早强锚杆在高地应力层状软岩隧道中的应用研究

以在建的成都-兰州铁路杨家坪隧道为工程依托,选取条件基本相同的30m典型围岩区段为试验段,对普通锚杆、早强锚杆支护时的洞周位移、围岩与初支接触压力、型钢拱架应力及其锚杆轴力进行实测对比分析,探讨了早强锚杆在高地应力陡倾层状软岩隧道中的作用机制。结果表明：高应力软岩隧道中锚杆轴力为拉力,早强锚杆比普通锚杆轴力更大,可以使隧道洞周位移减小40%|早强锚杆使隧道边墙围岩压力和钢架拱顶应力减小,围岩压力分布和钢架受力趋于均匀|早强锚杆通过注浆材料深入围岩,可以提高围岩层面强度|及时发挥锚固作用,抑制了围岩渐进破坏过程,从而减小围岩塑性区|加长了锚杆的拉拔长度,减小围岩与初支接触压力,改善隧道支护的受力状况,有效地控制隧道变形。     

碳化泥质板岩大断面隧道围岩松动圈测试研究

围岩松动圈范围是隧道、巷道及类似地下工程设计、施工和评价围岩稳定性的重要技术参数之一。针对吉图珲高速铁路小盘岭大断面碳化泥质板岩隧道在掘进过程中发生的地层变形大、频繁更换钢拱架以及隧道局部多次发生垮塌这一严重现象,采取多点位移计监测及超声波检测技术,对小盘岭隧道围岩松动圈范围进行测试。在此基础上,通过改变围岩壁后注浆深度,对比分析控制效果。现场测试表明,小盘岭隧道围岩松动范围大,平均达到约5 m,隧道开挖右侧松动圈范围大于左侧松动圈范围,原支护方案中锚杆长度仅为4.0 m,径向注浆管长度为3 m,初步判断施工步距大以及锚杆长度过短是造成隧道围岩失稳的重要因素。在后续的施工过程中,采取右侧及拱顶锚杆长度为6.5 m,左侧锚杆长度为6 m,围岩径向注浆管长度增加到5 m,经过优化后的锚杆长度参数明显改善了围岩的支护效果,监测表明隧道拱顶沉降及围岩收敛速率明显减小,拱架受力明显降低,降低了隧道施工风险,并为类似工程的设计及施工提供参考。     

喷锚支护与隧道自承拱的机理

为了使岩石隧洞拱部稳定,喷锚支护被广泛用于地下隧洞的支撑设计中。正确的喷锚支护设计应该基于对喷锚支护加固的特性和洞顶岩石拱结构的机理两方面都有一个清楚的认识。为此,以三峡工程地下厂房拱顶设计为例,研究洞顶岩石拱结构形成及加固机理。     

围岩中原始垂直地应力对圆形隧洞全长注浆 岩石锚杆应力分布模式的影响分析

 通过分析原始垂直地应力对圆形地下洞室塑性区半径、围岩体塑性区和弹性区内岩体的位移变化以及对锚杆应力分布的影响,揭示原始垂直地应力对锚杆锚固效果的影响。研究结果表明,弹性区内任一点的应力大小与垂直地应力有关,而塑性区内任一点的应力与原始垂直地应力无关;随着垂直地应力的增大,巷道塑性区半径也在不断增大,二者之间呈明显的非线性关系;塑性区的径向位移及隧洞壁的最大位移也随之增大。同时,根据围岩与锚杆的相互作用,建立全长注浆岩石锚杆在圆形隧洞围岩中的应力分布解析本构方程。在此解析模型的基础上,对不同垂直地应力作用下锚杆的应力分布模式进行较详细分析,得出随着垂直地应力增大,锚杆的摩阻力和轴向载荷也随之增大,并且锚杆端部的应力集中现象更加明显,当锚杆端部的摩阻力超过围岩的容许抗剪强度时,则锚杆与围岩发生开裂破坏,故在设计与施工中应予以考虑。最后,提出提高和改善由于锚头开裂导致锚固效果降低的方法,对全长注浆岩石锚杆施加垫板,能有效改善锚杆的锚固效果。     

