随机形貌岩石节理剪切数值模拟和非线性剪胀模型

 采用满足正态分布的随机函数,构造岩石节理剖面的形貌,为研究受剪岩石节理的细观剪切特性和宏观剪胀效应提供研究基础。利用UDEC软件,基于CY微段节理模型,开发随机形貌岩石节理直剪特性的数值分析程序,采用CY微段节理模型的细观剪切力学参数,探讨微段节理的细观剪切特性和岩石节理的宏观剪切响应,提出节理抗剪强度参数与节理面粗糙度系数JRC之间的拟合关系。得到如下结论：JRC越大,岩石节理的宏观剪切峰值强度和剪胀角随之增大,而峰值剪切位移与JRC成反变化关系;随着法向应力的增加,节理的剪胀效应逐渐减弱;这些数值结论得到模型实验的充分验证。微段节理的细观切向爬坡和剪胀效应是岩石节理产生宏观剪胀的细观力学机制。通过对随机形貌岩石节理的宏观剪胀数值曲线性态进行分析,提出能考虑节理粗糙度JRC和法向应力影响的非线性剪胀本构模型,该模型较好描述了受剪岩石节理的剪缩段和剪胀段。     

Effect of roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints subjected to impact loading

The shear behavior is regarded as the dominant property of rock joints and is dramatically affected by the joint surface roughness. To date, the effect of surface roughness on the shear behavior of rock joints under static or cyclic loading conditions has been extensively studied, but such effect under impact loading conditions keeps unclear. To address this issue, a series of impact shear tests was performed using a novel-designed dynamic experimental system combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The dynamic shear strength, deformability and failure mode of the jointed specimens with various joint roughness coefficients (JRC) are comprehensively analyzed. Results show that the shear strength and shear displacement characteristics of the rock joint under the impact loading keep consistent with those under static loading conditions. However, the temporal variations of shear stress, slip displacement and normal displacement under the impact loading conditions show obviously different behaviors. An elastic rebound of the slip displacement occurs during the impact shearing and its value increases with increasing joint roughness. Two identifiable stages (i.e. compression and dilation) are observed in the normal displacement curves for the rougher rock joints, whereas the joints with small roughness only manifest normal compression displacement. Besides, as the roughness increases, the maximum compression tends to decrease, while the maximum dilation gradually increases. Moreover, the microstructural analysis based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) suggests that the roughness significantly affects the characteristics of the shear fractured zone enclosing the joint surface.     

Numerical simulation of a direct shear test on a rock joint using a bonded-particle model

Rock joints were numerically simulated, and an extensive series of direct shear tests were carried out using the code PFC3D. The feasibility of reproducing a rock joint using the contact bond model was demonstrated, and the effects of the geometrical features and the micro-properties of a joint on its shear behavior were examined. Asperity failure was observed from the micro-cracks and contact force distribution, as well as the stresses and displacements in shear and normal directions. A rough joint with a joint roughness coefficient (JRC) value ranging from 10 to 20 was produced in an intact sample by defining the joint-contacts along a predefined joint surface. To simulate a decrease in joint wall strength (JCS) caused by weathering and alterations, the bond strength between particles involved in the joint-contacts was reduced by up to 70%. The shear behavior and failure progress at a given stress corresponded well to those observed in laboratory tests. The friction coefficient was the most important factor governing the shear strength and dilation angle. The variation in joint roughness and contact bond strength had a larger effect on the cohesion than peak friction angle. In addition, a new approach to represent JRC and JCS values of a joint was proposed for practical use. A numerical 3D-profile scanning technique was developed to evaluate the actual JRC of the simulated joint, and the relationship between the JCS and the contact bond strength was investigated.     

Grasselli节理峰值抗剪强度公式再探

 确定节理峰值抗剪强度公式面临的首要问题是获取节理表面形貌并合理的评价其粗糙度。常用的方法是节理粗糙度系数(JRC)评价方法,但JRC的评价结果是基于二维剖面线获得的,该方法低估了节理面的粗糙度且具有较大的主观性。节理面形貌测试表明,节理面微元有效剪切倾角 与≥ 的微元面积的总和与节理总面积的比值呈高次抛物线关系。基于42组不同形貌节理的直剪试验结果,将节理的峰值剪胀角与形貌参数相联系,提出新的能够考虑剪胀效应的节理峰值抗剪强度公式。新峰值抗剪强度公式符合莫尔–库仑摩擦定律的形式,具有明确的物理含义。所需要的参数均由节理面形貌测试确定,因此能够预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。最后,对已有的节理峰值抗剪强度公式进行比优统计分析并建议公式的使用范围。     

