Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料的研究进展

作为一种新型低温无铅焊料,Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料具有较低的熔化温度以及优良的焊接性能,在电子封装领域有着广泛的应用。随着电子元器件向微型化方向的发展,对低温无铅焊料的性能提出了更高的要求。添加微量的合金元素及纳米颗粒可以改善焊料的组织性能,满足电子元器件发展的需求。系统介绍了Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料的组成、结构以及焊接性能,综述了合金元素和纳米颗粒对Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料组织性能的影响及作用机理,分析了在研制Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料过程中存在的不足之处,并提出了相应的改进方法。最后对Sn-Bi基低温无铅焊料在发展中需要关注的问题进行了总结与展望。     

无铅焊料在电子组装与封装中的应用

随着人们对环境的日益重视和电子封装组装技术的发展,合金焊料的无铅化和质量的要求也越来越高,开发无铅、无毒焊料成为焊料开发的重要方向.介绍了无铅焊料的应用现状及无铅的使用要求,并论述了几种无铅焊料Sn-Ag、Sn-Zn、Sn-Bi系的特点,以及添加其它元素对它们综合性能的影响.     

Sn—Bi无铅焊料的研究

通过总结传统Sn-Pb焊料的特点和研制无铅焊料的条件,综述Sn-Bi无铅焊料低熔点等优点以及脆性大、易偏析的缺点,分析添加In,Ag,AI,Sb等微量合金元素对Sn-Bi无铅焊料微观组织及性能的影响,提出了此合金系焊料的抗蠕变性、导电性、润湿性、拉伸性能等尚待完善的性能及可采用合金化、开发新型焊剂等新方法使Sn-Bi焊料成为理想的无铅焊料,为无铅焊料的进一步研究提供一定的参考.     

电子封装无铅化技术进展(续完)

1.1.2.2Bi对无铅焊料性能影响及Sn-Bi系 在无铅焊料中添加Bi,可以降低熔点,提高浸润性等.对于使用者来说,具有很大的吸引力.     

低温无铅钎料合金系研究进展北大核心CSCD

随着消费类电子产品向着低功耗、多功能化、高集成度、微型化、绿色制造的方向发展,其对电子制造封装技术与工艺提出了新的要求,以应对消费类电子产品可靠性所面临的严峻挑战。首先,电子封装制造过程中表面贴装工艺(SMT)通常使用的传统Sn-Ag-Cu钎料合金回流工艺温度(240~260℃)较高,不可避免地会带来较大的热损伤、热能耗以及散热困难等问题;其次,随着器件厚度降低,要求所使用的芯片、PCB等基板更薄,这样由热膨胀系数不匹配产生的应力所引起的翘曲现象将更加显著,且在封装过程中各种焊接缺陷更易出现;此外,不耐热元器件、温度敏感器件的焊接需求逐渐增长,传统的中高温组装工艺已无法满足新型电子封装技术的需求。在SMT过程中通过使用低温无铅钎料降低工艺温度是有效解决消费类电子产品的可靠性问题的方式之一。本文对国内外低温无铅钎料合金的发展进行了总结,详细介绍了Sn-Zn基、In基、Sn-Bi基三类不同低温无铅钎料合金的发展及研究现状,阐明了三类钎料合金在不同领域应用的优缺点,分析了未来低温组装的研发方向和实现途径。     

Sn/Bi合金电镀

概述了 Sn-Bi 合金镀液,可以获得均匀致密、可焊性和耐热性良好的 Sn-Bi 合金镀层,适用于印制板等电子部品的可焊性镀层。     

FC-PBGA644封装的热仿真模拟

FC-PBGA(Filp Chip-PBGA)倒装球栅格阵列封装相比BGA封装易于实现高密度封装,具有更好的电性能和热性能。利用有限元分析软件对封装产品进行建模仿真计算,添加各自的材料热导热系数、边界条件等,在产品设计研发阶段获得温度分布云图。通过计算其热阻,同时对此封装产品散热性能进行优化改进,得出基板尺寸的最优参数设计,可以通过添加散热盖改善其散热性能,提高产品可靠性。     

