NC/Al纳米复合含能材料的制备与表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法和超临界二氧化碳干燥法制备了硝化棉/铝粉(NC/Al)纳米复合材料,并通过红外光谱、比表面积、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及差示扫描量热(DSC)等分析方法对复合材料进行了表征。研究结果表明: 纳米铝粉与NC气凝胶骨架成功复合; 复合材料为平均孔径在20~50 nm之间的介孔材料,纳米铝粉在凝胶中均匀分散; NC/Al纳米复合材料的比表面积随铝粉添加量增加而下降; 复合材料中纳米铝粉与硝化棉质量比为5∶10时, NC组分分解热由空白NC气凝胶的1689.21 J·g-1提高至2408.07 J·g-1。      

三维纳米结构FOX-7的构筑与热分解性能

以具有三维纳米网格结构且可降解的聚缩醛胺气凝胶(PHA)作模板,采用蒸发结晶法,原位诱导1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)结晶析出,得到FOX-7/PHA复合物,然后利用硫酸的稀溶液(10%)降解去掉模板,即可得到具有三维纳米结构的FOX-7(nano-FOX-7)。高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定nano-FOX-7的纯度为99%,说明模板基本去除完全。对样品的形貌、物相、结构和热分解性能进行了表征测试。结果表明,去模板后的nano-FOX-7较为完整地保留了模板PHA的三维纳米网络结构,其中FOX-7的平均晶粒尺寸为83.68 nm。与raw-FOX-7相比,特殊的纳米多孔结构使FOX-7的转晶峰和低温分解峰分别延后11.3℃和21.3℃,放热几乎集中在高温分解峰291.0℃处,分解焓从原料的1309 J·g-1增加到1421 J·g-1,表观活化能提高了128.62 kJ·mol^-1,增幅达31.46%,能量释放效率和热稳定性大幅提高。     

纳米β-Cu的制备及其对超细AP的催化性能

采用湿法机械研磨法制备了纳米2,4-二羟基苯甲酸铜(β-Cu)。通过X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征了β-Cu颗粒的结构、粒径及形貌。同时,研究了纳米β-Cu对高氯酸铵(AP)的催化性能。结果表明,β-Cu颗粒粒径约为100 nm,呈类球形。DSC分析表明,纳米β-Cu对6μm和1μm超细AP具有显著的催化作用,可使二者的高温分解峰温分别降低至373.1℃和351.2℃;表观分解热分别增加至1529 J·g-1和1513 J·g-1;反应速率常数分别提高近10倍。相比6μm AP,纳米β-Cu对1μm AP具有更好的催化效果,使其高温分解峰温更低,反应速率常数更大。     

纳米Al粉的结构和性能表征

采用自悬浮定向流法制备金属纳米A l粉。用透射电镜(TEM)、X射线能量色散谱(EDAX)、X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见光吸收光谱(UV-V is)和差示扫描量热-热重法(DSC-TG)对纳米微晶形貌、粒度、结构和性能进行了研究。结果表明:纳米A l粉的平均粒径为50 nm,颗粒基本为球形,放置半年后含氧量为8.2%,最大的吸收峰出现在波长为253 nm处。在Ar气流中,在780℃时纳米铝粉增重约20%,熔化峰位置为654.8℃,熔化吸热为136 J.g-1。     

NGO/NC复合含能材料的制备及热分解性能

为了提高硝化纤维素(NC)的热分解性能,以硝化石墨烯(NGO)作为含能燃烧催化剂与NC进行复合,制备了NGO/NC复合含能材料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别研究了NGO/NC复合含能材料的结构和形貌,采用同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)研究了NGO对NC热分解的催化性能。结果表明,当NGO的添加量为1%时,NC的结构不会明显改变,NGO/NC复合含能材料为多孔的三维网络状,且NC的表观分解热由339 J·g~(-1)增加至2132 J·g~(-1),放热峰温度由201℃提高至213℃,质量损失为96%,表明NGO的加入提高了热稳定性,增加了表观放热量。     