The effects of discontinuity surface roughness on the shear strength of weathered granite joints

Surface roughness is one of the most important parameters governing the shear strength of rock discontinuities. Roughness types may vary based on genesis, physico-mechanical, and mineralogical properties of rocks. In this study, granite samples representing three different weathering degrees were selected to evaluate the effects of surface roughness and weathering degree on shear strength. To this aim, we determined the profile roughness coefficient (PRC), profile roughness angle (PRA), and joint roughness coefficient (JRC) for the selected fresh and weathered granite joint samples. Values of PRC were in the range of about 1.043–1.073, and PRA and JRC varied in the ranges of 16.67–21.45 and 12–18, respectively. Weathering led to the increment of joint surface roughness of the selected granitic joints due to the higher resistance of quartz crystals in the weathered matrix. However, the increment in surface roughness did not result in an increase in the shear strength. On the contrary, the shear strength of discontinuities dramatically decreased.     

岩石节理力学参数的非线性估计

通过建立一个多层神经网络模型ＮＮ（ｎ,ｈ１,ｈ２,１）,探讨了描述节理开度与剪切位移之间的非线性关系和尺度效应的新方法,由小尺度试件节理的实测数据建立的非线性模型可以推广地预测出较大一些尺度试件的节理开度值。对３７条现场实测的节理进行了分形特征研究,建立了分形维数与ＪＲＣ关系式,该关系式可用于ＪＲＣ值的近似分形预测     

A constitutive model for the deformation of a rock mass containing sets of ubiquitous joints

As part of the rock mass, the discontinuities inherently affect the strength and the deformational behavior of rock mass. Existing models can either handle the pre- or post-peak deformation of intact rock or joints alone; however, a model which can determine the failure mode and simulate the complete pre- and post-deformation of rock mass with multi-sets of joints is not yet available. This study focusses on rock mass with multi-sets of ubiquitous joints and establishes a mathematic model and an associated numerical implementation accounting for the anisotropy in strength and deformation induced by the existence of joints. Accordingly, an approach incorporating the existing models or methods to enable simulation of the complete deformation of rock mass is proposed. In addition to the pre- and post-peak deformation characteristics for intact rock, the pre-peak deformation of joint, such as the closure, shear and dilatancy effect as well as its post-peak deformation, such as the reduction on roughness, have also been taken into account. A series of comparisons validates that the proposed model is capable of presenting the joint-induced anisotropy in strength and deformation of rock mass, determining the possible failure modes and reasonably simulating the complete stress–strain relationship as well.     

岩石节理吻合系数及其对节理特性的影响

根据节理表面的接触特性提出了一个节理几何特性的新参数──节理吻合系数 ＪＭＣ。实验显示，节理吻合系数是描述节理孔隙、形变、刚度、剪切强度和水渗导等特性的 重要指标。因此，将节理吻合系数和原有的节理粗糙系数相结合，可以更全面地描述节理的 几何特性，进一步估测岩石节理的水力特性。     

不同接触状态岩石节理的剪切力学性质试验研究

除粗糙度外,节理上、下面壁的接触状态是影响其剪切力学性质的重要因素。采用水泥砂浆制备若干不同形貌的节理,对其上、下面壁沿剪切方向错开不同的位移量、形成不同的接触状态以模拟不同偶合度的节理,在常法向应力条件下进行试验研究。试验结果表明:峰值剪切强度随错开位移量的增加而呈非线性减少,但错开位移对峰值剪切强度的影响随法向应力的增加而减弱;峰值剪切位移随错开位移量的增加逐步变大;剪切刚度随错开位移量的增加逐步减少直至某一恒定值,且在高法向应力下错开位移量对剪切刚度的影响更为明显。采用几种不同的简单函数分析峰值剪切强度与错开位移量之间的关系,在偶合节理峰值剪切强度准则的基础上提出不同接触状态节理的峰值剪切强度准则。与已有的准则相比,新准则采用的描述节理接触状态的参数易于确定且更为客观。     

