Kriging-based reliability analysis of the long-term stability of a deep drift constructed in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone

Callovo-Oxfordian(COx) claystone has been considered as a potential host rock for geological radioactive waste disposal in France(Cigéo project). During the exploitation phase(100 years), the stability of drifts(e.g. galleries/alveoli) within the disposal is assured by the liner, which includes two layers: concrete arch segment and compressible material. The latter exhibits a significant deformation capacity(about 50%)under low stress(3 MPa). Although the response of these underground structures can be governed by complex thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, the creep behavior of COx claystone has been considered as the main factor controlling the increase of stress state in the concrete liner and hence the long-term stability of drifts. Therefore, by focusing only on the purely mechanical behavior, this study aims at investigating the uncertainty effect of the COx claystone time-dependent properties on the stability of an alveolus of Cigéo during the exploitation period. To describe the creep behavior of COx claystone, we use Lemaitre's viscoplastic model with three parameters whose uncertainties are identified from laboratory creep tests. For the reliability analysis, an extension of a well-known Kriging metamodeling technique is proposed to assess the exceedance probability of acceptable stress in the concrete liner of the alveolus.The open-source code Code_Aster is chosen for the direct numerical evaluations of the performance function. The Kriging-based reliability analysis elucidates the effect of the uncertainty of COx claystone on the long-term stability of the concrete liner. Moreover, the role of the compressible material layer between the concrete liner and the host rock is also highlighted.     

Numerical thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of compacted bentonite in China-mock-up test for deep geological disposal

The China-mock-up test is to evaluate the performance of the compacted Gaomiaozi(GMZ) bentonite under coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM) conditions in deep geological disposal.A numerical study of the test is conducted in this paper.The principal THM characteristics of the bentonite are presented at first.A THM model is then presented to tackle the complex coupling behavior of the bentonite.The model of Alonso-Gens is incorporated to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite under unsaturated conditions.With the proposed model,numerical simulations of the China-mock-up test are carried out by using the code of LAGAMINE.The time variations associated with the temperature,degree of saturation,suction and swelling pressure of the compacted bentonite are studied.The results suggest that the proposed model is able to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the bentonite,and to predict moisture motion under coupled THM conditions.     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁受力性能研究

根据已有研究成果建立锈蚀钢筋及钢筋—混凝土界面的性能退化模型,采用有限元软件建立分离式钢筋混凝土梁模型,通过试验验证了数值分析结果的准确性。在此基础上,对锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁的受力性能进行了参数分析。结果表明:(1)钢筋锈蚀率对钢筋混凝土梁受力性能影响较大,随着锈蚀率的增加,构件的承载力降低、刚度退化及延性变差;(2)钢筋—混凝土界面粘结力对钢筋混凝土梁承载力影响较小,但会改变构件的破坏模式,随着锈蚀率增加,构件从延性破坏变为脆性破坏。本文研究成果可为锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁加固设计提供参考。     

锈蚀钢纤维力学性能及极限拉伸荷载计算方法

采用干湿循环法将钢纤维进行加速锈蚀,在分析其表观锈蚀特征的基础上,通过轴向拉伸试验和有限元分析研究了锈蚀程度对其力学性能退化的影响.结果表明:干湿循环处理后钢纤维表面出现了较多的锈坑,截面损失和锈坑处应力集中使其力学性能退化,而应力集中程度又取决于锈坑深度、宽度和钢纤维直径.建立了考虑锈坑深度、宽度和钢纤维直径影响的锈蚀钢纤维极限拉伸荷载退化模型,经试验验证,该模型也适用于计算锈蚀钢筋的极限拉伸荷载.     

锈蚀钢筋截面分布特征及轴向拉伸力学性能

采用半浸泡通电加速锈蚀法获得平均锈蚀率为0%～18%的钢筋,应用三维扫描的实物反求技术获得精确的锈蚀钢筋截面积数据,研究得到了平均锈蚀率与最大截面锈蚀率的关系,统计建立了锈蚀钢筋截面积概率分布模型;通过轴向拉伸试验研究锈蚀钢筋力学性能退化原因,定量分析锈蚀率与钢筋各力学特征值损失率的关系.结果表明:锈蚀钢筋实际材料性能未发生改变,其名义屈服强度、名义极限强度由钢筋最小残余截面积决定;钢筋变形与钢筋残余截面积分布有关,与平均锈蚀率及最大截面锈蚀率的相关程度较低;锈蚀钢筋本构关系仍可采用未锈蚀钢筋的本构关系,并可通过残余截面积概率分布模型来反映锈蚀对钢筋力学性能的影响.     