无铅可焊性镀层及其在电子工业中的应用

在电子工业中 ,为消除铅的污染 ,探讨了各种替代Sn-Pb合金的无铅可焊性镀层。论述了电镀Sn -Zn、Sn-Ag、Sn-Bi合金的方法及其镀层的可焊性能。     

烧结温度对AuSn焊料薄膜及封装激光器性能的影响

采用不同温度对Au80Sn20共晶合金焊料进行烧结实验,研究了AuSn焊料薄膜在烧结后的形貌、物相组成以及对封装激光器的性能影响等.焊料在烧结后形成ξ相Au5Sn和δ相AuSn两种金属间化合物,随着烧结温度的上升,两相晶粒均明显长大,而ξ相Au5Sn趋向于形成枝晶.较低温度下烧结的焊料表面粗糙度较高,不利于激光器管芯的贴装.高温过烧焊料薄膜的导电导热性能有少许提升,对封装激光器管芯的功率没有明显影响,但焊料薄膜中残余应力较高,使激射波长有所蓝移.该结果将为AuSn焊料的烧结参数优化和硬焊料封装激光器的性能分析提供参考和指导.     

稀土元素对Sn-0.2Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金物理性能的影响

在筛选出综合性能较好的Sn-0.2Ag-0.7Cu钎料合金中,添加微量混合稀土元素(RE)以提高钎料的焊接性能。研究了稀土的添加量对其熔化温度、电导率和固–液相线温差等焊接性能的影响。结果表明:添加w(RE)为0.1%~0.5%时,固–液相线温差小于15℃,符合现行钎焊工艺要求,且对钎料合金的熔化温度和电导率影响不大。     

Effects of Trace Amounts of Rare Earth Additions on Microstructure and Properties of Sn-Bi-Based Solder Alloy

The effect of trace amounts of rare earth additions on the microstructure and properties were studied for the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. At the same time, the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the solder alloys and intermetallic layer (IML) thickness at the solder/Cu substrate interface were investigated, both as-reflowed and after high-temperature aging. The results indicate that adding trace amounts of rare earth (RE) elements has little influence on the melting temperature and microhardness of the solders investigated, but adding RE elements improves the wettability and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi and Sn-58Bi-Ag solder alloys. In addition, it was found that the addition of RE elements not only refines the microstructure and size of the IMC particles, but also decreases the IML thickness and shear strength of the Sn-58Bi solder joint after high-temperature aging. Adding trace amounts of RE elements is superior to adding trace amounts of Ag for improving the properties of the Sn-58Bi solder. The reason may be related to the modification of the microstructure of the solder alloys due to the addition of trace amounts of RE elements.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Sn–Zn–Bi–Cr lead-free solder

In this paper, the effect of trace addition of Cr on the mechanical properties and reliability on Sn–8Zn–3Bi solder alloys was investigated. It has been demonstrated that the microstructure of solder alloys was refined after doping traces of Cr. The elongation reaches up to 40.63% after doping 0.1% Cr; and the fracture mechanism converts from quasi-cleavage fracture into ductile fracture. With aging time of 0, 4, 9 and 16 days, mechanical property of Sn–8Zn–3Bi–0.3Cr alloy was improved slightly. It was found that the Sn–Zn–Cr phase was increased and Zn in alloy was consumed after aging, so that the amount of primary Zn phase was reduced and microstructure was improved.     

Study on the soldering in partial melting state (1) analysis of surface tension and wettability

This paper introduces the partial melting process for solder application and characterization of its feasibility using Pb-Sn, Ag-Sn, Sn-Cu, Sn-In and Sn-Bi alloys. In order to show that the liquid phase in the semi-liquid state maintains the similar wettability as the single-phase liquid, the wetting balance tests are conducted with varying temperatures and compositions. The results are then compared with the surface tension of liquid, both measured and calculated, to examine the correlation. The results from this investigation indicate that the partial melting can yield satisfactory solder joints as long as the liquid phase acquires sufficient chemical activity. At a condition where the partial melting is effective, a direct correlation between the wettability and the surface tension is found to exist. All alloys except two, Sn-Bi and Sn-In, are found to show a reasonable wettability in semi-liquid state.     

