中空45钢棒材摩擦焊接工艺研究

为了改善大直径中空45~#钢棒材的连续驱动摩擦焊接性,采用二级加压方法进行了外径42 mm,内径26 mm的45~#钢连续驱动摩擦焊接.试验结果表明,焊接热输入随着摩擦时间、旋转速度的增大而增大,当摩擦时间较短、旋转速度较低时,采用较大的顶锻力、二级摩擦力不能显著增加焊接热输入,导致无法顶锻,产生严重的焊接缺陷.对于无缺陷接头,接头最大强度系数达到80.9%,接头中未发现熔化现象,焊缝发生动态再结晶,热机影响区和部分正火区出现魏氏体组织.接头冲击试验发现,力学性能优异的接头薄弱区位于部分正火区,而焊接热输入较高的接头薄弱区位于热机影响区.焊接热输入较低难于获得缺陷的焊接接头,焊接热输入过大显著降低接头力学性能.     

旋转摩擦焊接头焊合机理研究

以Q235低碳钢为母材,研究了摩擦时间和顶锻压力对旋转摩擦焊接头焊合率和冶金质量的影响规律并分析了接头焊合机理。结果表明,不同焊接参数下已焊合区域的拉伸强度基本相同且均大于或等于母材强度,焊接参数影响的只是接头焊合率(焊合率:接头横截面焊缝焊合部分长度与总长度之比),因此提出将焊合率作为焊接质量的评价标准。进一步研究表明,在其他参数不变的情况下,焊合率随顶锻压力的增大而增大,但增大速率逐渐趋缓,当顶锻压力达到某临界值后,焊合率达到100%,对所需临界压力进行了分析并得出了其计算方法;随着摩擦时间的增加,轴向缩短量增大,焊合率减小,焊接界面温度升高,高温区变宽,焊后再结晶区域加宽且晶粒尺寸变大。近缝区组织呈流线状,且晶粒大小不均匀。最终得出,大顶锻压力,短摩擦时间有助于提高焊合率,减小晶粒尺寸小,提升接头整体质量。     

电磁场对高速钢与45钢感应摩擦焊接的影响

利用电磁场对金属材料产生的"场致效应",调节摩擦焊接表面的温度场,以改善异种金属摩擦焊接组织及性能.研究了外加电磁场对W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢和45钢摩擦焊缝显微组织、合金元素扩散及焊接接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,摩擦加热阶段施加电磁场使45钢近缝区铁素体的数量减少;而在顶锻阶段施加电磁场,使45钢侧铁素体数量有所增多.同时,在顶锻阶段施加电磁场作用时,主要合金元素C、Cr、W的扩散区宽度明显增大.在顶锻阶段采用较短的电磁场施加时间和较低的感应电流强度,可以提高W6Mo5Cr4V2高速钢和45钢摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度.     

电塑性摩擦焊接热力过程研究

探讨了强电场环境下LY12铝合金摩擦焊接的热力过程，并采用多元纡性回归法计算了LY12铝合金初始摩擦系数。结果表明，强电场的引入降低了摩擦焊接妆始峰值扭矩和平衡扭矩，且电场强度越大。摩擦焊接初始峰值扭矩和平衡扭矩值越低。焊接接头的轴向缩短量越大，而电场环境下摩擦焊接界面的最高温度则与无电场作用时基本相同；此外，LY12铝合金的初始摩擦系数随摩擦界面温度升高而增大，随摩擦压力的增大而降低。有电场作用时的数值较无电场时略低。     

喷射成形7055铝合金摩擦焊焊接接头结构与性能

采用连续驱动摩擦焊方法对喷射成形7055铝棒进行了摩擦焊接试验,并对焊接接头的宏观形貌、微观组织和性能进行了分析。试验结果表明:焊接接头的热输入量对于接头外观成形影响较大,当转速为1470r/min时,采用一级时间5s,二级位移2mm,顶锻时间5s,一级压力、二级压力和顶锻压力分别为1MPa、4MPa和4MPa的参数进行焊接时能获得外观成形良好、性能优良的的焊接接头。根据接头明显的区域特征可将其分为四部分:WZ、HMAZI、HMAZII和HAZ;在WZ区、HMAZI区和HMAZII区均发生了动态再结晶,组织致密,晶粒细小;硬度最高区域为HMAZI区,可达原始材料的85%左右;接头导电率可以达到原始材料的水平。     