乔家山隧道粘土岩大变形及支护结构稳定性分析

在大西客运专线乔家山隧道粘土岩地层前期施工中,支护结构出现大变形现象和混凝土开裂。为了寻求粘土岩地层隧道的有效支护方案,采用室内外试验对粘土岩物理特性展开了调查。物相分析和微观结构试验结果表明,该粘土岩中含有较多的片状粘土矿物绿泥石和伊利石,致使现场围岩具有流变特性。针对围岩流变大变形,优化调整了支护结构参数。选取典型断面进行支护结构内力监测,结果表明,初期支护钢拱架和二次衬砌混凝土基本上呈受压状态,钢拱架均有部位压应力达到或接近于钢材的屈服强度。然而,在初期支护强度充分发挥基础上,及时施做二次衬砌。二次衬砌受力较小,有效地保证了粘土岩地层的隧道结构安全。本研究可望为粘土岩地层隧道设计和施工提供借鉴,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

锈蚀对低碳钢滞回性能影响分析

以不同腐蚀程度Q235钢材试验数据为基础,运用数值模拟方法对锈蚀钢材的屈曲性能、滞回性能进行分析。结果表明,在循环荷载作用下,腐蚀试件屈曲最早发生在具有较大蚀坑的板材薄弱部位;随着腐蚀程度增加,屈曲现象明显,且提前发生;腐蚀钢材与未腐蚀钢材均出现循环硬化、峰值点指向效应等现象,但滞回环饱满程度明显降低,且腐蚀钢材各循环荷载性能指标均降低。     

Main outcomes from in situ thermo-hydro-mechanical experiments programme to demonstrate feasibility of radioactive high-level waste disposal in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone

In the context of radioactive waste disposal,an underground research laboratory(URL)is a facility in which experiments are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of constructing and operating a radioactive waste disposal facility within a geological formation.The Meuse/Haute-Marne URL is a sitespecific facility planned to study the feasibility of a radioactive waste disposal in the Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)claystone.The thermo-hydro-mechanical(THM)behaviour of the host rock is significant for the design of the underground nuclear waste disposal facility and for its long-term safety.The French National Radioactive Waste Management Agency(Andra)has begun a research programme aiming to demonstrate the relevancy of the French high-level waste(HLW)concept.This paper presents the programme implemented from small-scale(small diameter)boreholes to full-scale demonstration experiments to study the THM effects of the thermal transient on the COx claystone and the strategy implemented in this new programme to demonstrate and optimise current disposal facility components for HLW.It shows that the French high-level waste concept is feasible and working in the COx claystone.It also exhibits that,as for other plastic clay or claystone,heating-induced pore pressure increases and that the THM behaviour is anisotropic.     

Experimental investigation on seismic performance of corroded steel columns in offshore atmospheric environment

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on seismic performance of corroded steel columns in offshore atmospheric environment. Indoor artificial‐climate accelerated tests on six steel columns and 48 tensile coupons were implemented first. And then the tensile tests were performed to obtain the functional relationships between mechanical properties and mass loss rate for Q235B steel subjected to corrosion. Low‐cyclic reversed loading tests were conducted on six steel columns with different corrosion levels. The influence of corrosion level and axial compression ratio on the failure modes, hysteretic behavior, ductility, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation capacity, the moment–curvature relationships of the plastic hinge region, and equivalent plastic hinge length of the samples were analyzed and discussed. The test results indicate that within a certain range, an increase in corrosion level or axial compression ratio tends to decrease the bearing capacity, deformation capacity, and energy dissipation capacity of steel columns. The axial compression ratio plays an important role in determining the plastic hinge length of steel columns, but the corrosion level has no regular influence on the plastic hinge length. Furthermore, a finite element mode was established. The finite element predictions are in good agreement with the corresponding test results.     

锈蚀工字形型钢与混凝土黏结滑移特性及损伤本构模型研究

由于海底隧道服役环境中氯离子含量高,初期支护中的工字钢将不可避免产生锈蚀,导致工字钢与混凝土黏结性能下降,严重影响海底隧道支护体系的耐久性.该研究主要目的是研究锈蚀对工字钢与混凝土界面间黏结滑移行为的影响.首先对工字形型钢混凝土试件进行加速锈蚀试验和推出试验,得到试件破坏形态及黏结滑移曲线,在此基础上分析试件的黏结滑移...     