Fe2O3／Al纳米复合铝热剂的制备及其反应特性研究

利用溶胶-凝胶法,通过引入1,2-环氧丙烷作为Fe(Ⅲ)离子的水解促进剂,在温和、无毒的条件下一步实现纳米Al和无定形铁氧化物的复合,得到Fe2O3/Al纳米复合铝热剂.利用SEM、EDS、XRD和DSC对样品的形貌、结构和热反应特性进行表征,结果表明:真空干燥得到的Fe2O3干凝胶粒子为无定形结构,尺寸约20nm,Fe2O3干凝胶粒子紧密地包裹着纳米Al粒子,形成核壳结构的Fe2O3/Al纳米复合物;Fe2O3/Al的热反应放热峰分别出现在561.8℃和773.2℃,总放热量达到1 648J·g-1,说明其点火和能量性能明显优于传统铝热剂.     

FOX-7合成过程中硝化反应的热危险性

利用全自动反应量热器(RC1e)测定了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)合成过程中的硝化反应热释放速率及传热系数、比热容。结果表明硝化反应加料过程中的平均放热速率约为80 W,保温反应过程中的平均放热速率约为40 W,物料放热量为375.22 kJ·mol-1,理论绝热温升为483.8 K。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法分析了中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5,5-二硝基嘧啶-4,6-二酮的热稳定性,其分解分为两个阶段,起始分解温度为30℃,第一阶段分解峰温为67.01℃,放热量为201.2 J·g-1;第二阶段分解峰温为87.15℃,放热量为1046.6 J·g-1,表明中间体的热稳定性较差。     

包覆对新型炸药2，6-二氨基-3，5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物某些性能的影响

采用溶液-水悬浮-蒸馏法,以氟橡胶F2311和丁腈橡胶(NBR)包覆2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶-1-氧化物(ANPyO),利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重分析法(TG)和感度试验表征包覆前后ANPyO的结构和性能.试验结果表明,用F2311和NBR包覆后的ANPyO热分解峰值温度分别下降了8.3℃和7.8℃,分解热分别提高了282.4 J·g-1和41.5 J·g-1.包覆后颗粒变大.红外光谱中N-H特征峰分别红移了2 cm-1和3.9 cm-1至3280.6 cm-1和3367.4 cm-1,氮杂原子的特征峰红移了5.8 cm-1至1232.4 cm-1.撞击感度由16%分别下降为14%和10%,摩擦感度由30%分别下降为26%和28%.通过对F2311和NBR包覆后ANPyO结构和性质的分析,包覆对ANPyO有一定的降感作用.     

溶胶凝胶法制备RDX/RF纳米复合含能材料

以间苯二酚和甲醛为原料,Na2CO3.10H2O为催化剂,采用溶胶凝胶法,通过RDX在间苯二酚-甲醛树脂(RF)形成的纳米网格中结晶,制备了RDX/RF纳米复合含能材料。用原子力显微镜(AFM),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),BET比表面积分析仪对其结构进行了表征。结果表明,RF凝胶网格尺寸在几个纳米到几十个纳米之间,RDX/RF凝胶中的RDX晶粒大小平均为38 nm。空白RF气凝胶的比表面积达551.5 m2.g-1,炸药填充后样品比表面积为142.7 m2.g-1。与同组分的机械混合物相比,RDX/RF复合物的热分解峰提前约25℃,机械感度有所降低。     

1-氨基-2-硝基胍的热行为（英）

用差示扫描量热法(DSC),微量热仪和热重-微分热重分析(TG/DTG)研究了1-氨基-2-硝基胍(ANQ)的热分解行为、比热容和绝热至爆时间.结果表明,ANQ的热行为分为相连的两个剧烈放热分解过程.5 ℃·rmin-1下两个分解过程的峰温分别为192.5℃和196.2℃,总共的分解焓为-2075 J·g-1.第一分解阶段的表观活化能和指前因子分别为224.3 kJ·mol-1和1023.15 s-1.自加速分解温度和热爆炸临界温度分别为184.5℃和192.7℃.298.15 K时摩尔比热容为145.5 J·mol-1·K-1.估算的绝热至爆时间约为60 s,表明ANQ的热稳定性良好.     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.