辽河油田土壤中溶解氧对X70管线钢腐蚀的影响

目的 降低腐蚀对油气管线运行的危害。方法 通过控制溶液中不同通氮时间,获得不同溶解氧浓度的辽河油田土壤模拟溶液,利用交流阻抗技术和动电位极化技术研究不同的溶解氧浓度对X70管线钢在模拟溶液中电化学腐蚀行为的影响,并结合金相显微镜对管线钢表面的腐蚀形貌进行表征,以阐明该条件下不同浓度溶解氧对管线钢腐蚀行为的作用机制。结果 在该环境下,X70钢的腐蚀机理为阳极溶解机制。随着溶解氧含量的不断降低,电极极化电阻变大,腐蚀电流密度明显减小,此时,电极表面点蚀坑数量也变少,点蚀坑的直径变小,金属腐蚀速率显著下降。当溶解氧质量浓度为10.0 mg/L时,试件的腐蚀速率最大,腐蚀现象最明显。当溶解氧质量浓度从10.0 mg/L降低至0.3 mg/L时,金属电极表面生成了一层以FeCO3为主的腐蚀产物膜,产物膜明显抑制了腐蚀反应的进行,对X70钢起到保护作用,此时试样腐蚀现象最不明显。结论 溶解氧浓度的不同导致了X70管线钢电极表面产物膜形态的不同,从而影响了该环境下金属的电化学腐蚀行为。     

正交试验法研究X90管线钢在CO_2环境中的腐蚀行为

通过正交试验法研究了CO_2环境中各因素对X90管线钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明:各因素对X90管线钢在CO_2环境中腐蚀速率的影响按大小顺序是原油含水率、温度、CO_2分压、流速;X90管线钢腐蚀产物膜表面布满网状裂纹,呈鳞片状,产物膜结构疏松,对基体保护作用较弱,表面点蚀坑较多,点蚀严重,X90管线钢抗CO_2腐蚀性能较差;产物膜成分随腐蚀环境变化而不相同,所有产物中都含有FeCO_3和Fe,部分试样产物膜中还有腐蚀介质析出的碳酸盐。     

酸性土壤浸出液中X80钢微生物腐蚀研究:(Ⅱ)腐蚀形貌和产物分析

利用X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了X80管线钢在一种酸性土壤浸出液中硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)腐蚀的产物成分和形貌。结果表明,SRB没有改变样品表面腐蚀产物膜的结构,但其生理过程促进了S从氧化态向还原态的转变,并促进了S在腐蚀产物中的沉积;同时代谢产物磷化物也沉积在腐蚀产物中,改变了腐蚀产物的成分。SRB提高了管线钢局部腐蚀的敏感性,使得腐蚀形式从非均匀腐蚀向局部腐蚀转变。SRB代谢产物和细菌/金属间的直接电子转移可能是促进局部腐蚀萌生的主要原因。     

温度对管线钢CO2腐蚀产物膜结构的影响

本文主要研究了温度对X65管线钢腐蚀产物膜结构的影响规律。试验结果表明，腐蚀温度提高以后，管线钢表面CO2腐蚀产物膜的晶体形态没有发生明显变化，但是腐蚀产物膜的厚度则变小；同时腐蚀产物膜的硬度和弹性膜量都降低，这主要是因为Ca元素在FeCO3晶体中的含量增加，弱化了FeCO3的晶体结构。     

Effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent cathodic and anodic reactions of X-70 steel in near-neutral pH solution

The effects of corrosion product deposit on the subsequent anodic and cathodic reactions of X-70 steel in a near-neutral pH solution were investigated by localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS), scanning vibrating micro-electrode (SVME) and macroscopic EIS measurements as well as surface analysis technique. It is found that the deposit layer formed on the steel surface is porous, non-compact in nature. The presence of a corrosion product layer would enhance adsorption, but significantly inhibit absorption and permeation of hydrogen atoms into steel. It is due to the porous structure of the deposit that generates a spatial separation of cathodic and anodic reaction sites, resulting in an increased effective surface area for hydrogen adsorption and, simultaneously, a “blocking” effect on hydrogen absorption and permeation. The deposit enhances greatly anodic dissolution of the steel, which is attributed to the adsorption of the intermediate species and the resultant “self-catalytic” mechanism for corrosion of the steel in near-neutral pH solution. In the presence of corrosion product deposit on the pipeline steel surface, pipeline corrosion, especially pitting corrosion, is expected to be enhanced. Stress corrosion cracks could initiate from the corrosion pits that form under deposit. However, deposit does not contribute to hydrogen permeation, although the hydrogen evolution is enhanced.     