基于粘结强度变化的锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁受弯承载力的研究

基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁内钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度随锈蚀量的变化，对锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力进行了研究。钢筋锈蚀量较小时，锈蚀梁内钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度随锈蚀量增加而增加，锈蚀梁的力学性能同未锈蚀梁，可运用传统的梁理论计算锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力；随着钢筋锈蚀量的增加，钢筋与混凝土间粘结强度发生退化，锈蚀梁的力学性能介于粘结完好梁与无粘结梁之间，与传统的计算梁的抗弯承载力的方法不同，应考虑梁的各截面间相互作用。基于梁整体的受力平衡和变形协调，建立了考虑梁内粘结强度退化的锈蚀梁抗弯承载力模型。最后，通过54根锈蚀梁承载力试验结果，对文中建立的模型进行了验证分析，结果十分满意。     

锚固围岩流变特性与隧道衬砌压力演化规律研究

安装锚杆是解决软岩隧道大变形的有效手段之一。为进一步探讨锚杆对隧道的支护效用,本文基于Burgers模型,建立了可描述锚固岩体流变特征的宏观力学模型。以围岩-锚杆耦合模型为基础,推导了在锚杆支护作用下隧道位移和衬砌压力的解析解。并利用数值模拟,验证了理论解答的可靠性。通过对锚杆参数的分析表明:锚杆的安装能有效地减小由于围岩流变导致的作用在衬砌上的形变压力与隧道位移。锚杆的支护效果与锚杆的参数密切相关。在锚杆参数值处于较小水平时,随着锚杆参数的增大,衬砌受力状态的改善效果十分显著;但当参数达到一定值后,这种改善效果的加强越来越不明显。因此,在隧道支护中,锚杆的设计参数存在最优值。     

A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media

In examining potential host rocks for such purposes as the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes,it is important to understand the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical（THM） behavior of a porous medium.A rigorous and fully unified coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model for unsaturated porous media is required to simulate the complex coupling mechanisms involved.Based on modified Darcy＇s and Fourier＇s laws,equations of mechanical equilibrium,mass conservation and energy conservation are derived by introducing void ratio and volumetric liquid water content into the model.The newly derived model takes into account the effects of temperature on the dynamic viscosity of liquid water and void ratio,the influence of liquid flow on temperature gradient（thermo-osmosis）,the influence on mass and heat conservation equations,and the influence of heat flow on water pressure gradient and thermal convection.The new coupled THM constitutive model is constructed by a finite element program and is used to simulate the coupled behavior of a tunnel during excavation,ventilation and concrete lining stages.Oil and gas engineering,underground disposal of nuclear waste and tunnel engineering may be benefited from the development of the new model.     

Analytical prediction for ground movements and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels considering non-uniform convergence pattern and ground-liner interaction mechanism

Current studies for tunneling-induced ground movements provide little information on the complex interaction between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils. In particular, little attention is paid to the internal force analyses for segment liners based on the non-uniform convergence deformation pattern. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for the prediction of ground deformation and liner internal forces induced by shallow tunnels in clays. The non-uniform convergence deformation pattern is incorporated as the boundary condition of displacements between the ground and the liner. We investigated the difference between uniform radial and non-uniform convergence deformation patterns on the surface settlements and lateral deformation of soils. In general, good alignment was obtained between the predicted ground deformation caused by the non-uniform convergence model and field observations for tunnels in clays. In addition, the influences of sensitive parameters on the ground movements induced by tunneling were evaluated based on the non-uniform convergence pattern, including the soil and liner properties, the geometric properties of tunnel, the tunnel depth, the excavation gap and other main parameters. Furthermore, these solutions offer a more comprehensive framework for understanding the ground-liner interaction mechanism and the circumferential distribution of internal forces for segment liners. Parametric analyses were used to measure the influences of the lateral earth pressure coefficient on the axial forces and bending moments of tunnel liners. Results are provided on a theoretical basis to estimate the interaction behavior between the tunnel liner and the surrounding soils correctly.     