异种钛合金连续驱动摩擦焊稳态阶段粘塑性区平均温度的解析计算

针对异种组配连续驱动摩擦焊,通过引入热量分配系数得到了焊接稳态阶段粘塑性区平均温度的解析模型,利用此解析模型计算了TC4/TC17和TC11/TC17两种异种钛合金组配在恒定焊接转速、变轴向压力和恒定轴向压力、变焊接转速下的焊接稳态阶段粘塑性区平均温度,并将计算结果与用红外热成像仪记录的实际温度进行了对比。结果表明:当焊接转速一定时,平均温度随着轴向压力的增加而下降;当轴向压力一定时,平均温度随着焊接转速的增大而上升;当焊接参数一定时,异种组配TC17侧的稳态阶段粘塑性区平均温度均低于TC4或TC11侧。在实验所处范围内平均温度的计算值和实测值吻合良好,其偏差均不超过7%,表明本文提出的解析模型是可靠的。     

连续驱动摩擦焊接头的特征形貌和性能

通过引入接头形貌特征参量表征因子(取粘径比α=粘合区长度/原始直径,比例因子η=外缘热影响区宽度/中心热影响区宽度),研究了摩擦压力和摩擦时间等工艺参数对45号钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头的形貌及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着摩擦压力的升高粘径比α先升高后降低,而比例因子η持续升高;当摩擦压力为60 MPa时,随着摩擦时间的延长粘径比α不断增大,而比例因子η则不断减小。当综合因子δ(δ=η/α)为1.15-1.31时摩擦焊接头的热输入量适中,接头的力学性能良好,可作为45号钢连续驱动摩擦焊接头良好焊接工艺规范的制定原则。     

几何参数对环件摩擦焊接轴向缩短量的影响

环件的几何参数对惯性摩擦焊接轴向缩短量的影响很大.建立了惯性摩擦焊接过程的轴对称模型,运用大变形弹塑性有限元法分析了GH4169合金环件内径和壁厚对轴向缩短量的影响规律.研究表明:当环件壁厚给定时,轴向缩短量随着环件内径的增大呈先增大后减小的规律;当环件内径给定时,轴向缩短量随着壁厚增大而快速减小,直至壁厚超过某一临界尺寸;轴向缩短量的计算数据与实验数据符合较好.     

2024铝合金水下搅拌摩擦焊热力耦合仿真分析

目的 优化搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数,以提高接头的力学性能。方法 基于ABAQUS软件建立了热力耦合有限元模型,使用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法对典型的航空航天用板材2024铝合金的水下搅拌摩擦焊接过程进行了仿真研究。分析了搅拌摩擦焊接过程中板材的温度场分布和材料变形情况,同时研究了前进侧和后退侧相应位置材料的流动特征,进一步讨论了搅拌头冷却速度和摩擦因数对焊接温度和材料流变场的影响。结果 当摩擦因数较小时,针对焊接过程的有限元模拟将会失败;前进侧和后退侧材料变形和流动差异显著;焊接温度和等效应变随摩擦因数的增大而升高,随冷却速度的增大而降低。结论 当摩擦因数为0.8时,能较好地完成焊接。相对于空冷,水冷能明显缩短高温持续时间。     

不同摩擦压力下TB2线性摩擦焊过程参量的变化规律研究

目的 深入分析钛合金线性摩擦焊接过程,掌握焊接参数变化时各摩擦阶段过程参量的变化规律及其与接头质量的关系。方法 采用不同摩擦压力进行TB2钛合金线性摩擦焊接试验,基于信号采集获得了焊接过程典型参量的变化曲线。结果 曲线特征分析表明,摩擦压力40 MPa时,在设定时间内未达到稳定摩擦阶段,曲线特征异常,接头明显未焊合。随摩擦压力增大至70和100 MPa,各曲线变化规律与线性摩擦焊接4个典型阶段相吻合,分别得到焊缝宽度不同的无缺陷接头。70 MPa下摩擦剪力过渡平缓,界面塑性金属的产生与挤出较为协调,焊接过程的稳定性及接头质量易于得到控制。结论 通过对比不同参数下焊接过程参量的变化规律,有助于认识不同线性摩擦焊接过程的内在差异,从而判断接头质量并选取合适的焊接参数。     