基于三维形貌参数的偶合节理峰值抗剪强度公式

 节理表面形貌是影响节理峰值抗剪强度的重要因素,采用人工模拟材料节理分别在0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0 MPa的法向应力下进行直剪试验,研究三维形貌参数与峰值抗剪强度之间的关系。选用节理面有效三维平均倾角 、粗糙度系数 、最大可能接触面积比 作为表征节理面粗糙度的参数。直剪试验前、后采用TJXW–3D型便携式岩石表面形貌测量仪对节理表面进行形貌数据测试;根据直剪试验结果建立节理峰值剪胀角与三维形貌参数 , , 之间的关系;建议采用新的强度准则计算节理的峰值抗剪强度。新公式的计算结果与试验值具有较好的一致性,并将其与Barton公式的计算结果进行比较,可知Barton公式的计算结果低于试验实测值。     

岩石模型结构面的取样代表性试验研究

岩石结构面的代表性取样是开展不同尺寸模型结构面直剪试验的前提条件,直接影响到结构面抗剪强度尺寸效应试验结果的有效性和可靠性。通过对取样尺寸为10 cm的18组岩石结构面粗糙度系数(JRC)的测量和统计分析,得到该尺寸岩石结构面试样的粗糙度系数分布规律,表明模型结构面取样代表性评价的必要性。基于结构面粗糙度系数非均一性分布特点,以及对简单随机取样法和分层取样法2种概率取样方法的比较分析,提出基于分层取样法的岩石模型结构面代表性取样方法,该方法采用JRC四分位法确定各层样本的数量比例,再利用分层取样公式计算样本的取样数量。通过岩体结构面抗剪强度的力学机制分析,对试样取样代表性和力学可靠性进行校验,结果表明,采用该取样方法能较好地代表该尺寸的表面形态分布,取样结果也较好地满足力学试验的统计精度要求。     

应变敏感的裂隙及裂隙岩体水力传导特性研究

通过将岩体单裂隙视为非关联理想弹塑性体，导出单裂隙在压剪荷载作用下，其机械开度和水力传导度的解析模型，并采用已有相关试验研究成果对解析模型进行验证。在此基础上，通过将岩体概化为含一组或多组优势裂隙的等效连续介质，给出一种描述裂隙岩体在复杂加载条件下考虑非线性变形特征及滑动剪胀特性的等效非关联理想弹塑性本构模型。基于该模型，给出裂隙岩体在扰动条件下应变敏感的渗透张量的计算方法，该计算方法不仅考虑裂隙的法向压缩变形，而且反映材料非线性及峰后剪胀效应对裂隙岩体渗透特性的影响。该模型通过引入滑动剪胀角和非关联理想塑性，较为逼真地反映了真实裂隙及裂隙岩体峰后的剪胀特性、变形行为和水力传导度变化特征。通过数值算例，研究了裂隙岩体在力学加载及开挖条件下渗透特性的演化规律。     

Shear strength criteria for rock,rock joints,rockfill and rock masses: Problems and some solutions

Although many intact rock types can be very strong, a critical confining pressure can eventually be reached in triaxial testing, such that the Mohr shear strength envelope becomes horizontal. This critical state has recently been better defined, and correct curvature or correct deviation from linear Mohr–Coulomb (M-C) has finally been found. Standard shear testing procedures for rock joints, using multiple testing of the same sample, in case of insufficient samples, can be shown to exaggerate apparent cohesion. Even rough joints do not have any cohesion, but instead have very high friction angles at low stress, due to strong dilation. Rock masses, implying problems of large-scale interaction with engineering structures, may have both cohesive and frictional strength components. However, it is not correct to add these, following linear M-C or nonlinear Hoek–Brown (H-B) standard routines. Cohesion is broken at small strain, while friction is mobilized at larger strain and remains to the end of the shear deformation. The criterion ‘c then σ_n tan φ’ should replace ‘c plus σ_ntan φ’ for improved fit to reality. Transformation of principal stresses to a shear plane seems to ignore mobilized dilation, and caused great experimental difficulties until understood. There seems to be plenty of room for continued research, so that errors of judgement of the last 50 years can be corrected.     

Estimating the relation between surface roughness and mechanical properties of rock joints

Discontinuities in rock masses have an important influence on deformational behaviour of blocky rock systems. For a single rock joint, the roughness of its surface is of paramount importance to its mechanical and hydraulic properties, such as friction angle, shear strength, and dilatancy/aperture. Many methods have been used to characterize the surface roughness of rock joints, such as joint roughness coefficients (JRC), root mean square (RMS) value, structure function (SF) etc. However, most of these methods can only be used in the 2-D models. In this study, we carried out direct shear experiments on rock joints under both constant normal load (CNL) and constant normal stiffness (CNS) conditions, and measured the surfaces of rock joints before and after shearing, using a 3-D laser scanning profilometer system. By using a 3-D fractal evaluation method of roughness characterization, the projective covering method (PCM) and a direct shear apparatus of high accuracy, the relation between mechanical properties of rock joints under different boundary conditions and the change of their fractal dimensions in both 2-D and 3-D models have been examined, which gives a new approach to accurately evaluate the evolution of roughness of rock joint surfaces and its influence on the hydro-mechanical behaviours of rock joints.     