钢筋混凝土柱锈蚀及加固后的地震响应

在加固锈蚀钢筋混凝土柱低周反复荷载试验的基础上,根据提出的加固锈蚀构件的恢复力模型,对锈蚀钢筋混凝土加固后的结构进行了动力时程分析,研究了地震波、钢筋锈蚀及加固方式、加固材料和加固材料用量对结构抗震性能的影响。研究表明,钢筋混凝土柱锈蚀后,由于钢筋截面面积减小及钢筋与混凝土粘结性能的降低,抗震性能降低,但进行加固后,抗震性能有所恢复,恢复程度不仅与加固形式和加固材料用量有关,还与地面运动的频谱特性有关。     

循环荷载作用下锈蚀钢材滞回性能与本构模型

为研究循环荷载作用下锈蚀钢材的滞回性能,采用人工加速腐蚀及自然暴露腐蚀的方法获取了17组锈蚀试件,并对其开展单调拉伸及循环加载试验,分析了单调拉伸曲线、滞回曲线和骨架曲线等的差异性,得到了锈蚀钢材单调拉伸与滞回性能退化规律,基于混合强化模型提出了材料参数随腐蚀程度、等效塑性应变的退化表达式,进而建立了锈蚀钢材塑性本构模型。研究结果表明：单调拉伸作用下,锈蚀导致钢材屈服平台缩短、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率降低;锈蚀钢材单调曲线和滞回曲线存在显著差别,锈蚀加剧钢材循环强化,循环损伤累积则进一步加剧锈蚀钢材延性退化,造成峰值点应变、断裂应变和滞回耗能大幅降低,但对抗拉强度的影响较小。通过锈蚀钢材塑性本构模型应力 应变模拟曲线与试验曲线的对比,验证了所提模型的可靠性。     

中性盐雾环境锈蚀H型钢柱抗震性能试验研究

通过7根锈蚀H型钢柱的低周往复荷载试验,研究锈蚀对H型钢柱破坏形态、承载力、变形、延性、耗能等方面的影响。结果表明: 锈蚀钢柱的翼缘和腹板变形范围及屈曲中心高度呈减小趋势,部分钢柱屈曲中心高度降低了约30%;随着质量损失率增加,滞回环梭型饱满程度越低,所包围的面积越来越小;钢柱的承载力下降明显;钢柱位移延性系数及累积滞回耗能不断减小,并基于试验数据建立了锈蚀H型钢柱位移延性系数的退化模型及累积滞回耗能与循环次数的关系。锈蚀导致钢柱截面面积减小,同时点蚀的存在引起应力集中,减弱了其塑性变形能力。反复荷载作用下,钢柱塑性变形累积,局部屈曲导致承载力下降,抗震性能降低。     

反复荷载作用下锈蚀高强钢筋的性能变化

通过锈蚀高强钢筋反复荷载试验,分析了锈蚀对高强钢筋力学性能和耗能性能的影响.同时探究了锈蚀引起高强钢筋力学性能及耗能性能退化的原因,并建立了锈蚀高强钢筋力学性能及耗能性能退化模型.结果表明:高强钢筋随着锈蚀程度的增加,其力学性能不断降低,屈服平台逐渐消失,延性下降,破坏时更加表现为脆性断裂;反复荷载下,高强钢筋随着锈蚀程度的加深,滞回环逐渐缩小,耗能性能降低,使得结构抗震性能下降,地震发生时更易导致结构脆性破坏.     

锈蚀钢筋与钢纤维混凝土的黏结性能试验研究

钢纤维混凝土具有良好的开裂后拉伸性能和韧性,已被广泛用于工程结构的修复加固中。对于所修复的锈蚀构件,钢纤维混凝土与锈蚀钢筋的黏结性能是影响其力学性能的关键因素。首先通过电化学方法对钢筋进行预锈蚀,进而采用清理干净的预锈蚀钢筋制作拉拔试件,然后通过中心拉拔试验研究锈蚀钢筋与钢纤维混凝土的黏结性能。试验结果表明：钢纤维的掺入能够使试件从劈裂破坏转变为拔出破坏,同时黏结强度比提高4.4%~7.5%;随着黏结长度的减小,加载端与自由端的相对滑移也逐渐减小,而峰值黏结应力对应的平均滑移却逐渐增大;锈蚀率对黏结强度的影响与黏结长度相关,与未锈蚀试件相比,当锈蚀率达到约15%时,黏结长度为3d（d为钢筋直径）试件的黏结强度减小21%,而黏结长度为7d试件的黏结强度基本不变。基于试验结果,建立了以锈蚀率和黏结长度为参数的黏结强度经验公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁抗弯承载力计算方法

基于锈蚀钢筋混凝土梁内钢筋与混凝土间黏结强度随锈蚀量的变化,对锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力进行了研究.当钢筋锈蚀量较小时,锈蚀梁内钢筋与混凝土间黏结强度随锈蚀量变化不大,锈蚀梁的力学性能同未锈蚀梁,可运用传统的梁理论计算锈蚀梁的抗弯承载力;但随着钢筋锈蚀量的增加,钢筋与混凝土间黏结强度发生退化,锈蚀梁的力学性能介于黏结完好梁与无...