深部高地应力区软岩巷道模型试验及数值优化

深部巷道围岩大变形和失稳破坏是高地应力区巷道普遍存在的问题,有效的支护措施是保证深部巷道稳定的重要因素。以淮南某煤矿深部巷道为工程背景,通过相似材料模型试验利用YDM-D多功能地质力学模型试验系统,研究了巷道在无支护和锚杆支护两种条件下巷道围岩的变形破坏特征。研究结果表明:相似材料选用粘土、水泥、砂及水,配合比为4∶1∶20∶1.3的试件表现出良好的塑性大变形特性;相似材料模型经过锚杆加固后,洞壁最大位移有所减小,由15.4 mm减小为12.1 mm,加固效果不明显,表明锚杆的间距偏大,并用数值分析方法模拟验证了试验结果。采用正交设计结合数值分析方法对淮南某煤矿深部巷道喷锚支护方案进行了优化分析。结果表明:拱顶锚杆长度间排距分别取2.4 m、0.8 m、0.8 m,边帮锚杆长度间排距分别取3.7 m、0.8 m、0.8 m,底板锚杆倾角45°,锚杆长度间排距分别取2.9 m、0.9 m 、0.8 m,喷层厚度取120 mm加固方案效果最优。     

Analytical approach for the design of active grouted rockbolts in tunnel stability based on convergence-confinement method

Assuming that grouted rockbolts increase internal pressure within a broken rock mass, a new procedure for computation of ground response curves for a tunnel reinforced with active grouted rockbolts is presented, while the effect of distance of bolted section to tunnel face has been also considered. This analytical solution for a circular underground excavation under hydrostatic stress field, and with consideration of a non-linear strength criterion for rock mass and on the basis of two material behavior models has been developed. In this work, the equation of the ground response curve for a tunnel which has been reinforced with passive grouted rockbolts is also derived. The proposed model allows one to take, the effect of the distance of the bolted section to the tunnel face, the effect of increasing rockbolts spacing, the influence of increasing pretension load in calculating of the ground response curve, and the effect of increasing the cross-section area of rockbolts, into account. The results show that decreasing rockbolts spacing increase the support system stiffness rather than preloading of them.     

在侧爆作用下锚固洞室抗爆加固效果研究

为了给抗爆洞室的锚杆支护设计提供参考,利用数值分析软件LS-DYNA3D程序, 研究了在侧爆作用下的锚固洞室的抗爆加固效果。结果表明:毛洞和锚固洞室裂纹分布比较相似,由于反射拉伸在侧墙附近形成了两个裂纹区;在侧墙附近形成的第一个裂纹区,毛洞形成的裂纹区比锚固洞室广、粗,而在第二裂纹区,锚固洞室的裂纹区比毛洞稍广、细;经过锚杆加固的洞室峰值位移减少1.1 mm,减小24.4%,说明锚固洞室具有较好的抗爆加固效果。     

Bolt length requirement in underground openings

A parametric study has been carried out using the numerical analysis code FLAC^3D to obtain the influence of various shapes of underground openings on the maximum induced boundary stress. Five shapes—viz. circular, horseshoe, rectangular, elongated D-shape and elliptical—have been considered. For each shape, four tunnel depths and five horizontal in situ stress models have been taken for the study of induced boundary stresses.The values of maximum and minimum induced boundary stresses in the roof and wall have been obtained from the analyses. This data has subsequently been used to develop correlations to estimate the normalized maximum and minimum boundary stresses, which have been subsequently compared with the strength of the rock mass obtained from the Sheorey's non-linear failure criterion for three rock masses represented by three values of Bieniawski's RMR and three values of crushing strength of intact rock material. The values of minimum factor of safety at the roof and the wall have been collected from all the plots. Using these data sets, different correlations have been developed to estimate the minimum factor of safety (f_min) in the roof and wall.Since the bolt length should be normalized with the opening size, some more computer models have been run with varying tunnel width of 5 and 20 m besides the earlier 10 m size to obtain the correlations for estimating the bolt length. The depth of factor of safety contour of 1.5 from the opening periphery has been picked up from all these models and the correlations have been developed for estimating the roof and wall bolt length for the five shapes of underground openings. The correlations for bolt length show that in addition to the shape of underground openings and in situ stress, the bolt length also varies with the rock mass type. These correlations have been verified for field cases of elongated D-shape openings.     

