泥岩实时细观破坏过程及其声发射事件产生机制研究

利用自制的与CT系统和声发射系统配套的加载装置,研究了泥岩在破坏过程中裂纹、孔隙等变化规律及与声发射事件之间的关系.研究表明:从CT图像可以观测到不同加载阶段试件中微裂纹闭合、扩展、分叉等细观损伤活动,声发射事件的空间分布规律很好地反映了内部微破裂、微裂纹的演化过程,定位结果与裂纹发育区域较一致.破坏模式不同反映了破坏过程和破坏机理的不同,破坏从规模较大的原生微裂纹处起裂,起裂载荷约为峰值载荷的80%,无原生裂纹区域和含坚硬夹层区域发生突发性脆性破坏,坚硬夹层对破坏模式起控制作用.声发射事件主要来源于加载初期新生裂纹的形成、原生裂纹的压密及裂纹的稳定扩展,此时声发射信号为突发型.裂纹的起裂和非稳定扩展过程不能形成声发射事件,此时声发射信号为连续型.能量累积陡增是裂纹起裂、分叉及宏观破坏的标志.     

单轴压缩下不同层理方向对片麻岩声发射特征影响的试验研究

为探究不同层理方向岩体的损伤演化规律和变形破坏中的声发射特征,选用具有明显层理构造的片麻岩试样开展单轴压缩条件下的声发射试验,分析轴向平行和垂直层理片麻岩试样失稳破裂、声发射时序参数和声发射空间定位演化特征。结果表明:不同层理方向对岩石破裂影响显著,轴向平行层理片麻岩试样峰值载荷稍高于轴向垂直层理的,裂纹起裂应力水平较高,声发射定位点由加载初期离散无序分布转为向沿层理聚集,破裂时主裂隙沿层理面贯通上下端或沿层理扩展形成垮落区,最终表现为典型的张拉破坏,岩石达到峰值载荷后瞬间失稳,呈突发式破坏特征;轴向垂直层理试样起裂应力水平较低,进入声发射剧烈期参数波动更为显著,事件点在试样中部聚集产生倾斜带状剪切裂纹密集区,破裂时出现多种破裂模式,主要以剪切滑移破坏为主。岩石达到峰值载荷后应力发生多次跌落,呈渐进式破坏特征。     

花岗岩单轴压缩力学特性试验及数值模拟

采用电液伺服试验机对花岗岩进行单轴压缩试验, 利用RFPA 模拟岩石破裂过程, 详细分析了单轴压缩下花岗岩各特征应力大小、损伤过程、破坏模式及裂纹扩展规律。结果表明: 花岗岩在单轴压缩下裂纹闭合应力、裂纹起始应力、损伤应力分别占峰值应力的41. 1%、58. 7%、88. 3%; 在损伤变量的基础上提出损伤变量临界值, 以应变值为基础建立花岗岩损伤与裂隙演化之间的联系, 定量分析了花岗岩裂隙演化4 个阶段下损伤变量的变化; 花岗岩单轴压缩下破坏模式与主裂隙方向有关, 当主裂隙方向和轴向压应力方向平行时, 花岗岩发生竖向劈裂破坏, 当主裂隙方向与轴向压应力方向存在夹角时, 花岗岩发生竖向劈裂与剪切组合破坏; 根据RFPA 2D 模拟得到花岗岩破裂结果, 发现当加载应力达到峰值应力的46. 9%时, 花岗岩内部出现局部的微损伤, 当加载应力达到峰值应力的63. 3%时, 花岗岩内部的微损伤累积引起局部的微裂纹, 当加载应力达到峰值应力的88. 3%时, 花岗岩内部的微裂纹汇聚形成显裂纹, 在显裂纹区域出现应力集中现象, 使得显裂纹相互贯通, 最终导致花岗岩的宏观破坏。     

混凝土损伤演化声发射和超声波时-频-空联合响应

为了实现对混凝土结构受载损伤评估、全面认识其失稳前兆响应行为及演化机制,本文设计了混凝土材料分级加载条件下声发射和超声波主被动同步监测方案,结合试样内部裂隙发育过程分析了受载混凝土声发射和超声波时域-频域-空间多角度多参量联合时变响应特征,基于超声波速场分布特征推演了试样损伤场的时空响应规律,借助声发射微裂纹发育定位解释了试样损伤场的动态迁移路径及演化机制.结果表明:混凝土损伤发育经历了本身非均匀向均匀的同步性变化,再向非均匀的差异性变化过程,该损伤发育特征与声发射和超声波的时域-频域参量动态时变响应规律一致;而试样失稳主破裂空间位置与波速场狭长条带状低波速区及声发射高能量定位事件聚集区均相吻合;分级加载过程中应力及时间对试样损伤具有双重累积效应,表现出低值稳定—快速增加—平静—急速增加4阶段时变特征。声发射参量a_P和a_E能定量表征该效应,试样临破坏时a_P和a_E从0.6左右急速增大2.0,故可以把该参量视为混凝土失稳的前兆特征信号.     

