放射性同位素在一些工业产品中的应用

【日本《放射性同位素》1981年7月号第52页报道】一、自发光制品在带放射性的工业产品中,使用最多的是自发光涂料。这种涂料主要用于夜光手     

钷-147发光涂料表面沾污的去污研究

钷-147放射β射线,其最大能量为0.225兆电子伏,有较长的半衰期(2.62年),为较易获得而价廉的裂变产物;它不产生放射性气体,较易防护。由于这些优点,目前钷-147已成为取代镭而作为发光涂料的能源之一。国产钷-147发光粉已广泛应用于国防、钟表和航空、航海仪表等方面。     

512砂岩型铀矿床赋矿砂岩的阴极发光特征及其研究意义(英文)

阴极发光技术是当前岩石和矿物学研究的重要手段之一。该项技术在新疆伊犁盆地512砂岩型铀矿床的首次应用,系统总结了赋矿砂岩石英、长石、岩屑等碎屑和胶结物的阴极发光特征;揭示了碎屑的次生加大、裂隙愈合等成岩演化过程中用常规可视性方法观察不到的许多信息。研究表明,阴极发光技术在了解砂岩型铀矿床赋矿砂岩的成岩作用及探索蚀源区、了解赋矿砂岩的原始孔隙度和渗透率、快速准确的鉴定砂岩碎屑和胶结物成分及其含量、评价砂岩型铀矿床的可地浸性等方面是一种非常有效的手段。利用阴极发光技术还揭示了512铀矿床赋矿砂岩石英碎屑的放射性辐照边。石英碎屑放射性辐照边表明存在一个铀的淋滤和迁移过程,可用它作为一种重要的找矿标志。     

可剥离膜技术在红沿河核电站放射性污染防护中的探索

为探索新型放射性污染防护工艺,寻找更加高效、环保、实用的放射性污染防护方法,红沿河核电站在AC放射性热机修厂房控制区内所属构筑物墙面、地面及设备覆面作为试验对象,采用英国Spraylat International Limited公司生产的Protectapeel E106可剥离膜保护涂料作为模拟试验涂料,选用岩田株式会社生产的W-71-3S小型空气喷枪作为模拟试验喷涂喷枪,采用人工调压喷枪喷涂的方法开展了可剥离膜放射性污染防护试验。试验结果表明,Protectapeel E106可剥离膜保护涂料作为红沿河核电站AC厂房放射性控制区内所属构筑物墙面、地面及设备覆面的放射性污染防护介质,能够起到较好的放射性污染防护作用。     

压水堆安全壳内设备、设施的防护涂层

从现有涂料系统中筛选出适用于核反应堆安全壳内设备、设施的防护涂层是很重要的。本文叙述了秦山核电厂安全壳内常温设备、设施(不包括水箱及类似的一些用于贮存化学试剂、化学溶液设备的衬里)防护涂料系统的确定过程。该涂料系统是通过辐照、放射性沾污后的去污、摸拟失水事故、化学及物理等一系列的试验筛选的。     

BRISOL弱束流剖面成像仪的实验研究

本文介绍了北京放射性核束装置同位素在线分离器中弱束流剖面成像仪的研制情况,包括装置的组成、图像的获取和发光材料CsI对束流的光学响应,给出了初步实验结果。实验结果表明,这种基于CsI(Tl)闪烁晶体的束流剖面成像的方法可用于同位素在线分离器的调束。     

BRISOL系统弱束流剖面成像仪（BPM）实验研究

在串列升级工程中，在线同位素分离器要产生并通过磁分析器分选出所要求的放射性核束，放射性核束束流强度很弱，一般为10^4～10^10s^-1。为了对束流进行有效的诊断，设计了采用在束流轰击时可发光的闪烁体，配合CCD摄像头直接获得光斑图像，进而得到束流分布相关信息的测量装置，即束流剖面成像仪（BPM），其组成如图1所示。     