Tunnel reinforcement with rockbolts

Closed-form solutions are presented for a tunnel supported with Discretely Mechanically or Frictionally Coupled (DMFC) and with Continuously Mechanically Coupled (CMC) or Continuously Frictionally Coupled (CFC) rockbolts. The formulation is based on the following assumptions: (1) circular cross section; (2) deep tunnel; (3) K_o = 1, i.e. axisymmetric problem; (4) homogeneous and isotropic ground; (5) elasto-plastic ground, with brittle failure governed by the Coulomb criterion and non-associated flow rule; (6) elastic reinforcement and (7) construction effects approximated with the β-method (reduction of internally applied stresses). The analytical solutions are compared with results obtained with a Finite Element Method. The comparisons show that the analytical solutions provide reasonable results for DMFC rockbolts and for CMC/CFC rockbolts with low to moderate spacing. For the same rock properties, tunnel geometry and construction, and reinforcement characteristics, CMC/CFC rockbolts result in slightly smaller convergence but somewhat larger rockbolt stresses than DMFC rockbolts. The behavior of DMFC rockbolts and rock response depends on “average” response of the rock between the two end points, while for CMC/CFC rockbolts the maximum stress in the rockbolt occurs at the location of maximum radial strain in the rock. In both cases the solution strongly depends on the relative stiffness between the rockbolt and the deformed rock. Practically speaking, placement of the reinforcement while the rock undergoes elastic deformations may not result in a substantial reduction of tunnel convergence. Instead, it appears that best results are obtained by placing the rockbolts while the rock undergoes plastic deformations. It has also been observed that when the distribution of rockbolts around the tunnel perimeter is linked to the far-field stresses, smaller convergence and reduced reinforcement stresses are possible.     

高地应力千枚岩隧道支护体系试验研究

成兰铁路茂县隧道穿越龙门山活动断裂带,地层以千枚岩为主,围岩破碎、软弱、强度低,且存在高地应力。在茂县隧道1号斜井施工过程中,遇到了围岩大变形、喷射混凝土开裂、钢拱架扭曲等现象。为了解决这一技术难题,在施工现场将斜井按正洞施作,设置4种不同的支护体系试验段,并对围岩变形、围岩与初支接触压力、钢拱架应力进行监测分析,得出以下结论:I20工字钢刚度低,不能有效地抵抗围岩前期变形,使围岩的变形进入塑性流动阶段;H175型钢刚度大,与3 m长短锚杆相结合能主动控制围岩的变形,能有效地控制围岩前期变形,8 m长的锚杆能被动控制围岩变形,能有效地抑制围岩塑性区的扩大;以H175钢拱架+3 m锚杆+8 m锚杆+喷射混凝土+超前注浆小导管为主的初期支护体系对茂县隧道高地应力千枚岩大变形的控制有较好的效果,可为后期茂县隧道正洞的施作提供指导。     

大断面深埋黄土隧道锚杆作用效果的试验研究

 黄土隧道系统锚杆的作用效果问题一直是争论的焦点,依托正在修建的郑州—西安铁路客运专线大断面黄土隧道工程,采用现场对比试验方法对深埋黄土隧道系统锚杆的作用效果问题进行研究。为了使试验结果有可比性,选取试验条件基本相同的函谷关隧道洞身段作为试验段,分别设置有系统锚杆段45 m和无系统锚杆段45 m进行对比试验。对比试验的测试项目有：拱顶沉降、拱脚沉降、水平收敛、围岩压力、初支钢架应力及锚杆轴力等。试验结果表明：有系统锚杆段与无系统锚杆段的拱顶沉降和水平收敛基本相等;两者的土压力和钢架应力相差不大;锚杆轴力较小,且拱部锚杆受压,边墙锚杆受拉。综合分析后认为,拱部系统锚杆作用效果不明显,取消拱部系统锚杆可减少施工工序,加快开挖面的封闭和全断面初期支护的及早闭合,从而能更好地控制支护结构变形,并节约工程投资。     

锚杆支护参数对岩爆防治效果的影响研究

岩爆是一种严重威胁深埋地下工程施工安全的动力灾害,现有诸多岩爆判别指标,但均未考虑支护作用的影响。鉴于此,本文基于弹性应变能理论,结合锚固效应与锚杆吸能理论,提出了锚杆支护下的岩爆危险性判别准则。以草果山隧道为例,对不同锚杆支护参数下岩爆防治效果进行研究,选取锚杆间距、锚杆长度、锚杆直径和锚杆类型4个因素,在不同岩爆等级下进行正交数值模拟试验。试验结果表明:对岩爆判别准则影响大小次序依次为锚杆类型>锚杆间距>锚杆长度>锚杆直径。此外,试验结果还得出了不同岩爆等级下的锚杆支护的最优参数选择,为同类高地应力隧道支护措施设计提供了参考。     

An analytical model to predict axial load in grouted rock bolt for soft rock tunnelling