BiAgSbCu系高温无铅钎料制备及焊接性能研究

研制开发熔点在260 ℃以上的高温无铅钎料来代替传统的高铅钎料运用于电子封装一直是钎焊领域的一大难题。熔点约为272 ℃的Bi-2.6 Ag-5 Sb钎料合金因润湿性和焊接可靠性不良在运用上受到限制。文中通过在Bi-2.6 Ag-5 Sb钎料合金中添加微量元素Cu来改善B-i2.6 Ag-5 Sb合金的润湿性及焊接可靠性。研究结果表明,Cu含量对BiAgSbCu系钎料合金熔点影响较小,当Cu含量为2 %时,润湿性及焊接可靠性最佳。     

稀土改性的Sn-58Bi低温无铅钎料

研究了微量稀土对Sn-58Bi低温钎料的改性作用.试验添加质量分数为0.1 ?组混合稀土的无铅材料,并对比Sn-58Bi和Sn-58Bi0.5Ag合金.观察了钎料显微组织的变化并做了定量分析,采用DSC测试了钎料的熔化温度,同时测量了钎料的润湿性能、接头强度与硬度.结果表明,微量稀土添加细化了Sn-58Bi钎料合金的显微组织,对钎料的熔化温度几乎没有影响,能显著改善Sn-58Bi钎料的润湿性能和接头剪切强度,而且改善的程度优于添加微量Ag对Sn-58Bi钎料的作用.     

Development of SnAg-based lead free solders in electronics packaging

Lead free solder alloys for electronic assembly is being driven by environmental and health concerns regarding toxicity of lead and, more importantly, by the perceived economic advantage of marketing “green” products. Of the currently available lead free solders, SnAg has the greatest potential. In this solder, the Ag₃Sn compound is distributed in a eutectic network throughout the β-Sn matrix and these results represent mechanical strength. In order to further improve the microstructures and properties of SnAg-based alloys, alloying elements such as rare earth, Zn, In, P, Cu, Ni and particles such as ZrO₂, POSS are selected to meet the requirement of high reliability of high-density electronics devices. For SnAg solder bearing rare earth (Ce and La), the creep-rupture life of solder joints can be remarkably increased up to four times more than that of the original SnAg solder joints at room temperature, meanwhile, rare earths can dramatically reduce the thickness of IMCs layer at solder/pad interfaces and also refine the microstructure of the alloy which results in the enhancement of mechanical properties of the SnAg solder. Moreover, the addition of ZrO₂ nanoparticles significantly refined the size of Ag₃Sn due to the adsorption effect of the ZrO₂ nanoparticles. This paper summarizes the effects of alloying elements and particles on the wettability, mechanical properties, creep behavior, microstructures, etc. of SnAg-based lead free solder alloys.     

Properties of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu Solder Alloy with Trace Rare Earth Element Y Additions

In the current research, trace rare earth (RE) element Y was incorporated into a promising lead-free solder, Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu, in an effort to improve the comprehensive properties of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder. The range of Y content in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder alloys varied from 0 wt.% to 1.0 wt.%. As an illustration of the advantage of Y doping, the melting temperature, wettability, mechanical properties, and microstructures of Sn3.8Ag0.7CuY solder were studied. Trace Y additions had little influence on the melting behavior, but the solder showed better wettability and mechanical properties, as well as finer microstructures, than found in Y-free Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder. The Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu0.15Y solder alloy exhibited the best comprehensive properties compared to other solders with different Y content. Furthermore, interfacial and microstructural studies were conducted on Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu0.15Y solder alloys, and notable changes in microstructure were found compared to the Y-free alloy. The thickness of an intermetallic compound layer (IML) was decreased during soldering, and the growth of the IML was suppressed during aging. At the same time, the growth of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) inside the solder was reduced. In particular, some bigger IMC plates were replaced by fine, granular IMCs.     