阴影屏蔽式全身计数器

一、前言 全身测量技术就是使用某种辐射探测器测量人体内的放射性物质发出的γ射线,X射线或其它射线,然后对探测器输出信号进行分析,从而对人体内的放射性物质的种类和含量进行鉴别和定量测定。 早在1929年施伦德(Schlundt)就曾用电离室进行了发光涂料工人体内镭的测定。     

聚乙烯醇基可剥离膜去除不锈钢表面放射性污染的研究

针对放射性热室去污难点，以聚乙烯醇（PVA）作为成膜基材，添加改性淀粉等成分制备可剥离膜涂料，通过改变成膜环境温度及模拟污染液pH值和初始浓度，研究了可剥离膜的稳定性及其对ASUS304钢板表面污染物的施工适宜性和去污性能。结果表明，聚乙烯醇基可剥离膜涂料具有良好的施工性和可剥性，对金属表面单一铀污染物和混合污染物（含钴、锶、铀）的去污率均大于90%。在工装配合下对热室进行去污，取得了极佳的效果，表明本文所研制可剥离膜涂料可用于热室或核设施金属表面的放射性污染去污。     

水泥固化体金属包装材料的腐蚀行为

研究了作为放射性废液的水泥固化体金属包装材料的Ａ３碳钢在实验地大气、水泥固化体和腐蚀液中的腐蚀情况。用失重法测定了Ａ３碳钢的腐蚀速率。在样品表面涂敷不同的涂料（环氧树脂、丙烯酸（ＰＵＲ）瓷漆、丙烷醚树脂和钛白漆等），比较其耐腐蚀性能。实验结果表明：Ａ３碳钢在贮存地大气和水泥固化体中的腐蚀速率小于１０－３ｍｍ·ａ－１，在腐蚀液中小于０．１ｍｍ·ａ－１；腐蚀液的ｐＨ值对Ａ３碳钢的腐蚀速率有影响；涂料中的钛白漆耐蚀性能优于其它涂料。用Ａ３碳钢作水泥固化体金属包装材料可以满足暂存条件的要求     

Wall surface coatings for radioactive room interiors

Problems concerned with coatings and finishes on the walls, floors, and ceilings of rooms in nuclear facilities are discussed. Experience in the use of various internal surface coatings in the USSR is illustrated and inferences are drawn therefrom, and recommendations on their proper use are presented. Data on costs of various materials employed in coatings and finishes are adduced.     

Purex流程中有机无盐试剂的应用分析

文章较系统地讨论了已报道的有机无盐试剂的热力学和动力学研究结果，分析了这些试剂用于Purex流程的可能性，并对今后相应的研究工作提出了建议。     

近壁滑移汽泡沸腾换热机理研究进展

在沸腾换热机理研究中,近壁滑移汽泡的研究日益受到广泛的重视.但是,近壁滑移汽泡的研究还远未成熟.本文探讨了近些年来滑移汽泡换热机理方面的最新研究进展.论述了滑移汽泡的动力特性和换热机制;总结了近壁滑移汽泡的换热机理模型及其计算方法.指出了近壁滑移汽泡动力特性所需要继续深入研究的内容,初步构建了近壁滑移汽泡换热机理模型.最后对近壁滑移汽泡的研究方向提出了建议.     

Hexagonal response matrix using symmetries

Response matrix based on the incoming currents averaged on half-surface of a hexagonal mode is presented by applying theory of symmetry. Boundary conditions of incoming currents on the half-surface of a hexagonal node are expressed by a complete set of orthogonal vectors which are constructed from the symmetrized functions. The expanding coefficients of the functions are determined by the boundary conditions of incoming currents.     

Heat transfer in liquid metals

This article is a survey of basic work on heat transfer between solid surfaces and flowing liquefied metal that has been reported by both Soviet and foreign authors. The results of experiments on heat transfer to liquid metals are analyzed for cases where flow took place in both long and short tubes, flat channels, over bundles of rods and over a plate along their longitudinal directions, across cylinders, with free convection and condensation of liquid metal vapors. The effect of additives on the rate of heat transfer is examined. Questions that arise in connection with boiling of liquid metals are discussed, as are problems of wetting effects on fluid friction and on heat transfer rate. Equations for calculation of heat transfer rates are given.     