X80管线钢在东南酸性土壤环境中的电化学腐蚀特征研究

采用电化学测试、扫描电镜观察、表而能谱分析及X射线衍射等方法,研究了原始态与退火处理态的X80管线钢在东南酸性土壤模拟溶液中的电化学腐蚀特征与机理,分析了热处理工艺和腐蚀时间等因素对X80钢极化曲线的影响.结果表明,退火态X80钢耐蚀性低于原始态,这主要与X80钢组织因热处理发生改变有关;随着浸泡时间的延长,原始态与退火态的X80钢在东南酸性土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀趋势均减小,而腐蚀速率先增大后减小;其阴极过程受析氢腐蚀和吸氧腐蚀联合控制;腐蚀产生的锈层主要由FeOOH(表层)和Fe_3O_4(内层)组成,而腐蚀产物膜的完整性和致密性影响了X80钢表面的腐蚀过程,使管线钢表面的腐蚀破坏程度增加.研究还发现,氯离子含量是影响腐蚀的主导因素.     

Corrosion Inhibition of X80 Steel in Simulated Marine Environment with Marinobacter aquaeolei

In the present study, a novel bacterium( Marinobacter aquaeolei) was examined for its corrosion inhibiting behaviour against X80 pipeline steel. Electrochemical results showed that X80 steel immersed in the solution inoculated with M. aquaeolei possessed very high corrosion resistance compared to that of abiotic control. Besides, scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to analyse the corrosion product and the biofi lm formed on the metal surface. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was also applied to determine the composition of extracellular polymeric substances(EPS). Above results indicated that the corrosion inhibition effciency observed in biotic medium was very high(91%), proving that M. aquaeolei was an effective inhibitive agent for the corrosion of carbon steel. The inhibition was credited to the formation of bacterial biofi lm and the compact protective layer of the secreted EPS. Thus, this study will introduce a natural, environmentally friendly and cost-effective system for the corrosion control of the carbon steel.     

X65管线钢在成品油管道沉积物中的微生物腐蚀行为

目的分析华南一成品油管道内微生物腐蚀(MIC)的主要原因及行为,为成品油管道安全运行提供支撑。方法利用微生物分析、表面分析和电化学手段,分析成品油管道沉积物中可能引发腐蚀的细菌群落,研究细菌群落协同作用下,X65管线钢的腐蚀状态,并对X65管线钢在成品油管道沉积物稀释液中的MIC行为进行分析。结果从属水平来看,成品油管道沉积物中相对丰度大于0.1%的29种菌属中有13种可能引发MIC。在实验的1～3天,天然稀释液体系(X65-Bacteria)的OCP持续正移,且正移幅度大于灭菌稀释液体系(X65-Asepsis),第3天的EIS阻抗弧半径最大。在实验的3～7天,天然稀释液(X65-Bacterias)体系的OCP负移,且负移程度明显大于灭菌稀释液(X65-Asepsis)体系。在实验的第7天,天然稀释液(X65-Bacterias)体系的阻抗弧半径小于灭菌稀释液(X65-Asepsis)体系,且自腐蚀电位更负。对生成的生物膜进行成分分析发现,生物膜和腐蚀产物膜主要由有机物和铁的氧化物组成。结论柠檬酸杆菌属(Citrobacter)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)可能是造成华南一成品油管道沉积物中MIC的主要菌群。在管道沉积物中细菌群落的协同作用下,X65管线钢的腐蚀速度加快。     

Synergistic Effects of Hydrogen and Stress on Corrosion of X100 Pipeline Steel in a Near-Neutral pH Solution

In this work, scanning vibrating electrode technique and local electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to investigate the effects of stress and hydrogen on electrochemical corrosion behavior of a X100 pipeline steel in a near-neutral pH solution. The stress distribution on the test specimen was calculated using the finite element method. Results demonstrated that the hydrogen-charging enhances the local anodic dissolution of the steel, contributing to the formation of a layer of corrosion product. However, there is little difference of the charge-transfer resistance between the regions with and without hydrogen-charging due to rapid diffusion of hydrogen atoms throughout the specimen with time. When the local stress concentration is not significant enough to approach the yielding strength of the steel, the steel is still in a relatively stable state, and there is a uniform distribution of dissolution rate over the whole surface of the steel specimen. Although the stress-enhanced activation is not sufficient to result in an apparent difference of current density of the steel, the activation of the steel would activate dislocations, which serve as effective traps to the charged hydrogen atoms. With the increase of hydrogen concentration, the hydrogen-enhanced anodic dissolution becomes dominant.     