Effect of alloying elements on properties and microstructures of SnAgCu solders

Recent years, the SnAgCu family of alloys has been found a widely application as a replacement for the conventional SnPb solders in electronic industry. In order to further enhance the properties of SnAgCu solder alloys, alloying elements such as rare earth, Bi, Sb, Fe, Co, Mn, Ti, In, Ni, Ge and nano-particles were selected by lots of researchers as alloys addition into these alloys. Rare earth (RE) elements have been called the ‘‘vitamin” of metals, which means that a small amount of RE elements can greatly enhance the properties of metals, such as microstructure refinement, alloying and purification of materials and metamorphosis of inclusions. In addition, a small amount of Zn addition has the ability to reduce undercooling efficiently and suppress the formation of massive primary Ag₃Sn plates, and Bi/Ga has the ability to enhance the wettability of SnAgCu alloys as well as Ni. Moreover, adding Co/Fe/Ge can effectively refine microstructure, modify interfacial Cu-Sn compounds and increase the shear strength of joints with Cu. This paper summarizes the effects of alloying elements on the wettability, mechanical properties, creep behavior and microstructures of SnAgCu lead-free solder alloys.     

Mössbauer studies of β → α phase transition in Sn-rich solder alloys

Hyperfine interactions in tin-base alloys Sn-x%Ag-y%Cu (x = 0, 0.3, 3; y ∈ 0 ÷ 3) were studied using ¹¹⁹Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy in order to detect the conditions that promote α-Sn phase formation in metallic tin (β-Sn). In many engineering applications, so-called grey tin or tin pest (α-Sn) is a parasitic phase that weakens the mechanical properties of solder joints. In particular, the chemical composition of commercially available Sn-rich solders and their working temperature conditions could significantly affect the durability of tin joints. The Mössbauer results confirmed that the above mentioned factors have a significant impact on the growth rate of tin pest. The most visible α-Sn phase increase (28.5%) was observed for alloy containing 1% Cu. In turn, the addition of even a small amount of Ag could effectively suppress tin pest formation, which indicates that the composition of tin solder alloys is still demanding for commercial applications due to their time stability. On the other hand, the temperature dependence of Sn-rich solder degradation is a less dominant factor, although the thermal treatment effect can be measured quite well using Mössbauer spectroscopy.     

High-Reliability Low-Ag-Content Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints for Electronics Applications

Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) alloy is currently recognized as the standard lead-free solder alloy for packaging of interconnects in the electronics industry, and high- Ag-content SAC alloys are the most popular choice. However, this choice has been encumbered by the fragility of the solder joints that has been observed in drop testing as well as the high cost of the Ag itself. Therefore, low-Ag-content SAC alloy was considered as a solution for both issues. However, this approach may compromise the thermal-cycling performance of the solders. Therefore, to enhance the thermal-cycling reliability of low-Ag-content SAC alloys without sacrificing their drop-impact performance, alloying elements such as Mn, Ce, Ti, Bi, In, Sb, Ni, Zn, Al, Fe, and Co were selected as additions to these alloys. However, research reports related to these modified SAC alloys are limited. To address this paucity, the present study reviews the effect of these minor alloying elements on the solder joint reliability of low-Ag-content SAC alloys in terms of thermal cycling and drop impact. Addition of Mn, Ce, Bi, and Ni to low-Ag-content SAC solder effectively improves the thermal-cycling reliability of joints without sacrificing the drop-impact performance. Taking into consideration the improvement in the bulk alloy microstructure and mechanical properties, wetting properties, and growth suppression of the interface intermetallic compound (IMC) layers, addition of Ti, In, Sb, Zn, Al, Fe, and Co to low-Ag-content SAC solder has the potential to improve the thermal-cycling reliability of joints without sacrificing the drop-impact performance. Consequently, further investigations of both thermal-cycling and drop reliability of these modified solder joints must be carried out in future work.