橡胶集料混凝土细观损伤特性的加载速率效应

基于颗粒离散元理论,选取对应不同级别应变率的0.001、0.01、0.1、1.0、3.0 m/s五种加载速率,模拟实现普通混凝土(NC)和橡胶集料混凝土(CRC)单轴抗压强度试验,系统分析了加载速率对本构关系、裂纹扩展、细观损伤及能量演化的影响规律。结果表明:材料的单轴抗压强度以及相应峰值应变随加载速率增的加呈现非线性增长关系,CRC较NC表现出更为明显的加载速率敏感性;加载速率与NC裂纹生成速率呈现负相关关系。而与CRC裂纹生成速率呈正相关关系。提出了两种材料细观损伤变量与加载速率间的拟合方程,拟合效果较好,同时分析了不同加载速率对材料弹性应变能和动能的演化规律影响。     

加载速率对煤岩损伤及声发射特征影响的数值模拟研究

为研究加载速率对煤岩损伤及声发射特征的影响,利用RFPA2D数值模拟软件,以加载速率0.001,0.003,0.005 mm/步对煤岩试样进行数值模拟试验。结果表明,加载速率对煤岩的损伤特征和声发射特征都具有一定的影响。随着加载速率的增加,宏观损伤出现的时间逐渐减小,呈现负相关性;不同加载速率下煤样破裂过程中的声发射峰值计数和峰值能量随着加载速率的增加逐渐增大,呈现正相关关系;不同加载速率下煤样破裂过程中的声发射累计计数和累计能量随着加载速率的增加逐渐减小,呈现出负相关关系。     

裂隙岩体水力劈裂的颗粒离散元数值模拟

利用颗粒离散元软件PFC2D从细观角度初步模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂的发展过程,并分析影响水力劈裂的部分因素。研究结果表明,以初始裂缝尖端处的接触黏结破坏作为水力劈裂发生的标志,可以较真实地模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂时裂缝的产生和扩展过程。数值模拟结果表明,初始裂缝的相对长度、岩体的渗透性以及水压力的加载速率等因素均对水力劈裂的起裂压力有较大影响。起裂压力随着岩体初始裂缝长度的增加、水压加载速率的加快而降低,随着岩体渗透性的增加而有较明显提高。这些规律与现有的理论和研究结果是一致的,从而验证了采用颗粒离散元模拟裂隙岩体水力劈裂的可行性。     

深埋大理岩三轴压缩渐近破坏裂纹扩展特征研究

为深入研究深埋大理岩渐进变形破坏过程中裂纹扩展特征,基于常规三轴室内试验完成数值模拟参数标定,利用PFC_3D^{颗粒流模型对深埋大理岩开展}25MPa、50MPa、80MPa三种不同围压下的裂纹扩展数值模拟试验,根据大理岩加载过程中微裂纹演化状态参数,定义三种特征应力,并据此展开深埋大理岩渐进破坏过中的宏、细观破坏特征及其对应裂纹扩展特征的规律研究。结果表明：(1)。室内试验与数值模拟的应力应变曲线相吻合,峰值应力相差较小,破坏形式与室内试验一致,故数值模拟参数标定合理。低围压下应力应变曲线出现的应力降最为明显,高围压下出现的应力降最小。(2)依据总裂纹、张拉裂纹和剪切裂纹扩展数量演化曲线斜率变化规律,将深埋大理岩渐进破坏过程划分为弹性压缩阶段、裂纹稳定扩展阶段、裂纹加速扩展阶段和峰后残余阶段四个阶段,根据裂纹数量定义三个特征应力点。(3)随着围压的增加,深埋大理岩达到起裂应力σ_ci时裂纹从两端开始萌发,加载至损伤应力σ_cd点时向中间扩展,达到峰值应力σ_c点时在宏观破坏面附近扩展、增生,加载至峰值点后70%峰值应力点时最终形成以剪切破坏为主的贯通宏观破坏面。(4)随着围压的增加,裂纹出现的范围更广,贯通性减弱,峰值应力σ_c点处产生的裂纹对宏观破坏产生的影响更为剧烈,峰后残余阶段张拉裂纹发育更明显。     