X80管线钢在近中性pH溶液中腐蚀行为研究

目的研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的腐蚀与应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为。方法采用电化学实验和浸泡实验研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的腐蚀行为,采用慢应变速率拉伸实验研究X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中,在自腐蚀电位和外加电位下的应力腐蚀裂纹萌生行为。结果 X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中的极化曲线只有活化区,没有钝化区,其自腐蚀电位约为-750 m V,浸泡195天后,试样表面没有氧化膜出现,但是观察到点蚀坑。在自腐蚀电位下,X80管线钢试验表面有大量的应力腐蚀裂纹;在-500 m V阳极外加电位下,X80管线钢试验表面几乎没有观察到应力腐蚀裂纹;在-850 m V阴极外加电位下,X80管线钢试验表面的应力腐蚀裂纹很少,但是随着外加阴极电位负移到-1300 m V时,X80管线钢试验表面的应力腐蚀裂纹增多。结论 X80管线钢在近中性p H溶液中发生均匀腐蚀,但是夹杂物剥落能在X80管线钢表面形成点蚀坑。在近中性p H溶液中,在自腐蚀电位下,X80管线钢应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性最强;外加阴极电位抑制应力腐蚀裂纹萌生,但是随着外加阴极电位的负移,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性增强;外加阳极电位下,由于均匀腐蚀的作用,应力腐蚀裂纹萌生敏感性较弱。     

X80钢在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀行为

目的揭示X80钢在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀行为与规律。方法采用失重实验和电化学测试分析腐蚀速率与阴阳极电化学过程的变化规律,利用金相分析观察母材和焊缝的组织特征,通过SEM、EDS、XRD等微观分析手段观察腐蚀产物形貌、元素含量与物相组成,从而研究干湿交替与水饱和土壤环境对X80钢腐蚀行为的影响。结果 X80钢在干湿交替环境下的腐蚀速率是水饱和下的2～3倍,其在干湿交替与水饱和哈密土壤环境下的腐蚀产物物相均由Fe3O4、FeOOH、FeS所构成。X80钢在干湿交替环境下,表面的腐蚀产物膜出现大量凹坑与裂隙,使O2在试样表面分布不均,形成氧浓差电池,并且该凹坑与裂隙有利于腐蚀性离子进入,加剧局部腐蚀。在同一环境下,由于焊接接头各区域组织差异引起的微电偶腐蚀,X80钢焊缝的腐蚀速率明显高于母材。结论干湿交替环境与土壤中大量存在的Cl-显著加速了X80钢母材及焊缝的局部腐蚀,且X80焊缝耐蚀性明显低于母材,其腐蚀机理均为氧浓差电池和局部腐蚀自催化效应共同作用,腐蚀形态也由以全面腐蚀为主(水饱和环境)转变为以点蚀+溃疡状腐蚀为主(干湿交替环境)。     

含硫原油对X65钢管道顶部腐蚀实验研究

利用高温腐蚀试验箱,模拟输油管道的腐蚀环境,研究X65钢管道在含硫原油中的腐蚀行为。利用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)、能谱分析 (EDS) 和X射线衍射 (XRD) 等分析技术,对比分析不同腐蚀时间、温度下样品腐蚀产物的组织形态与成分,研究腐蚀时间及原油温度对X65钢管的腐蚀影响规律。结果表明,随着腐蚀时间的延长,试样腐蚀速率先增大后减小,最后趋于某一定值;温度对试样腐蚀速率影响较明显,由于重力作用腐蚀产物呈下坠状附着在试样表面,腐蚀形态为全面腐蚀。在低温时腐蚀产物主要成分为铁的氧化物,在温度较高时腐蚀产物中出现Fe₂S等具有保护性的腐蚀产物。     

Q235钢在采出液中表面产物膜的结构及其对腐蚀的影响

对Q235钢在模拟某油田采出液中形成的表面产物膜,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)观察其表面形貌,通过X射线(XRD)和能谱分析产物膜的组成,用失重法测定并研究表面垢的生长对腐蚀的影响。结果表明,Q235钢在50℃的试验溶液中形成的表面产物膜有三层结构,外层FeCO3晶体较疏松,内层FeCO3晶体较紧密,中间层介于二者之间,表面膜的主要成分为铁的碳酸盐。试验前3天腐蚀速率最大为0.1531mm/a,随着第一层膜的形成以后腐蚀速率开始下降,24天时形成沉积膜腐蚀速率降到最低为0.0259mm/a,腐蚀至34天时,由于形成的第三层膜比较松散,腐蚀速率开始回升,34天后腐蚀速率基本稳定。     