Modeling of continuous drive friction welding of mild steel

In this study, a two-dimensional model was developed for continuous drive friction welding (CDFW) of mild steel based on the redevelopment environment of ABAQUS software. The influences of axial pressure and rotating speed on interface temperature and axial shortening were examined. The results show that increasing axial pressure, the weld interface can reach a quasi-stable temperature more quickly and the axial shortening will be larger. Similar findings were observed with increasing the rotating speed. In addition, with the increase of friction time, the interface temperature remains stable and axial shortening increases linearly with time. Experiments with mild steel bars were also conducted. The simulation results are comparable to the experiments.     

Effect of friction time on flash shape and axial shortening of linear friction welded 45 steel

The influence of friction time on the flash (upset metal) shape and axial shortening during linear friction welding of 45 steel under an appropriate welding condition was examined. It was found that a sound weld with the fine structures could be formed as the friction time not less than 3 s. The axial shortening was exponentially increased with increasing the friction time. The periodical ridges presented in the flash were formed through the reciprocating motion and expelling of the plasticized materials. The flash in the friction direction presents an undulating-ribbon structure, while that in the vertical direction looks like a little curly swirl. The curved ridges were caused by the non-uniform extrusion rates of materials in the middle and edge resulting from the non-uniform temperatures.     

Effect of friction welding parameters on mechanical and metallurgical properties of aluminium alloy 5052–A36 steel joint

Abstract

The mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded joints between type 5052 aluminium alloy and type A36 steel have been studied in the present work. Joint strength increased with increasing upset pressure and friction time until it reached a crictical value. The strength of the joint settled at a lower value, compared with that of the base metal, in the case of increasing friction time, caused by the formation of an intermediate phase (intermetallic compound, oxides). The microstructure of 5052 alloy was greatly deformed near the weld interface, and underwent dynamic recrystallisation owing to frictional heat and deformation resulting from the friction welding process. Therefore, a very fine and equiaxed grain structure was observed near the interface. Elongated grains were observed outside the dynamic recrystallisation region at the peripheral part, while the A36 steel side was not deformed. The hardness of the near interface was slightly softer than that of the 5052 alloy base metal, and maximum softened width was ~8 mm from the interface. In the present work, the conditions of friction time t ₁ = 0.5 s and upset pressure P ₂ = 137.5 MPa gave maximum joint strength of 202 MPa when the friction pressure, upset time and rotation speed were fixed at 70 MPa, 5 s and 2000 rev min^-1, respectively, and these were the optimum friction welding conditions for the aluminium alloy 5052-A36 steel joint.     

焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程的影响

目的 揭示焊接参数对TC4薄板焊接过程中温度场、位移场及应力场的影响规律。方法 基于有限元（FEM）模拟方法,运用Fortran语言对焊接热源及焊接参数进行定义,以模拟不同焊接参数下TC4薄板的TIG对接焊过程。结果 在稳弧阶段,温度场为一组以焊接方向为长轴的椭圆,且存在温度梯度,随着焊接速度的增大,温度场峰值、温度场温度梯度、熔池宽度和熔池体积逐渐减小,而焊接效率和焊接电流对温度场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反;随着焊接速度的增大,薄板最大变形量逐渐减小,焊接角变形及挠度变形逐渐得到改善,而焊接效率和焊接电流对位移场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在稳弧阶段,焊缝位置的残余应力为拉应力,两侧为压应力,随着焊接速度和焊接电流的增大,纵向残余拉应力逐渐增大,焊缝处高应力集中区的宽度逐渐减小,而焊接效率对应力场的影响与焊接速度刚好相反。在高焊接速度、中等焊接效率、低焊接电流参数条件下,可获得熔池体积小及熔池宽度窄的焊缝,有利于减小焊后残余应力与变形。结论 上述研究结果可为TC4薄板的焊接过程提供一定的理论指导。     