岩石-充填体组合模型力学特性及微裂纹演化特征颗粒流模拟

为深入分析中心圆柱体直径D对组合体力学特性及微裂纹时空演化规律的影响,借助PFC颗粒流软件,分别构建D为10,20,30,40 mm的岩石包裹充填体(BER)及充填体包裹岩石(REB)组合模型,然后开展单轴压缩实验。结果表明:1)两种组合模型峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量均介于完整充填体和完整岩石之间;随D增加,BER模型峰值应力以线性方式降低、峰值应变以多项式函数方式降低、弹性模量以线性方式降低,而REB模型正好相反;2)BER模型起裂应力及损伤应力随D增加呈线性趋势降低、REB模型起裂应力及损伤应力随D增加呈线性增加趋势;两种模型起裂应力及损伤应力与峰值应力比值均介于完整充填体与完整岩石之间;3)不同模型其内部微裂纹时空演化规律基本一致,充填体内部先出现微裂纹,然后微裂纹数量迅速增加,之后逐渐扩展至岩石内部,最后逐渐贯通形成宏观裂纹,组合模型失稳破坏.     

压应力对铝合金长短疲劳裂纹尖端应力影响有限元分析

应用弹塑性有限元方法,研究压应力对铝合金长短疲劳裂纹尖端应力场、塑性区的影响.分别建立两个具有长短中心穿透裂纹高强铝合金板的有限元模型,进行拉压加载模拟分析.结果表明,压应力对铝合金长短疲劳裂纹尖端应力有显著影响,相同的应力强度因子条件下,在一拉-压加载周期,当拉应力减小到零时裂纹尖端应力不为零,裂纹尖端应力对裂尖的挤...     

Space–time evolution rules of acoustic emission location of unloaded coal sample at different loading rates

By using MTS815 rock mechanics test system, a series of acoustic emission (AE) location experiments were performed under unloading confining pressure, increasing the axial stress. The AE space–time evolution regularities and energy releasing characteristics during deformation and failure process of coal of different loading rates are compared, the influence mechanism of loading rates on the microscopic crack evolution were studied, combining the AE characteristics and the macroscopic failure modes of the specimens, and the precursory characteristics of coal failure were also analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that as the loading rate is higher, the AE activity and the main fracture will begin earlier. The destruction of coal body is mainly the function of shear strain at lower loading rate and tension strain at higher rate, and will transform from brittleness to ductility at critical velocities. When the deformation of the coal is mainly plasticity, the amplitude of the AE ringing counting rate increases largely and the AE energy curves appear an obvious “step”, which can be defined as the first failure precursor point. Statics of AE information shows that the strongest AE activity begins when the axial stress level was 92–98%, which can be defined as the other failure precursor point. As the loading rate is smaller, the coal more easily reaches the latter precursor point after the first one, so attention should be aroused to prevent dynamic disaster in coal mining when the AE activity reaches the first precursor point.     

Mechanical behavior of coal under different mining rates: A case study from laboratory experiments to field testing

During deep mining, the excavation disturbance stress path is the domination factor for the stability of the surrounding rock mass as well as the ground pressure. One of the important parameters of the stress path is the loading or unloading rate of the disturbed rock or coal, which depended on the mining rate. To achieve a well understanding of the mining rate and its effect on the coal behavior, a preliminary case investigation of the mechanical properties of the coal at the various mining rates in both the laboratory scale and field scale was performed. Based on the uniaxial compression test and the digital image correlation(DIC) method, the mechanical behavior of the coal samples, such as the evolution of the strength,surface deformation, crack propagation, and elastic strain energy of the coal under the various loading rates were analyzed. A threshold range of the loading rate has been observed. The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) and releasable elastic strain energy(Ue) increase with increasing loading rate when the loading rate is below the threshold. Otherwise, the UCS and Uemay decrease with the loading rate.Under the low loading rate( 0.05 mm/min), the tensile deformation of the original defects could result in crack coalescence, whereas failure of the coal matrix is the key contributor to the crack coalescence under the high loading rate(greater than 0.05 mm/min). Afterwards, with the consideration of the bearing capacity(UCS) and energy release of the mining-disturbed coal mass(Ue), a power exponential relationship between the mining rate(MR) in the field and the critical loading rate(vc) in the laboratory was proposed. The application potential of the formulas was then validated against the field monitored data.Finally, based on the critical loading rate, the released strain energy, and the monitored pressure on the roof supports, a reasonable mining rate MRfor the Ji 15-31030 working face was determined to be approximately 3 m/d.     