An analytical model is proposed to predict the axial force of grouted rock bolt in the tunnelling design. The interaction mechanism of the rock bolt and the soft rock mass has been described according to their consistent displacement. Coupling and decoupling behaviors of the rock bolt around a circular tunnel have been analyzed. According to case studies, the theoretical prediction of the axial force agrees well with the in situ measured results. The installing time and the length of the rock bolt, and the deformation modulus of the rock mass are taken as study parameters to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, there are some conclusions as followings: (1) a lower axial force is resulted because of the delay of installing rock bolt and its supporting effect may be reduced; (2) the larger displacement is caused by the lower deformation modulus of the rock mass, and a higher axial force is resulted in the rock bolt. If the shear strength of the rock mass is not enough, the decoupling behavior will take place interior the rock mass, and the performance of rock bolt may be reduced; (3) the position of a neutral point is related with the radius of tunnel, the physical properties of the rock bolt and the rock mass. It is found that the position of the neutral point and the maximum axial force of the rock bolt installed in the soft rock may tend to be constant when its length is long enough, which means that the supporting effect of the rock bolt can not be improved significantly only by increasing the length of the rock bolt. By using this model, a way is supplied to analyze the supporting behavior of the rock bolt, and a method is provided for the quantitative evaluation of its supporting effect in NATM tunnelling.     

千枚岩深埋隧道支护参数对结构受力与变形的影响

为探索成武高速2号隧道支护参数对结构受力与变形的影响,以室内试验、原位试验和现场测试为主要手段,研究了隧道围岩工程特性、初期支护围岩压力、二次衬砌接触压力、拱顶下沉、周边收敛-时间曲线的变化规律; 提出增加单层初支刚度、采用双层初支、增加双层初支刚度3种支护参数方案,再利用FLAC3D有限差分软件分析,以原始支护方案和3种支护参数方案为基础建立4种工况来确定不同支护参数对隧道结构受力与变形的影响。结果表明:在原始支护方案模拟结果中,拱顶竖直位移和拱脚水平位移趋于稳定时分别为185.57 mm和330.51 mm,与现场测试结果相对误差分别为5.5%和7.5%; 采用单层初支时,钢拱架间距由75 m调整为60 m,钢拱架型号由I18调整为I22,拱顶处的竖直位移为161.45 mm,相对于原始设计模拟结果减少了13%,拱脚处水平位移为273.21 mm,减少了17.3%,右拱腰处应力集中值为11.18 MPa,减少了9.1%; 采用双层初支时,2层中钢拱架间距与型号均与原始支护设计相同,为75 m与I18,拱顶处的竖直位移为130.58 mm,相对于原始设计模拟结果减少了29.6%,拱脚处水平位移为227 mm,减少了31.3%,右拱腰处应力集中值为8.24 MPa,减少了33.0%; 采用双层初支时,2层中钢拱架的间距均为60 m,型号为I22,拱顶处竖直位移为80.56 mm,相对于原始设计模拟结果减少了56.6%,拱脚处水平位移为159.34 mm,减少了51.8%,右拱腰处应力集中值为6.13 MPa,减少了50.2%,此工况下隧道支护结构的受力变形限制最好,拱顶沉降为80 mm,周边收敛为160 mm。     

黄土隧道锚杆受力与作用机制

 为探讨黄土隧道锚杆作用效果及机制,对陕西省吴堡-子洲高速公路上3座黄土隧道中的48根锚杆应力进行现场测试和统计分析,结果发现：黄土隧道在钢架支护条件下,拱部系统锚杆受压且应力值较小;拱脚处锁脚锚杆以受拉为主,锁脚锚杆应力普遍大于拱部锚杆应力。从土体的变形和锚杆与土体的锚固效果2方面分析黄土隧道拱部系统锚杆的力学状态,分析认为隧道开挖后,浅埋黄土隧道拱部发生整体沉降,锚杆并不存在锚固段;深埋黄土隧道开挖后土体产生较大塑性区,目前以“短而密”原则设计的系统锚杆也不存在锚固段;锚杆与土体采用水泥砂浆或药卷式锚固剂黏结效果差,因而黄土隧道锚杆锚固力不大;锚杆锚固于初期支护上,并伸入土体中,从内部约束土体变形,在初期支护施作后,相对于土体的后续变形,拱部系统锚杆受到土体向下的摩阻力,相当于桩承受负摩阻力,因而拱部系统锚杆受压。综合以上分析表明,在黄土隧道中,钢架支护条件下的系统锚杆支护效果不明显,可以取消。工程实践证明,钢架支护条件下黄土隧道取消系统锚杆,可减少施工环节,更有利于隧道施工安全和结构稳定,可缩短工期和降低工程造价,有着特别显著的社会经济效益。     