辐射流体力学与中子输运并行数值模拟中的联接算法

复杂物理现象通常由多类复杂的物理过程紧耦合构成,其数值模拟也通常由适用不同物理过程的多类并行应用程序紧耦合完成。如何设计这些物理过程之间的联接算法,既要保证程序之间数据传递的高效,又要保证程序各自运行和总体模拟的高效,还要保证程序各自开发的独立,是一个值得研究的课题。文章基于广泛应用于高温高压物理研究中的辐射流体力学和中子输运多物理并行数值模拟,在非结构网格上,提出了两种联接算法:完全松散联接算法和两层紧耦合联接算法。前者侧重于实现程序各自运行的高效和开发的独立,后者在前者的基础上,还权衡了数据传递和总体模拟的高效。在两台并行机的数百个处理机上,通信复杂度分析和数值实验结果表明,两种算法均是有效的,可推广应用到其他多物理并行数值模拟。特别是,两层紧耦合联接算法是高效可扩展的,取得了近似最优的并行性能。     

Dynamic fragility concepts for equipment design and qualification

Fragility concepts are explored for use in the design and qualification of nuclear plant equipment and for relating the ultimate capability of equipment to that of the overall plant. In the most general sense, the fragility level of a device may depend on several different types of environmental stress or challenge factors (i.e., heat, nuclear radiation, vibration, etc.) that influence its operation. However, emphasis is concentrated on the dynamic and particularly the seismic fragility levels of equipment. A general definition of dynamic fragility and various methods for its measurement are described. The state of published data on nuclear equipment fragility is discussed, and limitations on its use are noted. From there, the concept of a standardized seismic fragility data base and its potential uses are considered. Various gaps in the methodology are identified, and recommendations for further research are suggested.     

Transfer Models in a Soil-Plant System Used for Environmental Impact Assessments

Transfer models used for environmental impact assessments are briefly reviewed focusing on a soil-plant system. The transfer models are categorized into two types based on their structures: equilibrium and dynamic models. The chronological development of each model type and the features of selected models are summarized. Trends and future needs for improvement of transfer models are discussed.     

Study of oscillating flow in rolling motion with the fractional derivative Maxwell model

The flowing characteristics in rolling motion are investigated theoretically, with the fractional derivative Maxwell method. The velocity in rolling motion is derived. The effects of rolling motion on Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids are analyzed. The variations of peak velocity and velocity gradient on the wall of these two kinds of fluids are also investigated. The velocity profile of Non-Newtonian fluid is parabolic, with its peak velocity at the centerline. Compared with Non-Newtonian fluid, the effect of rolling motion on Newtonian fluid is more averaged. As to the Newtonian fluid, the peak velocity fluctuates between the wall and the tube center, and it has a peak at the middle of the wall and the centerline. When the peak velocity is at its minimum, there are two peak velocities next to the wall and centerline. Their absolute values are the same, but their symbols are different. The oscillation of velocity gradient on the wall is similar to that of the velocity. Their oscillation period is half of the rolling period. The dimensionless velocity gradient on the wall, whose amplitude is between zero and two, is determined by dimensionless frequency. The effects of rolling period, tube radius and fluid viscosity to the dimensionless velocity gradient on the wall are similar.     

英国BS、德国BTR及中国规范对核电冷却塔载荷取值的探讨

核电冷却塔的设计是核电厂常规岛设计的新课题。由于核电工程对安全性和使用的要求不同于一般火电工程,而电厂冷却塔的设计又是其重要的组成部分。针对英国BS规范、德国BTR规范和中国规范(水工规范)中对冷却塔设计荷载的取值要求进行了分析和比较,得出了一些有意义的结论,以对核电冷却塔设计有参考作用。