Analysis of Dynamic Tensile Process of Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Acoustic Emission Technique

The fiber reinforced concrete has good dynamic mechanical properties. But corresponding research lacks the dynamic damage characteristics of the polypropylene fiber (fiber of low elastic modulus) and steel fiber (fiber of high elastic modulus) reinforced concrete under medium strain rate (10^-6 s^-1-10^-4 s^-1). In order to study the effect of strain rate on the damage characteristics of fiber reinforced concrete during the full curve damage process, the real time dynamic acoustic emission (AE) technique was applied to monitor the damage process of fiber reinforced concrete at three strain rates. The AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band and average AE peak frequency at three strain rates were analyzed. With the accumulation of damage, the AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band increased first and then decreased, and the average AE peak frequency increased gradually. With the increase of strain rate, the AE wavelet energy spectrum in ca8 frequency band and average AE peak frequency decreased gradually. The polypropylene fiber content has more obvious effect on the Dynamic increase factor (DIF) of the peak stress than the steel fiber content. The theoretical basis was provided for the monitoring of dynamic damage of fiber reinforced concrete based on the AE technique.     

Experimental Study on AE Characteristics of Granite under Uniaxial Tension at Different Strain Rates

To investigate the acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of quasi-brittle materials like rock and concrete,and to further analyze their damage and failure mechanism under seismic and other dynamic loads,the uniaxial tension test of granite cylinder specimens within the strain rate range of 10~(-7)-10~(-4) s~(-1) was monitored by AE technology,and the typical AE characteristic parameters were analyzed using statistical and correlation analysis.The experimental results show that,with the increase of strain rate,the peak of AE hit rate appears earlier and increases;the proportion of AE hits with higher duration or amplitude increases significantly,the b-value shows a decreasing trend,and the distribution of AE frequency-amplitude is increasingly discrete.In addition,the obvious characteristic of double dominant frequency bands was observed in AE waveforms by using spectrum analysis,with the increase of strain rate,the percentage of A-type waveforms corresponding to low dominant frequency band increases,while that of D-type waveforms corresponding to high ones decreases accordingly,which is significance for the further study of the damage and failure mechanism of quasi-brittle materials.     

钢筋混凝土板裂缝对声发射波传播特征影响

目前利用声发射技术对混凝土结构进行裂缝定位或损伤检测时,并没有考虑已存在裂缝对声发射波传播特征的影响,这往往会使检测结果产生较大的偏差.为了探究裂缝参数对声发射波传播特征的影响,对3个不同保护层厚度的钢筋混凝土板试件进行了四点静力加载破坏试验和声发射测试,研究了裂缝深度、宽度、数量对钢筋混凝土板声发射波速和振幅衰减等传播特征的影响规律.试验和分析结果表明:裂缝深度对声发射传播特征的影响显著,声发射振幅衰减随裂缝深度增大而增大,声发射波速随裂缝深度增大而减小;声发射波速和振幅衰减几乎不随裂缝数量、宽度两参数变化而变化.在此基础上,提出考虑裂缝影响的修正波速时差定位法,进一步探讨了与采用传统时差定位法相比对钢筋混凝土损伤定位的影响,结果显示,基于修正波速的时差定位法对钢筋混凝土板进行损伤定位精度更高.     