覆有短期腐蚀产物膜的X80钢的电化学行为

将X80钢放入酸性鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中浸泡30 d使其表面形成短期腐蚀产物膜,采用SEM,EDS和XRD对腐蚀产物膜的表面形貌、元素和物相组成进行测试与分析,通过极化曲线和电化学阻抗方法考察腐蚀产物膜对X80钢电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明：与X80裸钢相比,腐蚀产物膜作用下的X80钢的自腐蚀电位更负,自腐蚀电流密度更大。这是因为产物膜主要由Fe₃O₄和β-FeOOH组成,短期形成的Fe₃O₄产物膜存在很多微小孔洞和微裂纹等缺陷,为溶液中侵蚀性Cl^-的吸附和滞留提供了潜在场所,同时也增大了基体和腐蚀介质反应的有效面积;而产物膜中的β-FeOOH抗Cl^-侵蚀作用很弱,且参与了阴极还原反应。这些因素的综合作用导致覆有短期腐蚀产物膜的X80钢在酸性土壤模拟溶液中表现出更大的腐蚀速率。     

氯化铈对X80钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响

采用浸泡试验、电化学阻抗、动电位极化曲线等方法研究了CeCl3对X80管线钢在鹰潭土壤模拟溶液中腐蚀行为的影响规律,对腐蚀宏观形貌进行了观察,采用X射线衍射分析X80钢表面的腐蚀产物。结果表明,当添加0.5～2.0g/L CeCl3时,降低了X80钢在该条件下的腐蚀速率,当CeCl3加量为1g/L时,腐蚀速率降至最低,这是因为当溶液中的Ce3+与阴极反应产生的OH-结合成Ce(OH)3和CeO2,这些表面产物隔离了X80钢与腐蚀介质的直接接触,增大了腐蚀反应阻力,从而使腐蚀速率下降。     

Enhanced Bio-corrosion Resistance by Cu Alloying in a Micro-alloyed Pipeline Steel

On the composition base of commercial X65 grade pipeline steels, a Cu modified pipeline steel was designed to show improved resistance to microbially induced corrosion (MIC). The mechanical properties of the Cu-added steel and its corrosion behavior in a soil solution inoculated with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were investigated in this work. The results demonstrated that Cu-added steel exhibits a good combination of strength and toughness. Cu ions released from the Cu-added steel could effectively kill the SRB attaching on the steel surface, thus evidently decreased the pit depth and diameter of Cu-added steel. Furthermore, during the long-term immersion, the Cu-rich film formed by the enrichment of Cu in the corrosion product layer on the steel surface could also contribute to the improvement of the bio-corrosion resistance of Cu-added steel.     

湿气温度对3Cr管线钢CO2腐蚀行为的影响

利用高温高压冷凝反应釜模拟深海湿气管道的现场环境,研究了湿气温度对3Cr管线钢湿气CO2腐蚀行为的影响;运用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)等分析技术对试样表面腐蚀产物的形貌和成分进行了分析。结果表明,在相同管壁温度(10℃)下,湿气温度在30～90℃内范围变化时,3Cr管线钢的平均腐蚀速率随湿气温度的升高而增大,且都没有发生局部腐蚀。在这些湿气温度条件下,3Cr管线钢的腐蚀产物膜是两层结构,外层膜的主要成分为FeCO3,内层为非晶态的富Cr膜。     

高压干法X65管线钢GMAW焊接接头在模拟海水中的腐蚀行为

高压干法熔化极气体保护焊(简称GMAW)在海底油气管道等水下构件的组装和维修中有着非常广泛的应用,焊接接头在海水中的腐蚀行为对于海底输油管道的安全运行至关重要.通过模拟浸泡试验和极化曲线法研究不同环境压力下(常压,0.3?MPa,0.5?MPa)?X65管线钢干法GMAW焊接接头在人工海水中的腐蚀行为及机理.?结果表明...     

X70管线钢交流腐蚀的影响因素

通过交流腐蚀模拟试验研究了交流电流密度、防腐蚀层的缺陷面积和缺陷形状对X70管线钢交流腐蚀的影响。结果表明:交流干扰下,随交流电流密度的增大,X70管线钢的腐蚀速率增大;相同的交流干扰电压下,缺陷面积越小,通过X70管线钢的交流电流密度越大,腐蚀速率越大;在圆形和不同长宽比的矩形这几种缺陷形状中,长宽比为10∶1长条形缺陷处腐蚀速率最大,矩形缺陷处交流腐蚀速率随缺陷长宽比增大而略微增大。     

X80管线钢在含硫原油中的顶部腐蚀行为

通过腐蚀挂片试验及扫描电子显微镜研究了X80管线钢在含硫原油中、不同硫含量和温差条件下管道顶部的腐蚀行为。研究表明:随着原油溶液中硫离子含量的增加,X80管线钢顶部腐蚀速率先增大后减小;温差为20~70℃时,随温差的增大,腐蚀速率先增大后减小,温差40℃时达到峰值;管道顶部发生了均匀腐蚀,产生致密的FeS2薄层,但在温差较小、水蒸气的冷凝速率较高的情况下,管道顶部表层会生成较厚且多孔的外层膜。