FGH96合金惯性摩擦焊过程材料流动行为的数值模拟

利用DEFORM软件建立了FGH96合金惯性摩擦焊的三维有限元分析模型,研究了焊接过程中的轴向缩短量变化及材料塑性流动行为的规律.数值模拟结果表明,随着焊接时间的增加,试件轴向缩短量的变化幅度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,这与摩擦界面上材料的流动速度变化规律相同;当焊接过程达到稳态后,摩擦界面两边界附近的材料主要向界面外流动,而中心区域的材料流动方向主要与试件旋转方向相同.     

Study of friction welding characteristics of Al/SiC composite and application of grey-based TOPSIS

The present work investigates the possibility of producing friction welded joints with an advanced material like Al/SiC (aluminum–silicon carbide) composite. The study also discloses the multi response optimization in the process of continuous drive friction welding using a hybrid algorithm of grey-based TOPSIS (technique for order of performance by similarity to ideal solution). The friction welding parameters (frictional pressure, upset pressure, burn off length and rotational speed) were optimized considering the multiple performance characteristics such as proof stress, tensile strength, and microhardness. Taguchi’s L₂₇ orthogonal array was used for conducting the welding trials. The confirmation test was conducted at the optimal setting, to sort out the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm. The macro photographs of the joints and optical micrographs of the weld zone were studied. The scanning electron microscope images of the fractured surface were also examined to identify the failure mode of joints. The significant improvements in the performance characteristics prove the effectiveness of the grey-based TOPSIS method in experimental welding optimization.     

Friction welding of mild steel and titanium: Optimization of process parameters and evolution of interface microstructure

The present investigation deals with the efforts to form a defect free bonded interface between mild steel (MS) and titanium (Ti) using the rotation friction welding process. The conditions were optimized based on several trials by varying friction welding parameters like frictional force, upset force, burn-off length and rotational speed. It has been established that only fine FeTi particles formed in isolated regions at the interface of ‘as welded’ MS/Ti joints. The evolution of interface microstructure has been studied by diffusion annealing heat treatments in the temperature range of 500–800 °C for a duration of 100 h. Plastic deformation during friction welding reduced the recrystallisation temperature of MS. The variation in microchemistry was measured across the weld interface, which was used as input to predict the formation of various phases and the consequent change in the mechanical properties using the JMatPro® software. Intermetallics were present only as fine isolated particles in bcc-Fe matrix at the interface even after heat treatment at 800 °C for 100 h. The growth kinetics was found to be much slower in friction welded joints as compared to diffusion bonded and explosive clad joints.     

Experimental study of mechanical properties of friction welded AISI 1021 steels

Friction welding is widely used as a mass production method in various industries. In the present study, an experimental set-up was designed in order to achieve friction welding of plastically deformed AISI 1021 steels. In this study, low alloy steel (AISI 1021) was welded under different welding parameters and afterwards the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength and hardness were experimentally determined. On the basis of the results obtained from the experimentation, the graphs were plotted. It is the strength of welded joints, which is fundamental property to the service reliability of the weldments and hence present work was undertaken to study the influence of axial pressure and rotational speed in friction welded joints. Axial pressure and rotational speed are the two major parameters which can influence the strength and hence the mechanical properties of the friction welded joints. Thus the axial pressure and rotational speed were taken as welding parameters, which reflect the mechanical properties.     

Mechanical properties of copper to titanium joined by friction welding

This paper describes a fundamental investigation of friction welding pure copper to titanium. Friction welding was performed using a brake type friction welder. The effect of friction time and upset pressure on the mechanical and metallurgical properties were evaluated. Under constant upset pressure, the tensile strength made little difference with an increase in friction time, whereas at the constant friction time, the tensile strength increased with increasing upset pressure. Thus, the upset pressure plays a major role over the friction time and friction pressure on tensile strength. Though Cu₃Ti intermetallic compound is formed at the copper/titanium interface during welding, the tensile strength of welded joint is not affected. It may be due to the thickness of intermetallic compound layer at interface being very thin and scattered. The tensile fracture of the welded joint occurred in copper side near the interface.