花岗岩-喷射混凝土梁损伤的声发射可视化表征

为研究输水隧洞围岩-喷射混凝土衬砌结构的协同抗弯损伤特性,制备两种花岗岩-喷射混凝土组合梁进行不同加载速率的四点弯曲试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)和声发射(AE)两种无损监测技术对花岗岩-喷射混凝土组合梁的四点弯曲试验进行监测。结果表明：在裂缝从喷射混凝土中扩展至花岗岩表面时,荷载-应变曲线在峰后下降段出现明显的拐点,该拐点可以作为花岗岩起裂的标志;通过声发射技术对喷射混凝土中的损伤类型识别发现,剪切损伤所占的比例随着应变率的提高而增加。为实现对组合梁内部损伤的可视化分析,利用声发射损伤定位数据计算了空间b值。结合损伤定位在空间中的密度分布规律,给空间b值附加系数后构建新的Rb值。与空间b值相比,Rb值的云图对不同损伤程度的区分度更高,改善了损伤可视化分析的效果。最后,将Rb值定位的损伤云图与DIC监测到的裂缝云图进行对比,验证了这种利用声发射技术对损伤进行可视化分析方法的有效性。     

三维动静组合加载下花岗岩能量耗散试验研究

利用改造的三维霍普金森试验系统(split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB),选取4个轴压水平(25, 50, 75和100 MPa)和4个围压水平(0, 5, 10和15 MPa),对应开展4种应变率(约70, 90, 110和130 s^-1)下花岗岩三维动静组合加载试验研究,分析静载轴压、静载围压和应变率对花岗岩受冲击过程中能量耗散的影响规律,并讨论其破坏模式。试验结果表明:轴压增大时,花岗岩破坏时单位体积吸收能逐渐降低;围压或应变率增大时,单位体积吸收能逐渐升高。岩石储能极限在能量耗散过程中发挥关键作用,且不同情况下具体表现不同:储能极限与初始储能的差值影响岩石受冲击时的吸能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段初期时,储能极限与初始储能的比值决定岩石受冲击时的释能值;当岩石在静载下进入损伤阶段后期甚至发生屈服时,储能极限值正比于岩石释能值。此外,岩石破坏模式与单位体积耗散能关系密切:应变率相似静载组合变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈负相关;静载组合确定应变率梯度变化时,破碎程度与单位体积吸收能变化呈正相关。     

单轴循环冲击下花岗岩力学特性与损伤演化机理

为研究循环冲击荷载下黑云母花岗岩的动态力学特性,利用改进的分离式霍普金森压杆,选取4种不同的入射波应力幅值对花岗岩试样进行等幅循环冲击,并对相关机理和试验现象进行探析.结果表明:入射波应力幅值为110.57和90.48 MPa时,随着冲击次数的增加,岩样的峰值应力逐渐降低,最大应变、平均应变率和损伤值均呈现增大趋势;入射波应力幅值为70.82 MPa时,花岗岩的峰值应力随着冲击次数的增加表现出先增强后降低的特性,而最大应变、平均应变率与损伤值则表现出相反规律;入射波应力幅值降为50.69 MPa时,岩样的力学性质基本不变,岩样未见明显的损伤.此外,研究还发现基于岩样静态压缩应力-应变曲线推求的静态裂纹起裂应力,经强度增长比例系数放大后可得到动态裂纹起裂应力,籍此能较好地解释上述循环冲击试验中所观测到的现象.     

压弯组合应力下高强钢表面裂纹

分析了压应力对表面裂纹应力强度因子的影响,给出了压力影响修正系和压弯组合应力作用下表面裂纺形貌变化的统一表达式,提出用焊接角度板和轴向加载获得压弯组合应力来模拟潜艇耐压壳锥－柱焊接结合区的应力特征的实验方法,用980高强钢作试件,对压弯组合应力作用下的表面裂纹的疲劳行为进行了实验研究,描述了压弯疲劳载荷下面的裂纹形貌变化。     

单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究

基于声发射事件空间分布的柱覆盖分形模型,利用MTS815 Flex Test GT岩石力学试验系统和PCI-2声发射（AE）三维定位实时监测系统,对瀑布沟水电站地下厂房花岗岩单轴压缩损伤破坏过程中声发射事件空间分布的分形特征进行了研究。结果表明,声发射事件随应力增加逐渐活跃,加载初期声发射数量较少,应力接近峰值强度时,声发射事件累计数曲线呈指数上升。声发射事件的空间分布随应力增加是一个降维过程,其空间分维D在3~2内变化,峰值强度时,其值最小。弹性阶段后期,岩石内部微破裂开始向破坏面集聚,声发射空间分维D下降幅度明显增大。声发射空间分维恰当地表征了声发射事件空间分布的复杂程度。研究结论揭示了岩石声发射事件空间分布的分形特征,室内试验结果与文献对岩爆研究结果相吻合,可为现场监测应用提供理论指导。