变埋深下软弱破碎隧道围岩渐进性破坏试验与数值模拟

 以一定范围内埋深(25～60 m)的3车道公路隧道软弱破碎围岩(公路隧道IV级)为研究对象,研制相似模型材料和配套试验设备,再现开挖后围岩的渐进性破坏全过程,分析不同埋深下围岩的应力场特征。通过模型材料室内试验获取岩体相关计算参数,引入弹塑性损伤本构模型对试验工况进行有限元数值模拟,计算结果与模型试验吻合较好。综合模型试验和数值模拟结果,可以得出以下结论：(1) 围岩破坏区是隧道塌落荷载的来源,主要集中在拱顶上方区域,在两侧边墙下方和拱底也有局部存在;(2) 隧道埋深对围岩破坏区域大小有重要影响,随着埋深的增大,围岩破坏区域呈渐进扩大趋势;(3) 围岩内的周向应力在隧道开挖后先升高而后逐渐降低,其最大值所在位置即对应压力拱位置,且该位置随着破坏区域的扩大而不断向围岩内部移动,形成动态压力拱现象;(4) 通过对围岩内部周向应力最大值的测试来获取隧道压力拱范围,并进而确定围岩塌落荷载大小,这在理论上是可行的。     

软岩隧道锚杆支护作用的模型试验研究

 随着公路隧道的发展,隧道稳定性日益成为设计和施工的首要问题。根据重庆—长沙公路共和隧道围岩实际情况,在真三轴试验机上进行隧道在毛洞和不同支护条件下的模型试验,试验反映了隧道失稳的全过程并记录了各个部位的应变值,对不同工况下围岩的应力变化规律进行分析,结果表明：围岩的径向和切向应力均是随荷载的增加而增加的;在同级荷载下,支护后的围岩径向和切向应力要高于支护前;径向应力随着离洞壁距离增大而增大,而切向应力在洞壁上应力集中,随后随着离洞壁距离的增大而减小,最后趋于稳定。锚杆使得围岩的稳定性大大提高,且长锚杆的支护效果要优于短锚杆。     

锦屏高拱坝整体安全度评估

锦屏高拱坝是目前世界上拟建的最高的双曲薄拱坝,水压力巨大,其设计和分析都超出现行规范。锦屏一级拱坝的环境条件存在明显的不对称特点：一是两岸地形不对称;二是两岸地质条件明显不对称;三是坝体的坝面受日照时间不对称。这些不对称性和高水压使锦屏高拱坝的安全性成为锦屏拱坝建设中最重要的关键技术问题之一。运用三维非线性有限元数值分析方法,研究锦屏拱坝在多种工况下的应力场和位移场以及左、右岸不利地质构造对拱坝工作性态的影响。坝体的应力和位移分布存在比较明显的左右不对称,引起不对称的原因除两岸地基刚度不对称外,拱坝坝体的不对称也是重要原因,因此应进一步优化拱坝体型。确定锦屏拱坝地基系统在不同破坏模式下的整体安全度：上游水压力超载引起系统失效的整体安全度约为5.0;坝基岩体抗剪强度降低使系统失效的整体安全度约为3.0;地震灾害引起系统失效的整体安全度约为6.0。根据屈服破坏区的分布,指出坝基加固处理的重点部位为左拱端下游侧1 800 m高程以上和右拱端上游侧1 630～1 800 m高程之间。     

隧洞围岩损伤演化与时效破坏过程的模拟分析

依据对岩石长期强度的认识,基于环境因素影响下岩石强度、弹模等物理力学性质随时间劣化及其内部细观损伤积累等观点,应用RFPA数值模拟方法,模拟了隧洞围岩的时效破坏过程,并与相应的物理模型试验结果进行了对比。隧洞数值模拟试验得到了拱顶、拱底以及两侧帮的时效变形特征曲线,与实际物模试验结果表现出了较好的一致性,并且发现隧洞围岩宏观破坏是细观损伤实时演化及逐步积累的最终表现。进一步模拟分析了侧压系数对隧洞时效变形破坏特性的影响,模拟结果显示,随着侧压系数的增大,隧洞左右边墙间的闭合位移逐渐增大,而隧洞拱顶拱底间的收敛位移随侧压系数的增大逐渐减小,并对隧洞围岩的局部的细观损伤演化过程及宏观时效破坏模式做出了清晰的解释。     

FLAC在铁山坪隧道围岩稳定性分析中的应用

隧道围岩稳定性问题一直是岩土工程的一个重要研究内容,而围岩稳定性评价结果的正确与否直接关系到地下工程的成败。作者主要介绍了FLAC算法流程、网格划分、数据的输入及结果的分析,并结合铁山坪隧道实例,分别就应力、位移和最大不平衡力及拱顶位移随时步的变化率来判断隧道围岩的稳定性。得出FLAC用于铁山坪隧道围岩稳定性分析是非常有效的,这将为以后的隧道支护设计提供参考。