非贯通节理Jennings强度准则的岩桥弱化和节理面起伏角修正

 通过对具有不同粗糙程度(以节理面起伏角表示)的共面非贯通人工节理进行不同法向应力水平下的直剪试验,研究节理面起伏角对非贯通节理剪切强度的影响,分析在剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化机制。现有Jennings准则将岩桥视为完整岩块,计算所得的剪切强度与直剪试验结果存在较大偏差。在试验结果的基础上,考虑剪切过程中岩桥力学参数的弱化和节理面起伏角的影响,对Jennings准则进行修正。将修正Jennings准则计算的非贯通节理剪切强度结果与直剪试验结果对比,结果表明：修正Jennings准则的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,能较好地预测具有规则起伏角的非贯通节理剪切强度。     

裂隙岩体的一体两介质模型抗剪性能研究

 裂隙薄弱层与岩石接触面的抗剪强度是影响裂隙岩体稳定的重要参量。采用一体两介质力学模型研究裂隙岩体接触面的力学性能。按照著名的Barton试验所采用的粗糙界面,以砂浆和混凝土构造5种JRC曲线的接触面,并采用自创的双指标描述系统--考虑粗糙度的改进分维值指标Rd和考虑起伏度的形状因子? 对接触面形貌进行定量描述。Rd-? 描述系统的优点在于：不仅能描述粗糙程度,还能解释同一粗糙界面上当受力方向不同时,其界面抗剪力学性能显著不同的事实。通过直剪试验,分析岩体接触面的破坏状态及剪切应力–剪切位移曲线,确定影响抗剪强度的主要因素为接触面粗糙起伏形貌、法向力、界面材料的黏结强度等,并借助试验结果,拟合得到考虑上述影响因素,以Rd-? 描述系统表达的剪切强度公式。将提出的剪切强度公式与其他试验获得的剪切试验结果做对比分析,证实该剪切强度公式的正确性。     

Estimating the joint roughness coefficient of discontinuities found in metamorphic rocks

The paper presents the results of different methods of determining the roughness of joints in quartzites, metagreywackes and phyllites obtained from road cuts in central Portugal. The evaluation of the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) was carried out using graphical and analytical procedures. Differences were found between the JRC graphic and the JRC calculated, depending on the method used. The JRC calculated values obtained by the tilt tests and the Schmidt rebound hammer tests were compared to the JRC calculated values established from the rock joint shear tests. It is concluded that if JRC is to be used, it is essential to specify how it was established.      

节理峰值抗剪强度试验研究

 节理的三维形貌特征是影响节理剪切力学行为的重要因素。为了深入研究三维形貌特征对岩石节理峰值抗剪强度的影响,制备花岗岩和红砂岩人工劈裂岩石节理试样,并在常法向应力条件下进行了两种岩样节理的直剪试验,法向应力变化范围为0.325～8.0 MPa。在直剪试验前对节理表面形貌进行测量,并计算其三维形貌参数最大接触面积比A0、最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C。通过对三维形貌参数和直剪试验结果的分析,基于三维形貌参数最大有效剪切倾角 和粗糙度参数C,建立了节理峰值抗剪强度模型。最后,引用Grasselli的30组直剪试验数据对模型进行验证计算,并结合本文的20组试验数据与Grasselli和夏才初的节理强度模型进行对比分析,结果表明新模型有合理的改进,而且能够很好的预测节理的峰值抗剪强度。     

节理岩体正交各向异性等效强度参数研究

将节理裂隙视为岩体的损伤,利用岩体裂隙网络模拟技术、损伤力学和节理张量理论对等效抗剪强度参数(即黏聚力和摩擦系数)进行了研究。在岩体损伤力学研究成果的基础上,研究了包含多组节理裂隙的岩体在空间任意截面上损伤变量的近似计算方法;以损伤变量作为加权系数,将岩块和结构面抗剪强度参数的加权平均值作为岩体等效强度参数;根据岩体在各空间截面上的等效抗剪强度参数计算成果,将岩体抗剪强度参数等效为正交各向异性变化的抗剪强度参数;编制相应的计算程序,通过计算实例验证了研究成果和计算程序的正确性。