitudes of the parties involved toward the inclusion of additional issues into the customized scheme are conducted. The correlation of several major issues and the weightings across issues and criteria are identified. The results form a good basis for the development of a building sustainability assessment scheme for Hong Kong.     

Implications of Density in Hong Kong

The Colony of Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated territories in the world. Over-all density is 13 persons per gross acre, and individual neighborhoods exceed 2,800. Residential floor space averages 155 square feet per household or 32 square feet per occupant. Unlike congested areas in the United States, however, Hong Kong has relatively low death, disease, and social disorganization rates. These data suggest that density standards recommended by American planners may be unrealistic as requirements for public health and social welfare.     

香港消防船只简介

香港消防目前共有8艘灭火轮船,以一至八号编排名。其中,一号船“精英号”为灭火轮旗舰,因而获得命名;六号船“卓越号”于2005年入役,接替原六号灭火轮,负责青衣岛水域的海事任务。因“卓越号”船身大小与“精英号”相近,设备性能超出“精英号”,亦获得命名(该灭火轮已在本刊2006年第3期做了介绍)。其余6艘灭火轮只有舷号,未命名。此外,除8艘灭火轮外,香港消防还有数艘辅助船只,以保证为香港水域提供可靠的救援服务。图1一号灭火轮(精英号)1一号灭火轮(精英号)该灭火轮建造于2001年,由香港宏德机器铁工厂有限公司制造,船长42·5m,宽9·6m,吃…     

’97后的香港建筑:变与不变

作者认为 ,香港的后殖民建筑文化不是要寻回正宗的民族主义文化 ,也不是要继承殖民主义的变化 ,而是试图解构原本对立的、相互排斥的殖民主义和民族主义的文化 ,然后在两个主体文化空间的边缘上 ,自取所需地建立本土主义的“灰色空间”。文章探讨了香港建筑中后殖民文化的倾向和问题。     

Construction site safety in Hong Kong

The structural characteristics of the Hong Kong construction industry, most notably its elaborate system of subcontracting and the casual basis on which labour is employed, pose serious problems for safety managers. By international standards, Hong Kong's construction industry performs very badly in the area of safety. Recent work in the UK and Finland highlights the effectiveness of behavioural techniques to improve safety performance on construction sites. Work is currently under way to test these techniques in the Hong Kong construction setting. The structural properties of the Hong Kong construction industry have been taken into consideration and labour commitments to the group and to the organization have been identified for additional consideration in research. It is expected that these variables will intervene in the application of behavioural techniques to determine their effectiveness. This paper investigates the theoretical background to commitment at the group and organizational level and presents a site level research model which is illustrative of the possible effects that group and organization level commitment may be found to have on the use of behavioural techniques.     

香港科学园

座落于白石角的香港科学园(HKSTP),一面朝向吐露港,另一面朝着吐露港公路.项目占地22公顷,自2001年5月动工兴建,将分三期,共九年时间完成.整个项目落成后,可提供共33万平方米的整体楼面总面积.其1A期已于2001年12月落成,而1B期亦准备于本年启用.     

港岛城市剖面

文章借用建筑学上的剖面概念,将其应用到城市尺度的形态分析和空间解读上。作者选取香港中环地区的中环至半山由自动扶梯系统覆盖的城市区域,作为诠释这一概念的具体案例。建筑剖面的传统意义被移植至城市剖面中,即在某一方向上剖切实体之后,通过观察剖切面上空间元素之间的关系,探寻彼此的内在结构,乃至这种城市结构空间背后的特殊历史过程和社会推力。香港岛的地理特征和100多年来城市化过程所形成的带状城市分布使得港岛具有剖面性格,而中环至半山的自动扶梯系统提供了一条重要的剖切线索。通过剖面方法解析,作者希望在城市形态学的分析方法上有新的突破。     

香港居住万宝盒

香港居住万宝盒是一个在多元化的高密度城市环境中,针对日益普遍的极端狭小空间的设计。它将所有的基本居住功能和多样化的生活行为有效地整合在一起。在一个4 m×8 m×2.5 m范围内通过灵活多变的互动空间,适应使用者的变化的需要。通过居住者操作活动组件,功能或隐     

Private Rental Housing in Hong Kong

This paper examines selected aspects of housing policy and its influence on private rental housing in Hong Kong. Its ambitions are modest, in part because so little research has been conducted on the sector, as a consequence of the small size of the sector as well as the concentration of socio-political, economic and policy analyses on the other major housing sectors, namely public renting and home ownership. It is argued that a fundamental function of private renting, to provide a functional substitute and counter-balance to distortions in the market for private home ownership, has been systematically undermined in Hong Kong. In spite of its historical importance in meeting Hong Kong people's housing needs, the sector's decline has been steep and it can now be fairly described as a marginalised tenure, despite incomplete structural adjustment post- Asian Financial Crisis. It is suggested that a fundamental reason for the decline of the private rental sector has been the impact of government policy, which undermined the private rental sector and thus an important element of the market mechanism in housing provision. The government's ideology of home ownership has also functioned to transfer lower middle-income families into the owner occupied sector. Although the Hong Kong government has not been as overtly hostile to this sector as governments have been elsewhere, it nevertheless also seems to envisage no real role for the private rental sector in a housing delivery system molded by policy preference for home ownership, rather than fostering viable economic competition by also facilitating an efficient private rental sector.     

香港的公共居住房屋建设

本文介绍了香港房屋委员会的组织形式和公共居住房屋计划的实施成果,并从居住形态、设计方法及物业管理方面论述了香港公共居住房屋建设的若干经验,对于国内某些城市化进程迅猛但土地资源不足的区域来说,这些经验具有较好的启发和借鉴作用.